Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2008. / "Graduate Program in Communication, Information and Library Studies." Includes bibliographical references (p. 192-195).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 311-326).

Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Illinois University, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 3).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Wyoming, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 20, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 112-113).

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, 2013. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2013-11-05T14:22:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_SandradeBarrosCobraNegreiros.pdf: 180463 bytes, checksum: 9d5de3e90163b6581748afeb69a871fa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2013-11-08T13:42:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_SandradeBarrosCobraNegreiros.pdf: 180463 bytes, checksum: 9d5de3e90163b6581748afeb69a871fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-08T13:42:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_SandradeBarrosCobraNegreiros.pdf: 180463 bytes, checksum: 9d5de3e90163b6581748afeb69a871fa (MD5) / Introdução e Objetivos – As doenças pulmonares intersticiais são afecções prevalentes e que apresentam como complicação ao longo de sua evolução, a hipertensão pulmonar. Identificar de maneira rápida e fácil elementos que poderiam supor o diagnóstico clínico seria de extrema valia a fim de se direcionar para condutas terapêuticas apropriadas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram os de determinar a acurácia e o nível de concordância entre observadores ao se detectar alterações na segunda bulha cardíaca (B2) para predição de hipertensão pulmonar nos pacientes portadores de doenças intersticiais pulmonares. De igual modo avaliar em que nível de pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar medida pela ecodopplercardiografia esse componente teria utilidade preditora. Métodos – Estudo transversal com 69 pacientes portadores de doenças pulmonares intersticiais, assistidos no ambulatório de pneumologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília. Os pacientes se submeteram à ausculta cardíaca por dois examinadores pneumologistas e dois cardiologistas. Os sons correspondentes às bulhas cardíacas foram adquiridos por um terceiro examinador, que se utilizou de um estetoscópio eletrônico 3M Littman modelo 3200® (St. Paul, MN – EUA). Os traçados da fonocardiografia foram então analisados por três examinadores. Utilizou-se de um software específico, que transformava os sons em ondas e em sinais espectrais. Os pacientes foram encaminhados à realização de ecocardiografia com Doppler no Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal. Os dados dos exames não eram conhecidos por quaisquer um dos examinadores. Construiu-se uma curva ROC e seus correspondentes sensibilidade, especificidade, razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa para se determinar o poder discriminatório de cada parâmetro. A acurácia atingida por cada examinador em relação aos componentes da B2 foi comparada com a fonocardiografia e com a ecodopplercardiografia. A concordância entre os observadores foi medida utilizando-se o índice de k. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se do pacote estatístico SPSS versão 20.0. Resultados - Não houve correlação significativa entre a amplitude de B2 e P2 e a PSAP (?=0,185 e 0,115; p=0,13 e 0,34). A análise da presença de B2 mais intensa na área pulmonar que aórtica, quando comparada a todos os critérios sugestivos de HP, mostrou S=60%; E=22%; RV+=0,7; RV- =1,7. Para existência de P2>A2: S=57%; E=39%; RV+=0,9; RV-=1,1.P2 no foco mitral com S=68%; E=41%;RV+=1,1; RV-=0,7.Os sinais simultaneamente presentes apresentaram S=50%; E=56%; RV+=1,1; RV-=0,9. Neste caso, a PSAP de 53mmHg obteve melhor poder discriminatório com RV+= 2,32 e RV-= 0,88. A acurácia individual dos achados: B2 mais intensa em área pulmonar que aórtica, comparada a fonocardiografia foi em média 52,4%; para os demais sinais: P2>A2 e P2 no foco mitral foram de 32,2% e 45,5%. A acurácia dos examinadores em relação ao diagnóstico de HP provável ou provável e possível (pela ecocardiografia) foi em média de 69,2% e 62,5%. A concordância entre os observadores teve k=0,19; 0,17 e 0,13 (p=0,09;0,01 e 0,28) para pneumologistas e k= 0,38; 0,23 e 0,17 (p<0,01; 0,01 e 0,01) para cardiologistas. Conclusão – Os sinais semiológicos indicativos de HP apresentam baixos valores de especificidade e sensibilidade para esse diagnóstico clínico. A acurácia na ausculta da B2 para predição de HP é baixa. É fraca a concordância entre observadores pneumologistas e também entre cardiologistas no diagnóstico clínico de HP. