合約訴訟管理流程主要目的是在控制及預防公司可能發生訴訟賠償的內部流程；本研究將探討合約訴訟管理流程架構及發展出適於IC設計公司之管理模式。 IC產業是台灣經濟的重要命脈亦是能在國際舞台上佔有一席之地的產業之一，IC 產業具有技術密集、高投資成本、高設備折舊、競爭激烈的產業特性，且各生產階段精細分工，上至晶圓、封裝廠乃至IC設計公司，下至組裝廠、品牌商客戶等，在這緊密合作的供應鏈關係下，合作與競爭不斷產生，在此技術掛帥的環境下，IC設計公司若沒有做好專利、商標等智慧財產權管理並做好合約審核及履行追縱之流程控管的話，IC設計公司將隨時會遭遇第三人主張侵權請求或面臨違約損害賠償之風險，故為維持IC設計公司獲利能力及在全球的競爭力，因此有效之合約訴訟管理流程將更顯其重要性。 　　本研究利用Tsaih and Lin (2006)所發展之PWIO (Process-Wide Information Organism)分析方法論來探索如何系統化地重現與評估管理流程，並以台灣-A個案IC設計公司法務中心的現行之合約訴訟管理流程為研究對象，進行：（1）重現、分析與評估該合約訴訟管理流程；（2）就流程分析結果，討論個案公司改善該合約訴訟管理流程時應重視之議題，並做成高階主管日後評估調整合約訴訟管理策略之參考；（3）發展平衡計分卡之內部流程構面的基礎，進行個案公司法務中心合約訴訟管理流程目標的描述，以及目標達成之績效衡量指標的呈現，讓策略能落實到合約訴訟管理流程，以避免及預防個案公司合約訴訟風險產生。 / The main goal of the Process of Contract Lawsuit Management (POCLM) is the process of a company that can control and prevent from arising protential lawsuit and indemnification. In this research, I will discuss the basic architecture of POCLM and develop a POCLM model applicable to the IC design company. The Integrated Circuit Industry (IC Industry) is essential economic lifeblood in Taiwan. The characteristics of the IC industry include technology-intensive, high investment cost, high equipment depreciation and intensely competitive environment. Every production process is divided into detail parts. Based on the close relationship of Supply Chain, the competition and cooperation is arising constantly. If the IC design company does not manage the intellectual property management efficiently and establish the contract reviewing and tracking process in the technology based environment, the IC design company will face the high risk of lawsuit, claim and indemnification. In order to maintain the profitability and the competitiveness of the IC design company in the world, it is more and more important to lead an effective POCLM model into the IC design company. In this research, I use the research method of PWIO (Process-Wide Information Organism) of Tsaih and Lin (2006) on a contract review process of a legal department of A IC Design Company in Taiwan, to discuss how to rebuild and evaluate the management process systematically. And I will do following studys: (1). Rebuild, analyze and evaluate the POCLM; (2). Upon the study result, provide A Design Company with a improvement suggestion of POCLM and related management issues for its director’s reference on adjusting the strategic in the future; (3). Develop the basic of Internal Business Process Perspective of Balance Scorecard (BSC), describe the goal of POCLM of the legal department of A Design Company and build the performance indicator of the goal achiving for A Design Company by BSC, to implement the strategic into the POCLM and avoid and prevent from arising any contract lawsuit against A Design Company.

本研究以資料包絡分析法來衡量職業球員的績效表現，球員在簽訂複數年合約前後與績效表現之關聯性，來探討球員是否有合約週期的現象，進而再探究球員處於合約年的比率多寡，是否會對球隊的勝率造成影響。 　　本研究以2002年球季結束後至2008年球季開始前，這段期間曾與球團簽訂複數年合約的美國大聯盟球員為研究對象。實證結果顯示投手在簽訂複數年合約前一年，純粹技術效率有明顯增加，野手部分則顯示在簽約前兩年整體技術效率呈現顯著增加。研究結果顯示支持合約週期理論，即球員在合約年之前會刻意增加表現，以便爭取較佳之合約。另外，以2009年各球隊的勝場數為研究對象，實證結果顯示，當球隊中有較多投手處於複數年合約的第一年，則球隊的勝場數顯著較少。 / This research applies Data envelopment analysis to examine the performance of Major League Baseball (MLB) players before and after signing multi-year contracts. The research also aims to explore the claim of contract cycle theory by investigating whether contract status has an influence on wining ratio of a team. The sample includes players who signed multi-year contracts between end of season 2002 and prior season 2008. The result illustrates that pitchers’pure technical efficiency increase significantly before signing the contract and fielders’total technical efficiency increase significantly 2 years before the contract signing. The results support the contract cycle theory that players show a tendency to improve their performance prior to signing a contract in order to earn a better contract. In addition, the teams with more players who are in their first year of multi-year contract have a significantly less number of wining ratio.

