Aus der Einleitung: "Maschinenbauliche Systeme beruhen heute vielfach auf einem engen Zusammenwirken von Mechanik, Elektrotechnik/Elektronik, Regelungstechnik und Softwaretechnik. Über die Mechatronik hinausgehend werden sie eine inhärente Intelligenz aufweisen und damit Produktfunktionen ermöglichen, die bislang nur von biologischen Systemen bekannt sind. Begriffe wie Intelligente Objekte, Cyber-Physical Systems und Selbstoptimierung charakterisieren diese Perspektive (acatech 2009, 2011, Broy & Geisberg 2012, Adelt et al. 2009). Sie werden sich selbstständig und flexibel an wechselnde Betriebs- bzw. Umgebungsbedingungen anpassen können. Die Entwicklung derartiger Systeme kann nicht aus dem Blickwinkel einer Disziplin allein vorgenommen werden. Das gilt sowohl für mechatronische als auch für intelligente technische Systeme. Daher ist schon frühzeitig ein fachdisziplinübergreifendes Konzept zu erarbeiten, das den grundsätzlichen Aufbau und die Wirkungsweise des Systems beschreibt und die Grundlage für die etablierten Ansätze der Entwurfs- und Ausarbeitungsphase bildet, wie z.B. die VDI-Richtlinie 2221 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1993) oder das Y-Modell der Schaltungstechnik (Bleck et al. 1996)."

Aus der Einleitung: "Maschinenbauliche Systeme beruhen heute vielfach auf einem engen Zusammenwirken von Mechanik, Elektrotechnik/Elektronik, Regelungstechnik und Softwaretechnik. Über die Mechatronik hinausgehend werden sie eine inhärente Intelligenz aufweisen und damit Produktfunktionen ermöglichen, die bislang nur von biologischen Systemen bekannt sind. Begriffe wie Intelligente Objekte, Cyber-Physical Systems und Selbstoptimierung charakterisieren diese Perspektive (acatech 2009, 2011, Broy & Geisberg 2012, Adelt et al. 2009). Sie werden sich selbstständig und flexibel an wechselnde Betriebs- bzw. Umgebungsbedingungen anpassen können. Die Entwicklung derartiger Systeme kann nicht aus dem Blickwinkel einer Disziplin allein vorgenommen werden. Das gilt sowohl für mechatronische als auch für intelligente technische Systeme. Daher ist schon frühzeitig ein fachdisziplinübergreifendes Konzept zu erarbeiten, das den grundsätzlichen Aufbau und die Wirkungsweise des Systems beschreibt und die Grundlage für die etablierten Ansätze der Entwurfs- und Ausarbeitungsphase bildet, wie z.B. die VDI-Richtlinie 2221 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 1993) oder das Y-Modell der Schaltungstechnik (Bleck et al. 1996)."

Global climate change is increasing the number of hot days along the California coast as well as increasing the incidence of off-shore upwelling events that lower the pH of intertidal seawater; thus, intertidal organisms are experiencing an increase in more than one stress simultaneously. This study seeks to characterize the global protein response of the eurythermal porcelain crab Petrolisthes cinctipes to changes in thermal, pH, and tidal regime treatments, either combined or individually. The first experiment examined temperature stress alone and sought to determine the effect of chronic temperature acclimation on the acute heat shock response. We compared the proteomic response of cheliped muscle tissue following a month-long acclimation to either (1) constant 10°C, (2) daily fluctuation from 10-20°C, or (3) daily fluctuation from 10-30°C, all followed by either a 30°C acute heat shock or 10°C control. We found that ATP supply via the phosphagen system, changes in glycolytic enzymes, muscle fiber restructuring, respiratory protein fragmentation, and immunity were primarily affected by acclimation and subsequent heat shock. Acclimation to the “extreme” regimes (10°C and 10-30°C) resulted in the greatest proteomic changes, while acclimation to the moderate regime (10-20°C) resulted in a more mild response to heat shock (i.e., fewer adjustments to relative protein abundance). The second experiment sought to determine the proteomic response of gill tissue following a 17 d acclimation to daily changes in pH (ambient pH 8.1 vs low pH 7.6), tidal regime (constant immersion vs 6 h emersion), and temperature (ambient 11°C vs 22-31°C heat shock during emersion). Low pH alone reduced expression of molecular chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum, lectins, and serine proteases involved in activating the prophenoloxidase cascade. It also increased the abundance of Na+/K+-ATPase, nitrogen metabolism enzymes, and induced changes in tubulin expression, all suggesting an increase in ammonium excretion. Addition of emersion during low pH reduced the abundance of several metabolic proteins including those involved in the proposed ammonium excretion mechanism, suggesting a decrease in metabolic function in part to prevent toxic accumulation of ammonium in the branchial chambers. Combined pH, emersion, and thermal stress increased the abundance of proteins involved in cuticle binding and crosslinking. These results indicate that the responses to pH, tidal cycle, and temperature are highly dependent on one another and that changes in ER protein maturation, ion transport, immunity, and cuticle structure are the primary biochemical systems impacted by these environmental stressors in crustacean gill.