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Introduction and Objectives – Interstitial lung diseases are prevalents disorders that also accompanied by pulmonary hypertension. Detecting the presence of this complication is important because it’s a determining factor for various therapeutic measurements. Therefore, the prompt and easy identification of elements that can give us additional information about the evolution of the disease, is extremely important to take the direction at therapeutics procedures. In this study we aim at evaluating the pulmonary component of S2 as a predictor of pulmonary hypertension. We also attempt to determine the accuracy and interobserver agreement in detecting pulmonary hypertension by the second heart sound, in patients with interstitial lung diseases, and also to determine the sPAP value in which pulmonary component of S2 would be a more useful predictor of PAH. Methods – A cross-sectional study with 69 patients with interstitial lung diseases from Brazilian Hospital’s case (Hospital Universitário de Brasília). Two cardiologists and two pneumologists examined the patients and documented their findings about S2 components. The sounds were recorded with 3M Littman electronic stethoscope 3200® (St. Paul, MN – EUA) for further analysis. Next, the patients were submitted to a color Doppler echocardiography at another hospital (Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal). All of them were blinded to the patients’ characteristics. A ROC curve and their correspondents were constructed to determinate the discriminatory power of each parameter studied. The interobserver agreement between pairs of observers and between each observer and the gold standard (phonocardiography) was quantified by the kappa statistic method. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0.Resultados- There was no correlation between the amplitudes of the S2 and P2; P2and the sPAP (=0,185 e 0,115; p=0,13 e 0,34). Analysis of presence of S2 at the pulmonic area was more intense than at the aortic area, when compared to all features yielded S=60%; Sp=22%; LR+=0,7; LR- =1,7. For P2>A2: S=57%; Sp=39%; LR+=0,9; LR-=1,1. P2 at the mitral area showed S=68%; Sp=41%; LR+=1,1; LR-=0,7. All signs showed S=50%; Sp=56%; LR+=1,1; LR-=0,9. The sPAP cut-off 53mmHg had better discriminatory power with LR+= 2,32 e LR-= 0,88. The accuracy and interobserver agreement was to: While detecting S2 was more audible at pulmonic area than at aortic area, the mean percentage of agreement was 52,4%; to the others signs: P2>A2 and P2 at mitral area was 32,2% and 45,5%. The accuracy in detecting PAH probable and/or possible(by the echocardiography) was 69,2% e 62,5%.The interobserver agreement was k=0,19; 0,17 e 0,13(p=0,09; 0,01 e 0,28) to pneumologists; k=0,38; 0,23 and 0,17 (p<0,01; 0,01 e 0,01) to cardiologists. Conclusions – The semiological indicator signs of PAH had low specificity and sensitivity values for the clinical diagnosis of this comorbidity. The accuracy and interobserver agreement in detecting P2 is weak to predict PAH.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-14T12:39:21Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Larissa Sayão.pdf: 1829679 bytes, checksum: 8122da24141ab8f22202e615f2243369 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-14T12:39:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Larissa Sayão.pdf: 1829679 bytes, checksum: 8122da24141ab8f22202e615f2243369 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-30 / CAPEs / A sibilância é um sintoma respiratório comum na prática pediátrica e sua recorrência durante a infância relaciona-se com o acometimento inflamatório das vias aéreas. Com objetivo de alcançar a quantificação da inflamação eosinofílica em crianças pequenas, a fração exalada de óxido nítrico (FENO) vem sendo utilizada mundialmente por se tratar de um método fácil e não invasivo. No entanto, ainda são escassas as informações sobre a acurácia diagnóstica desta medida na idade pré-escolar. Esta dissertação está estruturada sob a forma de três artigos originais. O primeiro trata-se de uma revisão sistemática realizada com objetivo de avaliar a acurácia da FENO no diagnóstico de asma infantil pelo padrão-ouro da espirometria. Os resultados mostram que o melhor ponto de corte para diagnóstico de asma em crianças de 5–18 anos é de ≥19 partes por bilhão (ppb), enquanto que para o diagnóstico de asma atópica nessa mesma faixa etária é de ≥22 ppb. Outros estudos são necessários, com amostras baseadas em cálculo amostral, para padronizar os pontos de corte ideais em diferentes subgrupos etários. O segundo artigo desta dissertação foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a acurácia diagnóstica da FENO quanto aos tipos de sibilância. Para isso, 423 pais de pré-escolares (3-5 anos) provenientes de creches e escolas públicas responderam a um questionário de doenças respiratórias, e posteriormente, seus filhos foram avaliados quanto à medida da FENO. Observou-se que o valor médio da FENO diferiu entre os