本研究使用資料包絡分析法衡量NBA球員之績效值，並探討球員在簽訂複數年合約前後與績效之關聯性，是否有Stiroh(2002)提出之合約年效應，並進而比較NBA官方提供績效值與DEA法計算出之球員績效值何者對於球員薪資具有較佳的解釋能力。 本研究取用2000年至2011年共11年間曾經歷合約到期並再次向球團簽訂複數年合約的184名球員做為樣本；實證結果發現，在控制年齡、年資、提前續約與否、球員位置及先發球員與否後整體技術效率方面及球員每分鐘平均績效值顯示在球員簽約前績效有顯著提高之現象； NBA官方提供績效值與純技術效率簽約前後係數也是負的，雖然未達到統計上顯著水準，因此，本研究結果顯示NBA球員在簽約新約前的確有合約週期現象，亦即為爭取較佳合約球員在簽約前會刻意表現較佳之績效。 此外，根據Vuong Test比較NBA官方提供績效值與DEA法計算出之績效值和球員每分鐘績效值與薪資關聯性的測試結果，顯示由官方提供之績效值對薪資關聯性較高，說明目前NBA官方提供之績效值仍然是球團用來與球員薪資的談判重要參考指標之一。 / The research applies Data Envelopment Analysis to examine the NBA players’ efficiency performance before and after signing a new multi-year contract, and whether there exists the Contract Cycle Effect that suggested by Stiroh (2002). The research also tries to compare NBA efficiency score and DEA efficiency score to test which has a higher association with salary. The samples selected 184 NBA players who signed a new multi-year contract from 2000 to 2011. After controlling the players’ age, seniority, extension, position and starting or not, the empirical results denote that DEA total efficiency score and the NBA efficiency per minute indicate a higher efficiency score before signing a new contract, The NBA official efficiency score and DEA technical efficiency score also reveal a negative coefficient before and after new contract singed, although the statistical test didn’t reach the significant level. The results imply that NBA players do exist the Contract Cycle Effect phenomenon that players will perform better efficiency in order to get a better contract. The Vuong test results reveal that the official NBA efficiency score has a higher association with salary comparing with DEA efficiency score. The finding suggests that the official efficiency score is one of the major references for the NBA teams on salary arbitration.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

近年來知名公司面臨起訴或遭到定罪的消息層出不窮，然而在公司定罪的相關研究中，多數文獻著重於探究遭受定罪之事實對公司價值的影響，較少研究聚焦於定罪事實對公司所參與之聯貸案契約條件的影響，有鑑於此，本篇文章旨在探討犯罪公司於定罪前後其聯貸借款條件之借款利率是否有顯著差異。本篇研究發現事件前後犯罪公司之借款利率差異並不顯著。當我們試以修正資料庫登錄與犯罪新聞時間差的問題後，結果顯示犯罪公司之借款利率於犯罪相關新聞發布後顯著上升，除此之外，考量交乘作用後發現犯罪公司間，犯罪罪刑為詐欺類以及受判罰金較高的犯罪公司於事件後，相較於其他犯罪公司，該類公司更傾向面臨較高的借貸成本。 / A number of well-known corporate prosecutions have been raised in recent years. Previous literature focuses more on the valuation impact of corporate convictions. Empirical evidence on how corporate convictions affect the contract terms of syndicated loan is sparse. We examine how corporate misconducts affect the pricing of bank debt after corporate convictions. We find that the difference of loan spreads between facilities initiated before and after conviction are insignificant. Taking potential lag of initial announcement time into consideration, we find significant evidence that the effect of corporate conviction is positively associated with the increases of loan spreads. Moreover, interaction terms with conviction variable show that firms with large fines or convicted of fraud-related crimes tend to face higher loan spread after convictions.