Diante do crescente desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e da comunicação, o sistema educacional vem gradualmente modificando as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, adaptando para tanto, os tradicionais procedimentos e técnicas didáticas aos instrumentos tecnológicos fornecidos pelos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. O processo de avaliação e acompanhamento da aprendizagem nestes ambientes requer o uso de novas estratégias de ensino que congregue os recursos tecnológicos e a intervenção positiva do professor/tutor. Propõe-se um modelo de design instrucional estendido do \"Integrative Learning Design Framework On-line\" (ILDF) sob o enfoque da taxonomia dos objetivos educacionais de Bloom e do ciclo de aprendizagem vivencial de Kolb adaptado por Belhot para uma disciplina de pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção. Este modelo foi implementado e avaliado na disciplina \"Metodologia de Pesquisa para Engenharia\" oferecida no primeiro semestre de 2008 para 14 alunos de pós-graduação de Engenharia de Produção e envolveu o planejamento, elaboração e disposição do material didático e de atividades orientadas no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem - Moodle. Sugere-se um protocolo de organização de estratégias dialógicas como os fóruns de discussões on-line e uma rubrica avaliativa sobre a qualidade, quantidade, relevância, forma das mensagens e dos níveis de conhecimento cognitivo dos alunos para a construção do conhecimento colaborativo. Os resultados revelam que, as estratégias dialógicas e exploratórias adotadas, promoveram a evolução dos alunos com relação aos níveis de desenvolvimento cognitivo e da aprendizagem vivencial e contribuíram para a construção do conhecimento de forma colaborativa e significativa. / Faced with increasing development of information technology and communication, the educational system is gradually changing the teaching-learning strategies, adapting to both the traditional procedures and techniques for teaching technologica tools provided by the virtual environment of learning. The evaluation process and monitoring of learning in this environment require the use of new teaching strategies for bringing together the technological resources and positive intervention of the teacher/tutor. The present work proposes a model of instructional design extended from the \"Integrative Learning Design Framework On-line\" (ILDF) under the focus of the taxonomy of educational objectives of Bloom and the Kolb´s cycle of experiential learning adapted by Belhot to a discipline of Production Engineering postgraduate program. This model was implemented and assessed during the course \"Research Methodology for Engineering\" offered in the first half of 2008 to 14 postgraduate students of Production Engineering and it involved the planning, preparation and disposal of teaching material and activities geared to virtual environment of learning - Moodle. It is suggested a protocol for organizing dialogical strategies as forums for discussions on-line and a evaluative rubric about quality, quantity, relevance, and the message structures, and the levels of cognitive knowledge of the students for the construction of collaborative knowledge. The results show that the dialogical and exploratory strategies adopted, have contributed to the progress of students with respect to the levels of cognitive development and the experiential learning and they have also contributed to the construction of knowledge in a collaborative and significant way.