grupos de sibilantes e o ponto de corte de 6 ppb foi o que melhor apresentou acurácia para discriminar sibilantes de não sibilantes (RV+= 4,1; IC 95%= 3,07-5,72) enquanto que o ponto de corte de 10 ppb foi o melhor para discriminar sibilantes recorrentes de não recorrentes (RV+= 3; IC 95%= 1,96- 4,68). Para os dois pontos houve aumento da probabilidade pós-teste estimada pelas razões de verossimilhança. As informações advindas do questionário resultaram no terceiro artigo original, que teve como objetivo identificar os possíveis fatores de risco relacionados ao desenvolvimento da sibilância. Entre as variáveis investigadas aquelas que compuseram o modelo de regressão logística foram: valor de FENO ≥ 10 ppb (OR= 11,6; IC 95%= 5,1-26,6; p<0,0001), uso de oxigênio ao nascimento (OR= 2,8; IC 95%= 1,3-6,2; p=0,008), internação hospitalar por doença pulmonar até os dois anos (OR= 7,1; IC 95%= 4,0-12,5; p<0,0001), dermatite atópica (OR= 2,1; IC 95%= 1,2-3,9; p=0,010) e rinite alérgica (OR= 2,1; IC 95%= 1,3-3,5; p=0,002). A probabilidade estimada para desenvolver sibilância com todos os fatores presentes foi de 99,5%, enquanto que foram observados 15,7% de chance na ausência dos fatores mencionados. Dessa forma, o valor de FENO pode ser uma alternativa útil para o diagnóstico e rastreamento de crianças com risco para sibilância. / Wheezing is a common respiratory symptom in pediatric practice and its recurrence during childhood is related to the inflammatory airway impairment. In order to achieve the quantification of eosinophilic inflammation in young children, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) has been used worldwide for it is an easy and non-invasive method. However, there is still little information on the diagnostic accuracy of this measure in the pre-school age. This dissertation is structured in the form of three original articles. The first is a systematic review to evaluate the accuracy of FeNO in the diagnosis of childhood asthma by the gold standard spirometry. The results show that the best cutoff value for the diagnosis of asthma in children 5-18 years is ≥19 parts per billion (ppb), while for the diagnosis of atopic asthma that is the same age ≥22 ppb. Further studies are needed, with samples based on sample size calculation to standardize the ideal cutoff points for different age subgroups. The second article of this work was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FeNO in the types of wheezing. For this, 423 parents of preschoolers (3-5 years) from day care centers and public schools answered a questionnaire of respiratory diseases, and later, their children were evaluated for measurement of FeNO. It was observed that the average of FeNO differ between the wheezing groups and the cutoff point of 6 ppb was the best prove accurate to discriminate wheezing and non-wheezing (LR+= 4.1; 95% CI = 3.07- 5.72) while the cut-off point of 10 ppb was the best to discriminate recurrent wheezing non-recurrent wheezing (LR+= 3; 95% CI = 1.96 4.68). For the two points there was an increase of the estimated post-test probability for likelihood ratios. The information of the questionnaire resulted in the third original article, which aimed to identify possible risk factors related to the development of wheezing. Among the variables investigated those who composed the logistic regression model were: value of FeNO ≥ 10 ppb (OR = 11.6, 95% CI = 5.1 to 26.6; p <0.0001), use of oxygen to the birth (OR = 2.8; 95% CI = 1.3 to 6.2; p = 0.008), hospitalization for pulmonary disease up to two years (OR = 7.1; 95% CI = 4.0 to 12 , 5, p <0.0001), atopic dermatitis (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.9; p = 0.010) and allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1 , 3-3.5; p = 0.002). The estimated probability to develop wheezing with all factors present was 99.5%, while 15.7% were observed in the absence of chance factors mentioned. Thus, the FeNO value can be a useful alternative for the diagnosis and screening of children at risk for wheezing.

No description available.

Four models of parental identification (perceived similarity with father, perceived similarity with mother, agreement with important parental values and agreement with more trivial parental values) were constructed. The effects of several parenting behaviors (i.e., support, undifferentiated control, guilt and love withdrawl) as well as various structural variables upon the parental identification of a sample of LDS adolescent males were tested. Data were obtained from 565 adolescents and their parents and the data for each boy was linked with that of his parents. Parental support and family religious and recreational activities were found to be the most reliable predictors of parental identification across all models. In addition, father's status variables tended to contribute while mother's parenting behaviors contributed to the explanatory power of the models.