股份自由轉讓原則為我國公司法上重要之原則。然而，在現行法律規範中，卻對股份自由轉讓設有相當多之限制，惟探究前揭諸多之轉讓限制之規範目的、違反時之法律效果後，卻發現其不無值得檢討之空間。本文除整理目前之法定限制外，將針對公司設立登記前之持股轉讓行為、發起人之持股轉讓行為與公司收回自己股份之行為進行省思。 現代民法肯認私法自治契約自由，公司章程、公司與股東或股東與股東間所訂立之契約，均為其展現。然而，我國採取股份自由轉讓原則，明文否准公司以章程禁止或限制股份之轉讓，此制度是否符合我國中小企業的閉鎖性需求，外國法例又是如何處理此商業需求值得觀察與借鏡。本文將介紹日本與美國之立法例，並探討「閉鎖性股份有限公司」專節之法案內容，並對股份轉讓限制之條文應如何運用提出建議。 在限制股份轉讓自由之契約方面，近年來「創投合約」與「對賭條款」時常引起國內學者之討論，本文將介紹其內涵、態樣與合法性要件，並分析其與我國公司法制諸原則或司法實務見解上有無齟齬之處。另外，公司對於員工持股之限制，若係以契約之形式為之，在契約內容之控制上，應以何標準判定該契約之有效性，本文將提出個人之觀察與淺見。 / The freedom of transfer shares is an important principle of our Corporate Law. However, there are many restrictions on it in our law system. After analyzing the specification purposes and the legal effects, we found that there are several defects we can improve. This essay will put emphasis on the behaviors of transfer before the incorporation registration of the company be done, of transfer of the shares owned by promoters, of a company redeem or buy back any of its outstanding shares. Nowadays, the modern Civil Law is willing to recognize the autonomy of private law and the freedom of contract. The articles of incorporation, bylaws, and agreements among shareholders externalize these core thinking. Nevertheless, because of the principle of the Freedom of Transfer Shares, we could not limit the transferability of shares by the articles of incorporation. Is this system meets the needs of Small and Medium Enterprises? How to handle this business commercial demand worth watching and learn from foreign legislations. This essay will foucus on the introduction of the enactment of Japan and the United States of America. Besides, the essay will discuss about the content of "Closed Corporations" special section of the Corporate Law and make recommodations to the provisions. In recent years, "Term Sheet" by venture capitalist and " Valuation Adjustment Mechanism " often cause discussions by domestic scholars, the essay will provide information about its content, elements and legitimacy and check whether these agreements conflict with our judicial practices and any of the principles of the Corporate Law in our country. Finally, if a company limitsthe transferability of the shares owned by employee in contract, what criterion could determine the validity of the contract, the essay will propose the observation and opinion individually.

近年來區塊鏈技術及其相關應用成為熱門焦點，區塊鏈最大的特色包含去中心化以及匿名性等特性，然而在這樣的分散式網路中我們很難判斷對方是否值得信賴，在數位憑證中我們透過可信賴第三方擔任憑證中心為用戶簽發金鑰憑證以此建立用戶之間的信賴關係，但在區塊鏈此種分散式網路中找到一個可信賴第三方實屬不易，並且可能會與區塊鏈去中心化之特性背道而馳，因此本研究參考PGP信任網與小世界理論的概念，建立一套可適用於分散式環境中基於聲譽的信任度評估機制，並將此機制結合智能合約實現一個信任度評估機制購物平台，目的希望用戶與陌生人交易前，可透過此機制計算出信任度，提供用戶做為參考，幫助用戶更容易判斷陌生人是否可信，以降低受騙風險。 / In recent years, the blockchain technology and its relevant applications become hot spots. The greatest feature of the blockchain is the decentralization. Nonetheless, it is difficult for us to judge whether the other person get involved in the decentralized network is credible. Furthermore, it is difficult to find a reliable third party in such a point-to-point network. Consequently, this paper refers to the PGP web of trust and the small world problem to establish a set of reputation-based trust evaluation mechanism for decentralized environments, we combine this mechanism with a smart contract to achieve a trust evaluation mechanism shopping platform, It is expected that achievements of the paper can facilitate people’s judgment regarding the reliability of strangers and reduce the risks of being deceived.

區塊鏈有著不可否認性、可追溯性以及共識性等特點，所有的交易內容都會完整的被記錄在區塊鏈上，基於上述幾項特性，我們利用區塊鏈來記錄公開資訊，將私密資料經由分散式秘密共享後再加密存放於智能合約中。其中，智能合約是一個能將交易狀態和交易狀態內嵌於區塊鏈上的應用，透過智能合約作為媒介，我們能夠將加密後的私密資料完整的存放於區塊鏈上，最後經由區塊鏈網路上的節點驗證後，達到資料正確性驗證的目的。 本研究分析現有的電子投票以及電子投標等應用的系統架構後，發現兩者皆存在著可信賴的第三方進行開票及開標的角色，且驗證流程繁瑣，無法提供一個便利性的投票與投標流程。此外，上述兩種應用皆須滿足機密性、不可否認性、匿名性以及可驗證性等安全性質，若能結合區塊鏈與智能合約於上述應用中，將可提升資料的可驗證性以及降低成本的負擔，對參與應用的人而言也能達到公開透明的需求。 因此，本文提出一個分散式架構下的電子投票與投標機制，結合區塊鏈以及智能合約的優點與技術，讓所有參與投票的選民、投標的廠商共同參與驗證與計算，並加強參與者的匿名性、資料傳輸的隱私性、開票與開標階段資料的可信賴性以及可驗證性。 / With the rise of blockchain technology, the core concept of decentralization has gradually drawn attention. In this context, the main objective of this study is to realize more convenient and secure electronic applications with the use of blockchain technology. This research is aimed to design a distributed e-voting and e-bidding system. The core idea is to combine the blockchain technology with secret sharing scheme and homomorphic encryption in order to realize the distributed e-voting and e-bidding application without a trusted third party. The system allows voters to participate in opening phase. It provides a public and transparent process while protecting the anonymity of voter’s and vendor’s identity, the privacy of data transmission and verifiability of data during the opening phase.