區塊鏈是一種基於點對點網路架構的分散式網路技術,近年來已經有 許多快速蓬勃的發展。區塊鏈從一開始在比特幣上的數位貨幣應用到以太 坊上能夠運行準圖靈完備 (Turing complete) 的智能合約,已經多了許多不 同面貌與應用。 區塊鏈運作的主要核心技術在於共識機制,即如何讓所有網路上的節 點對所發生的交易都有同樣的共識。比特幣與以太坊這兩個最著名的區塊 鏈的共識機制皆是工作量證明 (Proof of Work)。工作量證明機制在公開鏈 上非常適合,但是對於非公開鏈就會變成負擔。本篇論文針對以太坊,實 作出一個具有模組性的共識機制,讓以太坊除了工作量證明,也能夠實現 拜占庭容錯 (Byzantine Fault Tolerance) 的共識演算法,並且保留以太坊智 能合約功能,以利的以以太坊發展聯盟區塊鏈平台。 / Blockchain is a kind of distributed ledger technology, which is based on P2P network protocol and a distributed consensus mechanism. It has developed rapidly in recent years. There are many kinds of blockchains, such as the most noted ones, Bitcoin and Ethereum, the latter of which contains a Turing complete language for developing programs running on top of it. A core technical component of a blockchain is its consensus mechanism, which implements the method of reaching consensus about what transactions have been done among all peer nodes in the network. The consensus mechanism of Bitcoin and Etheruem are Proof of Work (PoW), which is often referred to as mining. Although Proof of Work is suitable for public blockchains, it may become a burden for private or consortium blockchains. The objective of this thesis is to extend the consensus module of Ethereum with Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm, which can speed up the consensus process significantly when the number of network peers is not large. This can be a key step for making Ethereum suitable for suporting consortium blockchains.

在現在的社會裡，「旅遊」已經是人們不可或缺的一部份，若到外國旅遊，我們會先購買旅遊目的地的貨幣，當一趟旅遊結束時，會再將剩餘的貨幣賣掉，買賣的對象皆為銀行。也就是說銀行扮演一個中介的角色，能夠從中賺取匯差。但假設有一個平台，能夠直接在上面找到一位需要該貨幣的人，買賣雙方能根據某種機制得到合適的匯率，並依該匯率直接進行交換，這樣不但能以更好的匯率買到貨幣，也能省下原本應該付給銀行的手續費。然而，當去中介化後，該怎麼建立交易雙方之間的「信任」，就變成了一個很重要的問題。 而區塊鏈是一種不依賴第三方、通過自身分散式節點進行網路數據的存儲、驗證、傳遞和交流的一種技術。其具有去中心化、透明性、開放性、獨立性、安全性及匿名性…等性質。 / In current society, "travelling" is already an integral part of their life. For travelling abroad, we will purchase the currency of the tourist destination first and then sell the remaining currency after the tour: The objects of trading are all banks. That means the bank plays an intermediary role and can earn the exchange difference from this trading. However, if it is supposed that there is a platform which people could directly find a person who needs the currency, both of the buyer and seller can get an applicable exchange rate according to some reasonable mechanism, and then they can directly exchange at that exchange rate. In this case, not only the currency can be bought at a better exchange rate, but also they could save the original fee which they pay to the bank. However, it becomes a very important issue to establish the "trust" relationship during the trade. The blockchain is a kind of technologies that relies on independent nodes to store, verify, delivery and exchange network data without relying on a third party. There are the properties of decentralization, transparency, openness, independence, security, anonymity….and so on. We can use the nature of the blockchain to strengthen the trust between buyers and sellers, in order to increase the security of this platform. This study will explore the feasibility of this platform.