Un des enjeux actuels de la synthèse sonore est le contrôle perceptif (i.e. à partir d’évocations) des processus de synthèse. En effet, les modèles de synthèse sonore dépendent généralement d’un grand nombre de paramètres de bas niveau dont la manipulation nécessite une expertise des processus génératifs. Disposer de contrôles perceptifs sur un synthétiseur offre cependant beaucoup d’avantages en permettant de générer les sons à partir d’une description du ressenti et en offrant à des utilisateurs non-experts la possibilité de créer et de contrôler des sons intuitivement. Un tel contrôle n’est pas immédiat et se base sur des hypothèses fortes liées à notre perception, notamment la présence de morphologies acoustiques, dénommées ``invariants'', responsables de l’identification d’un évènement sonore.Cette thèse aborde cette problématique en se focalisant sur les invariants liés à l’action responsable de la génération des sons. Elle s’articule suivant deux parties. La première a pour but d’identifier des invariants responsables de la reconnaissance de certaines interactions continues : le frottement, le grattement et le roulement. Le but est de mettre en œuvre un modèle de synthèse temps-réel contrôlable intuitivement et permettant d’effectuer des transitions perceptives continues entre ces différents types d’interactions (e.g. transformer progressivement un son de frottement en un son de roulement). Ce modèle s'inscrira dans le cadre du paradigme ``action-objet'' qui stipule que chaque son résulte d’une action (e.g. gratter) sur un objet (e.g. une plaque en bois). Ce paradigme s’adapte naturellement à une approche de la synthèse par modèle source-filtre, où l’information sur l’objet est contenue dans le ``filtre'', et l’information sur l’action dans la ``source''. Pour ce faire, diverses approches sont abordées : études de modèles physiques, approches phénoménologiques et tests perceptifs sur des sons enregistrés et synthétisés.La seconde partie de la thèse concerne le concept de ``métaphores sonores'' en élargissant la notion d’objet à des textures sonores variées. La question posée est la suivante : étant donnée une texture sonore quelconque, est-il possible de modifier ses propriétés intrinsèques pour qu’elle évoque une interaction particulière comme un frottement ou un roulement par exemple ? Pour créer ces métaphores, un processus de synthèse croisée est utilisé dans lequel la partie ``source'' est basée sur les morphologies sonores des actions précédemment identifiées et la partie ``filtre'' restitue les propriétés de la texture. L’ensemble de ces travaux ainsi que le paradigme choisi offre dès lors de nouvelles perspectives pour la constitution d’un véritable langage des sons. / Perceptual control (i.e. from evocations) of sound synthesis processes is a current challenge. Indeed, sound synthesis models generally involve a lot of low-level control parameters, whose manipulation requires a certain expertise with respect to the sound generation process. Thus, intuitive control of sound generation is interesting for users, and especially non-experts, because they can create and control sounds from evocations. Such a control is not immediate and is based on strong assumptions linked to our perception, and especially the existence of acoustic morphologies, so-called ``invariants'', responsible for the recognition of specific sound events.This thesis tackles the problem by focusing on invariants linked to specific sound generating actions. If follows two main parts. The first is to identify invariants responsible for the recognition of three categories of continuous interactions: rubbing, scratching and rolling. The aim is to develop a real-time sound synthesizer with intuitive controls that enables users to morph continuously between the different interactions (e.g. progressively transform a rubbing sound into a rolling one). The synthesis model will be developed in the framework of the ``action-object'' paradigm which states that sounds can be described as the result of an action (e.g. scratching) on an object (e.g. a wood plate). This paradigm naturally fits the well-known source-filter approach for sound synthesis, where the perceptually relevant information linked to the object is described in the ``filter'' part, and the action-related information is described in the ``source'' part. To derive our generic synthesis model, several approaches are treated: physical models, phenomenological approaches and listening tests with recorded and synthesized sounds.The second part of the thesis deals with the concept of ``sonic metaphors'' by expanding the object notion to various sound textures. The question raised is the following: given any sound texture, is it possible to modify its intrinsic properties such that it evokes a particular interaction, like rolling or rubbing for instance? To create these sonic metaphors, a cross-synthesis process is used where the ``source'' part is based on the sound morphologies linked to the actions previously identified, and the ``filter'' part renders the sound texture properties. This work, together with the chosen paradigm offers new perspectives to build a sound language.

