University of Macau / Faculty of Law

先前文獻在探討有關三聚氰胺事件時多為分析食安事件之影響因素、政府對於食品安全法規定訂之不足以及探討食安事件對於股價變動之影響。而本研究欲藉由公司財務指的變化來探討食安事件對乳製品產業之影響，因此利用差異中之差異(Difference in Difference, DID)方法，探討在食安事件發生後被爆出有參入三聚氰胺之毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題之奶類公司及豆類公司，其營業收入，營業成本及利潤等三項財務指標為相對上升或相對下降之趨勢。因此將樣本分類為三組，一組以毒奶粉公司作為實驗組，其他兩組以為未出問題奶類公司以及豆類公司作為控制組。 本文以2001年至2011年中國規模以上上市以及非上市公司之追蹤資料(Panel Data)進行分析。實證結果指出，毒奶粉公司相對於未出問題公司在食安事件之後，其營業收入為相對增加，營業成本亦相對增加，而利潤則為相對減少。雖然營業收入之估計結果與預期不相符，但是本研究認為可能與毒奶粉公司在樣本資料當中原先就佔有較高之市場佔有率有關。營業成本之增加，本研究認為與事件發生後法規及監管成本之增加有正向關聯。利潤減少之實證結果與預期相符，說明毒奶粉公司在三聚氰胺事件下，就實證結果而言公司會有虧損之情況發生，代表食安事件對乳製品產業有負面之影響。 / Most of the previous researches of the Melamine Incident focused on analyzing the impact on food safety event, the shortage of the governmental food legislation, and the discussion about the food scandal effect on the enterprises’ stock prices. In this paper, we used the variation of the company’s financial indicator in income statement to observe the impact of the food scandal on the dairy industry. In order to do so, we used the method called “Difference-in-Difference” to estimate the impact on the operating revenues, operating costs and profits of the scandal companies after the food safety scandal broke in 2008. In this study, we set our sample into three groups, the group of the scandal dairy companies as the experimental group, while the group of non-scandal dairy companies and the group of beans companies as the control group. The panel data we used in this paper included listed and unlisted companies in China from 2001 to 2011. The empirical results indicated that after the scandal, in contrast to the non-scandal companies, the operating revenues and the operating costs of the scandal companies were both higher, and the profits were lower. The empirical results of the operating revenues didn't meet the expectation of this paper, we supposed the reason was that the scandal companies had much higher market share comparing to the non-scandal companies. In our opinion, the increase of the operating costs was due to the newly released regulations and supervision costs. At the same time, the decrease of the profits was consistent with our expectation. It meant that after the Melamine incident, the scandal companies would suffered financial losses which proved that the food scandal event would have negative impact on the dairy industry.

歐盟多層次治理由超國家歐盟機構、國家、跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體串聯而成，此四層次行為者緊密相關並互動產出歐盟政策。此模式進而延伸至歐盟境外治理，使得管制(regulation)增加，區域無政府狀態也漸趨向制度化(institutionalized)。三大同步進展的推動力導致歐盟多層次治理。其一，歐盟公民共享世界觀形塑出歐盟內部一致性；其二，歐盟中央化(centralize)成員國不能或不願治理之議題領域；其三，歐盟分裂化(fragmentate)其治理權威予跨國家網絡與次國家代表團體。歐盟境外治理以其周邊為主，其面向潛在會員國的擴大政策(enlargement policy)將區域和平共榮區大幅擴張，為國際關係史上的巨大成就。同時，歐盟對於非潛在會員國的境外治理行為模式漸受關注。此即會籍條件性(membership conditionality)與政策條件性(policy conditionality)的比較。 　　歐盟地中海政策即歐盟對於非潛在會員國境外治理的個案。相較於以中東北非區域或非洲區域為整體，地中海區域主義更加密切，並因而有其研究價值。歐盟作為成員國集體行動的代理人(agent)，在歐盟地中海政策的推展中，也漸產生前述的多層次治理模式。本文對歐盟地中海政策網絡進行檢驗，並發現其與主權國家的外交政策的相異性。就低主權爭議性而言，跨國家與次國家層次有效迴避殖民遺緒爭議與干涉內政疑慮；就高政策滲透性而言，跨國與地方網絡易於串聯滲透至地中海區域公民社會、企業及地方代表機構之中，有助於促成文化同質性與共同生活經驗，並從根本上促進和平共榮區的目標；就低強制性而言，歐盟地中海政策中的共有制(co-ownership)精神，國家、跨國家與次國家層次的自願參與及水平式合作，都使得地中海夥伴國較以往更願意納入歐盟地中海政策的治理網絡之中。 / EU multilevel governance consists of supranational institutions, nation states, transnational advocacy networks and subnational representative bodies. The interplay of these four levels contributes to EU policies, and even EU external governance, which mainly focuses on its neighborhood. EU enlargement policy toward potential member states successfully expands EU area of peace and prosperity. Meanwhile, EU external governance in non-potential member states become systematic and obvious. EU Mediterranean policy is a case of EU external governance in non-potential member states. Compared to the development of regionalism in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) or Africa, regionalism across Mediterranean Sea is much stronger and thus worth more researches. EU promotes its Mediterranean policy in a way of multilevel governance as well, especially after Arab uprising in 2011 as EU starts to cooperate more with legislatures and non-governmental organizations in Mediterranean regions instead of depending on governments there. This thesis examines the networks of EU Mediterranean policy and figures out that they are different from diplomatic policies of sovereign states. First, they involve less sovereignty issues since transnational and subnational level effectively avoid post-colonial disputes and intervention concerns. Second, they are highly accessible because of their strong connections with civil society, enterprises and local representative bodies in the Mediterranean region. Third, they uphold principle of co-ownership and political pluralism and participants are thus more willing to join the policy networks.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of History