隨著時代變遷，每個人的家庭結構、生活型態、消費行為及價值觀…等方面，也隨之改變。再加上人們休閒時間的增加，因此外出旅遊的次數也隨之上升。而伴隨著網路時代的來臨，共享經濟（Sharing Economy）一詞逐漸被大眾知曉，其概念是強調將自己的閒置資源，透過網路平台分享、出租的方式，以合理的價格與其他有需要的人共用資源。也就是使用者以「租賃」取代「購買」。這一概念的出現，使得人們在出外旅遊時多了一種除了飯店與民宿之外的住宿選擇。 以P2P住房網站中的Aribnb為例，在預定該平台上之房源前，我們僅能參考房東所提供之房源照片及資訊，但無法證實這些資訊之真實性。而租賃雙方只能依靠網站上所述之評價來評斷對方之品行。但這一切的資訊都是可以造假的，因此我們該如何信任該平台上之對方，是一件很重要的事情。因此，我們可以透過區塊鏈技術來加強租賃雙方之見的信任，以及改善目前該住房網站所面臨的一些問題與痛點。 而區塊鏈是一種不依賴第三方、通過自身分散式節點進行網路數據的存儲、驗證、傳遞和交流的一種技術。該技術主要具有去中心化、透明性、開放性、不可竄改性及安全性…等性質。我們可以利用這些性質去強化租賃雙方之間的信任，以及確保儲存在該網站之所有資訊的真實性，使得使用該平台的所有用戶都擁有極大的安全性。因此，本研究將以共享經濟中著名的案例—Airbnb為例，探討目前Airbnb的營運模式、區塊鏈技術，以及加入區塊鏈技術後對Airbnb這個住房網站所帶來之影響。 / The number of outbound travel had increased a lot because of new living style. The sharing economy has also been emerged from the new internet age. The concept of sharing economy is to utilize idle resources, through the Internet platform to share, rent them at a reasonable price and other people in need. That is, people have new option to "lease" instead of "buy". In the case of sharing economy of housing such as Aribnb in the P2P housing website, people can only refer to the housing photos and information provided by the landlord before booking the premises on the platform, but people is not able to confirm the authenticity of the information. And both parties can only rely on the lease on the evaluation of the site to judge each other's conduct. But all this information might be false, so how do we trust the other side on the platform, is a very important issue. As a result, we can strengthen the trust of both parties through the blockchain technology and improve some of the problems and pain points facing the P2P housing website. Blockchain is a technology that doesn't rely on third parties to store, validate, transmit and communicate network data through its own distributed nodes. The technology has the characteristics of decentralized, transparency, openness and security and so on. These characteristics can strengthen the trust between the two parties and to ensure that all the information stored in the blockchain. Therefore, this thesis uses Airbnb as a case to discuss the current Airbnb operating model and the impact on business model with the addition of blockchain.

KYC(Know Your Customer)是銀行非常重要的一項程序，除了法規上的遵循外，也同時要滿足控制客戶投資風險和防制洗錢的目的，但各銀行重複花費大量的金錢和時間成本在相同客戶KYC資料的收集和驗證上。 區塊鏈是一個採用密碼學及共識演算技術來確保交易資料無法被竄改的分散式帳本系統，被稱為無須中間人的信任機器。 本研究透過區塊鏈做為銀行之信任基礎，在不改變既有的KYC流程下，提出一套”金融KYC平台”架構，讓不同銀行在提供金融服務時，每個客戶的KYC資料收集和驗證的程序只要進行一次。 此平台不使用集中式資料庫，KYC原始資料存放在客戶資料註冊銀行本地資料庫中，銀行透過區塊鏈驗證KYC資料之正確及完整性，並透過區塊鏈上紀錄的相關資訊，進行銀行間的資料的授權及同步作業。本研究實際建置展示了七個金融KYC平台的使用情境，驗證原先的各項程序假設，都能在兼顧安全和效率下完成。 / KYC (Know Your Customer) is a very important procedure for banks not only for regulatory compliance, but also to meet the controls of customer investment risk and the purpose of money laundering control. It takes a lot of money and time in the process of verifying the same customer’s information for each bank. Blockchain is a decentralized ledger platform that uses cryptography and consensus algorithm to ensure that transactional data can not be tampered with, and is known as a “Trust Machine”. Without changing current KYC procedures, this study build a "Banking KYC Platform" based on blockchain technology. And let the KYC validation be only conducted once for each customer between banks. This platform does not use centralized database. The original KYC data is stored in bank's local database. Banks verifiy customer KYC data’s correctness and completeness through blockchain and synchronize them based on the information recorded in blockchain. This study shows the result of verifying seven KYC use cases with this Banking KYC Platform. It is a complete demonstration for reaching the goal of solving security, efficiency and cost reduction problems.

Transparency has been one of the most important factors/concerns affecting donations. Donors are not sure where their money goes and the difficulty of finding such information makes them hesitate on making donations. On the other hand, NPOs are haunted by lack of donation, governments scratch their heads on regulating the governance of NPOs, and academia find it difficult to collect donation-related data for research purpose. Blockchain, the upstart technology that backs up bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, is born to solve the trust issue among different parties by providing ultimate transparency. However, adopting a new technology is never easy. Some traction needs to be in-place to engage people on technology adoption. Fortunately, the same technology that pulls people together is also the technology that will be able to build up the community and making a bigger social impact. DaoFund.com is funded with making social impact in mind by bringing aforementioned technologies to the society.