Zugl.: Berlin, Univ., Diss., 2005

Diante do crescente desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e da comunicação, o sistema educacional vem gradualmente modificando as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, adaptando para tanto, os tradicionais procedimentos e técnicas didáticas aos instrumentos tecnológicos fornecidos pelos ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem. O processo de avaliação e acompanhamento da aprendizagem nestes ambientes requer o uso de novas estratégias de ensino que congregue os recursos tecnológicos e a intervenção positiva do professor/tutor. Propõe-se um modelo de design instrucional estendido do \"Integrative Learning Design Framework On-line\" (ILDF) sob o enfoque da taxonomia dos objetivos educacionais de Bloom e do ciclo de aprendizagem vivencial de Kolb adaptado por Belhot para uma disciplina de pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção. Este modelo foi implementado e avaliado na disciplina \"Metodologia de Pesquisa para Engenharia\" oferecida no primeiro semestre de 2008 para 14 alunos de pós-graduação de Engenharia de Produção e envolveu o planejamento, elaboração e disposição do material didático e de atividades orientadas no ambiente virtual de aprendizagem - Moodle. Sugere-se um protocolo de organização de estratégias dialógicas como os fóruns de discussões on-line e uma rubrica avaliativa sobre a qualidade, quantidade, relevância, forma das mensagens e dos níveis de conhecimento cognitivo dos alunos para a construção do conhecimento colaborativo. Os resultados revelam que, as estratégias dialógicas e exploratórias adotadas, promoveram a evolução dos alunos com relação aos níveis de desenvolvimento cognitivo e da aprendizagem vivencial e contribuíram para a construção do conhecimento de forma colaborativa e significativa. / Faced with increasing development of information technology and communication, the educational system is gradually changing the teaching-learning strategies, adapting to both the traditional procedures and techniques for teaching technologica tools provided by the virtual environment of learning. The evaluation process and monitoring of learning in this environment require the use of new teaching strategies for bringing together the technological resources and positive intervention of the teacher/tutor. The present work proposes a model of instructional design extended from the \"Integrative Learning Design Framework On-line\" (ILDF) under the focus of the taxonomy of educational objectives of Bloom and the Kolb´s cycle of experiential learning adapted by Belhot to a discipline of Production Engineering postgraduate program. This model was implemented and assessed during the course \"Research Methodology for Engineering\" offered in the first half of 2008 to 14 postgraduate students of Production Engineering and it involved the planning, preparation and disposal of teaching material and activities geared to virtual environment of learning - Moodle. It is suggested a protocol for organizing dialogical strategies as forums for discussions on-line and a evaluative rubric about quality, quantity, relevance, and the message structures, and the levels of cognitive knowledge of the students for the construction of collaborative knowledge. The results show that the dialogical and exploratory strategies adopted, have contributed to the progress of students with respect to the levels of cognitive development and the experiential learning and they have also contributed to the construction of knowledge in a collaborative and significant way.

Abstract The demand for sustainability has challenged us to shift towards a culture of holistic urban redevelopment and efficient collaboration. The motivation for this study stems from the need to gain a clear understanding of integrative urban redevelopment, from the point of view of public urban planning and development organizations. The skill required to bring together expertise has been analyzed. The revised research questions were: What is the position of holistic urban planning in the field of integrative urban redevelopment? What kind of challenges can be detected in integrative urban redevelopment? The theory of the development of work (Victor & Boynton 1998) is utilized as a theoretical framework. The theory lacks an object of work, thus the framework has been complemented with activity theory (Engeström 1995). Processual analysis and multiple methods were used in the process. The empirical material consists of five recent cases located in the Eastern Vantaa area, and includes interviews with urban designers, developers, planners and strategy workers. The study shows that the notion of holistic urban planning has been changing, which makes the term an object of work in itself that has to be redefined case by case. Holistic urban planning turned out to be an approach of integrative urban redevelopment work, while the others are seen as sustainable co-configuration and linking work. The main challenge in integrative urban redevelopment work is to be able to identify a genuine object of work and to apply a type of work complementing it. This is due to the fact that the nature of collaboration seems to be attached to a certain type of work, and each type of work was lead and managed differently. The main processes of integrative urban redevelopment work proceed with different tempos, thus in order to integrate these processes with each other, setting a process owner based on shared leadership seems to be a precondition for integrating all the necessary expertise. Other challenges are the disintegration of the expertise of the social and health sector and strategic economic governance into the processes of urban planning and redevelopment. Land use planning could be better recognized as a process owner of integrative urban redevelopment. Finally, the significance of new strategic practices and resources of land use planning are also highlighted. / Tiivistelmä Kestävyyden vaatimus on haastanut meidät siirtymään kokonaisvaltaisen suunnittelun kulttuuriin sekä integroivaan ja tehokkaaseen yhteistyöhön, jonka kehittämiseksi on analysoitava, millaisia haasteita siihen liittyy. Tämän tutkimuksen taustalla on tarve lisätä ymmärrystä integroivasta kaupunkikehitystyöstä julkisen kaupunkikehitysorganisaation näkökulmasta. Institutionaaliseen näkökulmaan on kiinnitetty toistaiseksi vähän huomiota kaupunkikehittämisen tutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksessa on analysoitu työn yhdistämisen taitoa ja rakenteita. Tarkistetut tutkimuskysymykset ovat seuraavat: 1) Mikä asema eheyttämisellä on integroivan kaupunkikehittämisen kentällä? 