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

在以个人主义为文化核心的西方发达国家，关于个体转成人这一生命历程的研究早在二十世纪中期就已兴起。但在以家庭和关系为主导文化的中国，关于个体转成人的研究却非常少见。另一方面，在全球范围内流动人口年轻化的趋势下，已经有一些研究开始关注流动人口的转成人生命历程。但在拥有大量新生代乡-城流动人口的中国，却鲜有研究关注这一群体所处的转成人生命历程。为了弥补这些空白，本研究将探索中国新生代乡-城流动人口的转成人及其成人身份认同。 / 作为质性研究，研究者通过目的抽样的方法获得19位来自深圳市的、具有不同人口学特征的访谈对象。通过对被访者外出、工作以及婚恋经历进行深入访谈与分析，本研究获得了非常重要的发现。首先，新生代乡-城流动人口的转成人呈现非阶段、非线性、漫长、漂泊以及高风险的特征。第二，这一群体的转成人既非个体被各样社会环境单方面影响和形塑的过程，也非具有统一的年龄界限和发展任务的发展阶段，而是能动的个体与社会环境不断互动的过程，体现出丰富的社会、文化与个体多样性。第三，在成人身份认同方面，这一群体并非单纯地将年龄的增长与社会角色的转变看作其转成人的重要标志，而是更看重自身所具备的应对城市生存挑战和满足农村家庭伦理要求的能力，呈现生存取向与伦理取向相结合的特点。 / 本研究一方面挑战了成年初显期这一普遍运用于西方个体转成人研究中的新兴概念，另一方面，也挑战了传统的生命发展阶段视角对个体成长过程的线性的、阶段化以及标准化的理解。更重要的，本研究为中国本土关于新生代乡-城流动人口的研究提出了新的、整合的研究视角，即整合的生命历程视角。最后，研究者提倡关于新生代乡-城流动人口的社会政策与服务的设计应该具有整合的生命历程的视角，因为个体在转成人过程中的每一个选择都会影响其整个生命历程的福祉。更具体的，研究者从家庭、教育、就业、草根劳工NGO、籍制度、与社会福利制度等方面提出关于促进其转成人过程顺利进行、提高其社会福利的政策建议。 / Research on individuals’ transition to adulthood has emerged from the mid-20th century in Western developed countries with individualism as the core of culture. However, in China with family and relationship as the dominated culture, research regarding individuals’ transition to adulthood is rare. On the other side, research about the transition to adulthood among young migrants has sprung up under the context of global mobility in which young migrants become the major drive. However, there is little research focusing on the very transition-to-adulthood life course among young-generation rural-urban migrants in China while this age group has gradually dominated the whole rural-urban migrants. This study is to fill these research gaps. / This research explored the transition-to-adulthood experience and adult identity among Chinese young-generation rural-urban migrants. As a qualitative research, the researcher obtained 19 participants in Shenzhen by purposive sampling. Through two rounds of face-to-face in-depth interview about their life experience in migration, work and intimate relationship, this research found that the transition-to-adulthood trajectory of the participants is neither linear nor progressive; it is rather prolonged, recursive, floating, and fused with instability, contingency and risks. / Second, this research indicated that the transition to adulthood among the participants is neither a one-way process in which the individuals were passively influenced by social environment, nor a normative life stage with unified age ranks and developmental tasks. Rather, it is an interactive process between individual agency and different social environment and a trajectory with social, cultural and individual diversities. / Third, with regard to the formation of adult identity, the participants did not consider the age and role transition as the main markers of becoming adults. On the contrary, they took high regard of the ability and responsibility in coping with survival environment in cities and fulfilling the ethic requirements and expectations from their families. In other words, their adult identity formation is both survival-oriented and ethic-oriented which was molded by their status as rural-urban migrants. / This research challenged the concept of emerging adulthood which has been widely used in transition to adulthood research in western society. This research also challenged the traditional life stage perspective which understood individual’s life development as linear and normalized stages. More important, this research introduced a brand-new and more integrated research perspective ─ integrated life course - to research on young-generation rural-urban migrants in China. / This research advocated that social polices targeting on the young-generation rural-urban migrants in China should be designed in integrated life course perspective because each life choice during transition to adulthood will influence the participants’ wellbeing. More specifically, the researcher proposed some key advice on policies and services in the areas of family, education and labor market, for supporting the participants’ transition to adulthood and enhancing their social welfare. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 趙瑞玲. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2016. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 326-361). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Zhao Ruiling.