自2008年金融海嘯以來金融新創公司崛起，運用新科技如雲端系統、大數據分析、物聯網等，將之應用於金融產品或企業營運模式中，此波趨勢亦影響傳統金融業者，顛覆其原有的商業模式。歐美國家之金融業紛紛投入金融科技的研究，藉由資訊科技業與金融業跨領域之合作，不同思維模式之間擦出的火花，讓金融業更為蓬勃發展。又新創公司如雨後春筍般立，為金融業帶來重大轉變，亦使得金融科技一詞成為近年來商業界最廣為討論的話題。 根據世界經濟論壇發布的一篇研究報告指出未來金融科技的演變將造成金融業之消費模式、產品型態和企業經營結構之變革，其中又以保險業首當其衝，最先受到金融科技的衝擊。保險科技一詞承接著金融科技，代表著保險業與資訊科技業的合作，在相輔相成以降低經營成本之餘，還能夠為消費者帶來全新的保險體驗。在此之下，本文欲探討受到高度監理的保險業如何在金融科技之下跟上創新的腳步，以推出符合消費者需求的商品。而相較於國外保險科技較為成熟之發展，我國保險業的創新腳步稍嫌慢了一些，故本文主要透過研究英國、美國和新加坡等地之保險業創新經營模式和保險商品，以供我國未來保險業作為參考和改良基礎。再者，傳統保險業者和新創公司如何在這被稱之為「破壞式創新」的革新當中嶄露頭角並取得領先之地位亦是本文探討議題之一。 此外，我國金融監督管理委員會在今年5月發佈金融科技發展策略白皮書，和立法院甫通過金融科技創新八法之修正草案的初審，顯示我國政府亦逐漸重視金融科技的發展，開始透過國家的力量推動金融業之創新。本文藉由比較英國和新加坡主管機關對於保險業之監理，反思我國往後立法或監理之發展方向。又對於主管機關而言，如何在消費者權益與鼓勵創新之間取捨，如何拿捏其中的平衡是長久以來的難題，因此，本文將借鏡各國保險業的發展現況，藉以探討我國在產業方面的因應和主管機關相關規範的設立。 最後，期望藉由本文的歸納和研究成果提供我國保險業未來發展方面的建議，以及政府機關可能採取的政策，還有消費者方面在變革之下應有的心態。

區塊鏈技術藉著比特幣而發揚光大，經過將近十年的考驗，區塊鏈被視為足 以改變全球經濟模式的火紅科技，各種應用的想法如雨後春筍般出現，本文趁勢 提出台灣股票結算交割的區塊鏈應用。本文從最原始的區塊鏈系統——比特幣介 紹起，深入討論區塊鏈運作的機制，包括共識的形成與交易的驗證方式。比特幣 的區塊鏈系統中的某些設定對於股票結算交割來說是缺陷，本文提出改良的方式， 包括許可制的區塊鏈、引入特殊功能節點及採用實名制等，試圖讓區塊鏈技術能 夠完美的應用於結算交割系統。最後分析應用區塊鏈之後所能夠達到的經濟與社 會效益。 / After nearly ten-year challenge, blockchain was known because of Bitcoin, and regarded as the most famous technology that could change the way how the whole world works. Lots of application ideas appear at this moment, this paper tries to follow the trend and discuss about the Taiwan stock clearing and settlement system. Begin with the original blockchain system, Bitcoin, reveal how actually blockchain works including the formation of consensus and the way of transactions verification. There are some defects when implementing the application by using Bitcoin system directly. This thesis proposes the way to improve the blockchain system which includes permission blockchain system, special functional nodes and implementation of real name blockchain system, and try to make modified blockchian system applicable to clearing and settlement system. Last but not least, this thesis analyzes the benefit of economy and society when the application is employed.

目前，因應不同需求與應用情境的各式電子發票系統已被建立。儘管電子發票系統、區塊鏈技術與其相關的文件及平台已經存在，許多研究學者及廠商仍希望推展此技術並應用於其它領域。 本研究的目的在以區塊鏈技術為基礎建構電子發票平台，希望提出一種區塊鏈技術的新應用情境。首先，透過資訊計量學的方法分析980篇電子發票及區塊鏈的相關文獻以了解電子發票及區塊鏈的發展；接著，探討比特幣(Bitcoin)與區塊鏈(Blockchain)間的重要觀念與技術；最後，利用區塊鏈技術中的一種以太坊(Ethereum)來建立電子發票平台。 本研究中六項建構電子發票系統的需求如資料完整性、可驗證性、可用性、可稽核性、不可否認性與可溯源性可被達成。此架構不僅適用於發行一般的消費性電子發票更適用於向企業提供短期資金借貸如發票融資的應用情境。未來，在不同的實作需求下，將可探討整合區塊鏈另一項技術開放鏈(Openchain)以建立混合公開與私有節點的應用。 / Different e-invoice systems are designed to meet different needs and application scenarios. Although these systems areuseful and readily available, researchers and businesses hope to be able to expand the coverage of e-invoice systems using Blockchain technologies. This study proposes an e-invoice system based on Blockchain technologies which shows anotherapplication scenario of Blockchain technology and e-invoice system. First, a review of about 980 publicationson e-invoicing and Blockchain was carried outwithinformetrics used for further analysis so as to better understandthe development of e-invoice and Blockchain technologies. Second, the concepts and mechanisms of Bitcoin and Blockchain technologies were reviewed. Finally, an e-invoice system based on Ethereumwas proposed. The proposed system meets the six needs of an e-invoice system: integrity, authenticity, availability, auditability, non-repudiation and traceability. It is not only suitable for issuing general invoices but also can play a role in further invoicing applications such as invoice financing as well as agri-food supply chain traceability. In the future, Openchain or hybrid Blockchain infrastructure that combines public and private nodes can be consideredfor use in this proposed e-invoice system.