2) Mitkä ovat integroivan kaupunkikehittämisen haasteet? Teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostaa työn kehityksen teoria (Victor & Boynton 1998), jonka avulla on tarkasteltu integroivan kaupunkikehitystyön työtyyppejä osatekijöineen. Teoriasta puuttuvan työn kohteen tarkastelemiseksi viitekehystä on täydennetty toiminnan teorialla (Engeström 1995). Tapaustutkimuksessa on sovellettu prosessuaalista analyysiä ja monimenetelmällistä metodologiaa. Empiirinen aineisto koostuu viidestä tuoreesta tapauksesta Itä-Vantaan alueelta, täydennettynä detaljisuunnittelun, yleispiirteisen suunnittelun ja strategisen kaupunkikehitystyön tekijöiden haastatteluin. Osoitan käsityksen eheyttämisen sisällöstä muuttuvaksi, jolloin se on terminä tapauskohtaisesti määriteltävä työn kohde. Eheyttäminen on myös integroivan kaupunkikehitystyön lähestymistapa muiden ollessa kestävä kehittely ja yhteyttäminen. Tulokseni paljastavat integroivan kaupunkikehitystyön päähaasteena olevan aidon työn kohteen tunnistaminen ja sitä vastaavan työtyypin soveltaminen, sillä yhteistyön luonne riippui työtyypistä, joista kutakin johdettiin erilaisella otteella. Lisäksi eri tempolla etenevien kaupunkikehitystyön ydinprosessien keskinäinen integrointi sekä osallisten integrointi niihin vaikuttaa edellyttävän jaettuun johtajuuteen perustuvaa prosessinomistajuutta. Muita haasteita ovat sosiaali- ja terveystoimen asiantuntemuksen ja kuntatalouden integrointi kaupunkikehitystyön ydinprosesseihin, sekä maankäytön ja ympäristön toimialan potentiaalin huomioiminen integroivan kaupunkikehitystyön prosessien omistajana. Myös viitesuunnittelun merkitys, työn resursointi ja kiinteistötalouden asiantuntemus korostuvat.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GMB) is an extremely aggressive and invasive brain cancer with a median survival of less than one year. In addition, due to its anaplastic nature the histological classification of this cancer is not simple. These characteristics make this disease an interesting and important target for new methodologies of analysis and classification. In recent years, molecular information has been used to segregate and analyze GBM patients, but generally this methodology utilizes single-`omic' data to perform the classification or multi-’omic’ data in a sequential manner. In this project, a novel approach for the classification and analysis of patients with GBM is presented. The main objective of this work is to find clusters of patients with distinctive profiles using multi-’omic’ data with a real integrative methodology. During the last years, the TCGA consortium has made publicly available thousands of multi-’omic’ samples for multiple cancer types. Thanks to this, it was possible to obtain numerous GBM samples (> 300) with data for gene and microRNA expression, CpG sites methylation and copy-number variation (CNV). To achieve our objective, a mixture of linear models were built for each gene using its expression as output and a mixture of multi-`omic' data as covariates. Each model was coupled with a lasso penalization scheme, and thanks to the mixture nature of the model, it was possible to fit multiple submodels to discover different linear relationships in the same model. This complex but interpretable method was used to train over \numprint{10000} models. For \texttildelow \numprint{2400} cases, two or more submodels were obtained. Using the models and their submodels, 6 different clusters of patients were discovered. The clusters were profiled based on clinical information and gene mutations. Through this analysis, a clear separation between the younger patients and with higher survival rate (Clusters 1, 2 and 3) and those from older patients and lower survival rate (Clusters 4, 5 and 6) was found. Mutations in the gene IDH1 were found almost exclusively in Cluster 2, additionally, Cluster 5 presented a hypermutated profile. Finally, several genes not previously related to GBM showed a significant presence in the clusters, such as C15orf2 and CHEK2. The most significant models for each clusters were studied, with a special focus on their covariants. It was discovered that the number of shared significant models were very small and that the well known GBM related genes appeared as significant covariates for plenty of models, such as EGFR1 and TP53. Along with them, ubiquitin-related genes (UBC and UBD) and NRF1, which have not been linked to GBM previously, had a very significant role. This work showed the potential of using a mixture of linear models to integrate multi-’omic’ data and to group patients in order to profile them and find novel markers. The resulting clusters showed unique profiles and their significant models and covariates were comprised by well known GBM related genes and novel markers, which present the possibility for new approaches to study and attack this disease. The next step of the project is to improve several elements of the methodology to achieve a more detail analysis of the models and covariates, in particular taking into account the regression coefficients of the submodels.