Le but de ce travail est d’étudier l’influence de l’expertise (musicale ou linguistique) sur le traitement des sons linguistiques et non-linguistiques chez l’adulte sain. Plus précisément, il s’agit de cerner les effets de transfert d’apprentissage d’un domaine d'expertise vers un autre domaine afin de tester la spécificité des processus qui sous-tendent le traitement de la musique et du langage et de mieux comprendre les phénomènes de plasticité induits par l’expertise. Pour étudier ces questions, j’ai conduit plusieurs expériences, basées sur l’utilisation conjointe des méthodes issues de la psychologie expérimentale (Temps de Réaction et pourcentage d’erreurs) et de l’électrophysiologie chez l’homme (Potentiels Evoqués). En comparant des musiciens et des non-musiciens, j’ai d’abord testé les effets de transfert d’apprentissage de la musique sur le traitement du mètre et de la sémantique dans le langage (Expérience 1), ainsi que sur la phonologie et les variations de hauteur tonale (Expérience 2). Les résultats montrent que l'expertise musicale améliore la perception des aspects métriques du langage parlé et réduit les interférences liées au traitement sémantique. Ils soulignent également que l'expertise musicale améliore la discrimination de variations tonales et phonologiques dans une langue à tons inconnue des participants: le Mandarin. Dans une troisième étude j’ai testé l’hypothèse inverse, celle d’un transfert d’apprentissage du langage vers des sons non-linguistiques. Pour ce faire, j’ai comparé le traitement pré-attentif et attentif de variations de durée, de fréquence et d’intensité de sons non-linguistiques chez des locuteurs d’une langue à quantité, le Finnois, et chez des Français. Les résultats montrent que les participants Finlandais sont plus sensibles aux variations de durée de sons non-linguistiques que les participants Français. En incluant un groupe de sujets musiciens Français à cette étude, j’ai également pu comparer l’influence de l’expertise linguistique et de l’expertise musicale. Les résultats révèlent une influence similaire de ces deux types d’expertise sur le traitement des variations de durée. Enfin, les résultats de deux études visant à comparer les processus conceptuels/sémiotiques impliqués dans l’analyse de sons de l’environnement et de sons musicaux à ceux impliqués dans l’analyse de sons du langage, révèlent des similarités dans les corrélats électrophysiologiques (N400) associés aux différents types de sons. Deux interprétations complémentaires, reposant sur la mise en jeu d’effets « bottom-up » et « top-down », sont proposées pour rendre compte des effets de transfert d’apprentissage. / The aim of this work is to study the influence of expertise (musical and linguistic) on the processing of linguistics and non-linguistics sounds in healthy adults. More precisely, the goal is to examine the transfer of training effects from one domain of expertise to another domain in order to test the specificity of the processes underlying music and language processing as well as the effects of plasticity induced by expertise. To address these questions, I conducted several experiments based on the use of methods from experimental psychology (Reaction Times and error rates) and from human electrophysiology (Evoked Potentials). By comparing musicians and non-musicians, I first tested transfer of training effects from music to meter and semantic processing in language (Experiment 1), and to phonology and pitch variations (Experiment 2). Results showed, first, that musical expertise improves metrical speech processing while reducing interferences with semantic processing. Second, they showed that musical expertise improves the discrimination of tonal and phonological variations in a tone language unknown to the participants, Mandarin. In a third study I tested the reverse hypothesis of transfer of training from language to the processing of nonlinguistics sounds. To this end, I compared the pre-attentive and attentive processing of duration, frequency and intensity changes in non-speech sounds by Finns, speakers of a quantity language, and by French. Results showed a positive transfer of training from the expertise of Finns to process phoneme duration in their native language to the processing of duration changes in non-speech sounds. I also compared the influence of linguistic and musical expertise by including a group of French musicians. Results revealed similar effects of linguistic and musical expertise on the processing of changes in duration. Finally, in two other studies, we compared the conceptual processes involved in the analysis of environmental sounds and musical sounds with those involved in the analysis of speech sounds, always considering the effects of musical expertise. Results revealed similarities in the electrophysiological correlates (N400) of semiotic processing for these different types of sounds. Two complementary interpretations, relying on bottom-up and top-down effects, are proposed to account for this set of results on transfer of training effects.