現行醫療保險理賠申請流程相當繁複，被保險人需要向醫療機構申請診斷證明，填具理賠申請書向保險公司提出理賠申請，再由保險公司進行審核。若遇到無法從診斷書直接審核之個案，保險公司需先取得被保險人簽署之調閱病歷同意書後，方能至醫療機構調閱病歷，以利後續理賠審核。這樣的流程，對保險公司來說，需耗費大量人工成本；對被保險人來說，則也有資訊不夠透明的疑慮。 區塊鏈的運作有著公開透明，且難以造假的不可否認性。智能合約是在區塊鏈平台上執行的協議落實程式，既能確保程式不會被竄改，又可保留所有執行紀錄。若能透過這些特性來做為醫療保險理賠傳遞訊息的媒介，除了能提昇保險公司審核流程的時效性，被保險人也能獲得公開透明的資訊。 本論文提出了一套基於智能合約來實現快速醫療保險理賠的方案，我們在以太坊上實作智能合約，我們的方案除了能改善現有的問題，也建構出一套公開透明，且兼顧病人隱私的理賠系統，並考量實際狀況，讓保險公司的業務邏輯可以重用，在理想與現實之間取得一個適當之平衡點。 / Current medical insurance claims application process is complex. It requires the insured to apply for medical diagnosis, and to fill out an application form to the insurance company. The insurance company then reviews the case. If they are unable to approve the claims, they must first obtain the consent form from the insured in order to access to his or her medical records to facilitate subsequent claims review. Throughout the process, the insurance company needs to pay a lot of labor costs; while the insured will have many concerns of information transparency. Blockchain operates in an open and transparent manner and maintains its data in a tamper-free way. Smart contracts are programs executed on a blockchain platform to enforce an agreement such that the program will not be tampered with, and all records of execution will be kept from modification. These characteristics of a smart contract make it very good as a tool for streamlining the medical insurance claims process, as it will greatly reduce the human efforts involved on the insurance company side while increase the information transparency from the perspective of the insured. This thesis presents a smart contract based solution for streamlining the medical insurance claims process. We design and implement the con-tract on the Ethereum platform. In addition to improving the existing problems, our solution builds an open and transparent claims system that takes into account the patient privacy and the practical requirement of re-using the existing claims processing system of the insurance company, thus achieving a proper balance between the ideal and reality.

區塊鏈原為支援比特幣交易所提出的一項分散式演算法，然而，近期各個產業開始對其感到興趣，並在各領域催生出了許多破壞式創新的應用服務。然而其去中心化的特質，使得利害關係人的溝通和資源管理在區塊鏈生態系統中更具挑戰性，並且也興起了許多相關議題。 本研究以賦權理論的觀點去檢視這些議題，並提出方法論來解決改善這些議題，期望能夠加速輔助創業家或服務設計者建立去中心化生態系統的過程，並且讓每位利害關係人認知整個生態系統的共同的目標，進一步的為之作出貢獻，達到能力和資源的綜效。 / Blockchain, a de-centralized infrastructure which can breed many kinds of disruptive applications, is a promising platform for next generation digital ecosystems. All applications built upon blockchain benefits multiple advantages, including transactions manageability, scalability, security, visibility, affordability, high availability, etc. However, stakeholder management in blockchain-based businesses will become a very challenging issue for entrepreneurs to deal with their de-centralize characteristics. Without the management and enforcement of a central party, creating collective efficacy and achieving collective commitment among all stakeholders will be crucial for these entrepreneurs. This research adopts the empowerment perspective to propose a method to solve this issue and facilitate the design of a blockchain ecosystem toward collective efficacy. The method can be divided into three parts. The first is to analyze and collect necessary data from the source of business logic in the context of blockchain smart contract. The second is to utilize these data and liquefy the resources available in the current ecosystem so that the stakeholders can empower each other without the support of central party. The third is to measure the degree of collective efficacy and collective commitment in the ecosystem design in order to identify the effectiveness of our empowerment method.