Sessile invertebrates in the rocky intertidal experience intermittent periods of air exposure due to tidal flux, presenting risks of temperature extremes, hypoxia, nutrient limitation, and most dangerously, desiccation. Microscale variation in severity and frequency of these risks is widely dependent on vertical position within the intertidal zone. Common acorn barnacles (Balanus glandula) have a wide vertical distribution in the intertidal, creating large differences in microhabitat between the highest and lowest individuals in the population. This study set out to explore whether tidal position dependent differences exist in the response to oxygen and desiccation stress in B. glandula. We hypothesized that B. glandula from relatively high tidal heights, which are exposed to the air for a greater duration, will be better suited to tolerate anoxic and desiccation stress than conspecifics from lower tidal heights. To explore this, we compared responses of B. glandula collected from high and low intertidal positions to A) anoxia (0 mg O2/L) and hypoxia (≤ 2 mg O2/L) on survival, behavior (closed opercular plates, cirral beating, pneumostome formation), enzyme activity (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)), and tissue-lactate accumulation, in addition to B) the effects of humid (98% RH) and dry (32% RH) air emersion (at 17˚C) on survival, opercular behavior (open/closed), evaporative water loss (EWL) rates, and tissue-lactate accumulation. Relative to barnacles from the low intertidal, we found that barnacles from the high intertidal survive longer during anoxia and air emersion stress, close their operculum sooner in dry air, lose more water during air exposure at any humidity level, and tend to accumulate less D-lactate. We suspect that high intertidal B. glandula can survive desiccation longer by ejecting stores of mantle cavity fluid, thereby creating a moist lung-like, air-filled internal environment, then remaining largely closed and metabolically inactive when in air to avoid drying out and becoming anoxic. These differences may reflect plasticity or selective pressure in response to environmental stress during development and highlight the potential importance of microscale stress heterogeneity in influencing species climate change tolerance and potential distribution patterns.

In this thesis I examine the debate surrounding Therapeutic Touch, a controversial energetic healing modality being practiced by registered nurses in biomedical institutions across North America. The debate surrounding the therapy takes place within medical journals, popular media articles, and on the internet. Within the debate, definitions of illness etiology, appropriate treatment, patient management, and alternative therapy use are contested by Therapeutic Touch proponents and critics. Through discursive analysis, interviews with local participants in the debate, and participant observation within the TT community, I present an analysis of the issues being contested and of the discursive strategies used by proponents and critics within the debate. The debate is contextualized in two ways: first, as an instance of medical heresy, in which an alternative healing group arises within the orthodox medical community and struggles to maintain itself within biomedical discourse and institutions; second, I contextualize the debate as an example of the wider trend towards integrative medicine in North America. Integrative medicine sees alternative therapies being increasingly used within health care delivery systems, either by alternative practitioners, or by biomedical practitioners who have co-opted alternative techniques. I argue that Therapeutic Touch proponents have utilized several discursive strategies in presenting and arguing for their alternative healing model. These strategies surround the issues of professional legitimacy, scientific validity, and TT’s perception as religious or spiritual. Therapeutic Touch proponents manage their discourse by conforming it to orthodox biomedical discourse and by pursuing a strategy of professionalization. Through this management process, they have been able to maintain a marginal presence within biomedicine. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)