我國實施統一發票制度至今已數十餘年，統一發票是目前世界各國上非常特有的制度，因為統一發票不僅是商業用的會計憑證、交易憑證，更是台灣稅務稽徵的主要依據，企業以此申報營業稅，同時稅捐稽徵機關也以此作為查核之依據。而電子發票制度是為因應電子商務之發展，提供營業人可利用個人電腦，透過網際網路傳輸統一發票資料給消費者之作業。許多國家業已積極展開電子發票之推動，以降低紙本發票作業對電子商務所衍生之障礙與交易成本。 本研究以說明台灣特有的統一發票制度為開始，了解統一發票相關知識。接著說明已推動數年的B2B電子發票應用及B2C電子發票應用於虛擬通路發展情況。由於統一發票印製數量統計資料顯示，大部份發票產生來源為便利超商、大賣場、百貨商圈、加油站等實體通路產生之發票，得知B2C實體通路之應用是未來電子發票推動之發展重點。 利用資訊科技達成的電子發票作業模式與傳統紙本發票大不相同，因此許多以往不存在的問題會日漸產生。因此本研究以政府推行新制度應以不改變消費者習慣、提供多元化選擇帶來便利與降低社會資源成本為優先考量之要素，分析現行B2C電子發票應用於實體通路之作業模式，分別探討B2C實體通路電子發票之註冊與歸戶、開立、索取、查詢、兌獎、領獎與捐贈等方面之不足之處並以本研究觀點提出建議。 由於電子發票為利用資訊科技達成的創新，本研究也利用創新擴散理論中基礎概念，幫助思考推動B2C電子發票應用於實體通路時所需注意事項及建議策略做法，使之能成功推廣至社會中而讓消費者接受使用以發揮最大效果。 推動B2C實體通路電子發票可蒐集並分析之以往紙本發票難以利用的龐大資料，本研究也提出未來建議之多方面應用，在不違反個人資料保護情況下發揮其最大效用，達成對政府、營業人及消費者多贏之功效。

財政部於2006年底建置完成的電子發票整合服務平台，提供不同產業間之買賣雙方一個具有公信力的交易稽核平台。企業在此可利用電子發票向銀行進行貸款，完成融資服務，由於貸款跨越企業與銀行，而各個不同組織間，其流程中會有金、商流共同所需之資訊，但是彼此所需的資訊格式的不同，讓整個流程無法一氣喝成。 本研究提出一個以雲端運算為基礎的服務導向架構電子發票加值平台，透過此平台企業可將原本的發票融資，轉換成利用電子發票進行線上融資，再透過XML-based訊息轉換器將企業端電子發票XML格式轉換為處理帳務之XBRL格式，以及銀行端之金流訊息FXML格式，並利用雲端運算服務作為資料儲存與呈現的基礎，而服務導向架構提供了完成此跨組織金、商流活動所需的平台一個良好架構。 在電子發票加值平台中，處理電子發票加值服務時會運用發票上的金流與商流資訊，基於安全性的考量，所以不能將資料都儲存於雲端運算的資源中，本研究的資料中心利用分散式資料儲存方式，將機密的資料儲存於企業端，減少企業使用服務的疑慮，並透過分散式資料擷取/儲存機制對不同的資料庫存取服務所需之資料，讓企業可以更放心且便利的使用服務。 / Ministry of Finance, R.O.C builds a reliable E-Invoice platform in 2006, to provide buyers and sellers a credible audit platform. Through E-Invoice platform, companies could complete loan service. Because loan service crosses the banks and enterprises, they will need the same information in loan process. However the information to each other is different formats, so that the whole process can not complete straight through. This study proposed a Service-oriented architecture E-Invoice value-added platform which based on cloud computing services. Through this platform, companies can change invoice loan service into E-Invoice on-line loan service. In this platform, they not only can use a XML-based message converter to convert business XML format to financial information XBRL format and cash flow information FXML format but also can use cloud computing services to store and present data. However Service-oriented architecture can provide this cross-organizational activity a suitable architecture. In E-Invoice value-added platform, E-Invoice on-line loan service will handle the information of cash flow and business flow, but based on security considerations, we can not stored all the data in the cloud. However this study use decentralized data center to store confidential information in the enterprise client to solve this problem and use some mechanism to extract/store data from different data center. Therefore Companies can reduce their concerns of using services and use services conveniently.

目前，因應不同需求與應用情境的各式電子發票系統已被建立。儘管電子發票系統、區塊鏈技術與其相關的文件及平台已經存在，許多研究學者及廠商仍希望推展此技術並應用於其它領域。 本研究的目的在以區塊鏈技術為基礎建構電子發票平台，希望提出一種區塊鏈技術的新應用情境。首先，透過資訊計量學的方法分析980篇電子發票及區塊鏈的相關文獻以了解電子發票及區塊鏈的發展；接著，探討比特幣(Bitcoin)與區塊鏈(Blockchain)間的重要觀念與技術；最後，利用區塊鏈技術中的一種以太坊(Ethereum)來建立電子發票平台。 本研究中六項建構電子發票系統的需求如資料完整性、可驗證性、可用性、可稽核性、不可否認性與可溯源性可被達成。此架構不僅適用於發行一般的消費性電子發票更適用於向企業提供短期資金借貸如發票融資的應用情境。未來，在不同的實作需求下，將可探討整合區塊鏈另一項技術開放鏈(Openchain)以建立混合公開與私有節點的應用。 / Different e-invoice systems are designed to meet different needs and application scenarios. Although these systems areuseful and readily available, researchers and businesses hope to be able to expand the coverage of e-invoice systems using Blockchain technologies. This study proposes an e-invoice system based on Blockchain technologies which shows anotherapplication scenario of Blockchain technology and e-invoice system. First, a review of about 980 publicationson e-invoicing and Blockchain was carried outwithinformetrics used for further analysis so as to better understandthe development of e-invoice and Blockchain technologies. Second, the concepts and mechanisms of Bitcoin and Blockchain technologies were reviewed. Finally, an e-invoice system based on Ethereumwas proposed. The proposed system meets the six needs of an e-invoice system: integrity, authenticity, availability, auditability, non-repudiation and traceability. It is not only suitable for issuing general invoices but also can play a role in further invoicing applications such as invoice financing as well as agri-food supply chain traceability. In the future, Openchain or hybrid Blockchain infrastructure that combines public and private nodes can be consideredfor use in this proposed e-invoice system.

電子發票自2000年推行以來，多為企業對企業的相關研究，幾乎沒有文獻從政府與企業在電子發票政策中合作的角度進行研究。因此本研究以政府在2010年底才推動的企業對消費者實體通路電子發票試辦作業為個案，並以公私協力關係的角度，針對政府與企業的相關人員進行個別深度訪談。首先了解企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因，接著描繪出電子發票試辦作業中，政府與企業的互動情形；再者，找出政府與企業合作的困難，據以提出政策建議，做為政府日後推動公私協力政策之參考，最後歸納公私協力關係的條件，以驗證、補充或強化公私協力關係的文獻。 企業加入電子發票試辦作業的原因包含高階管理者的支持、成本降低、提升企業形象、資訊化程度高，導入障礙低、關係企業的引介與同業競爭等因素。企業在加入電子發票試辦作業後，與政府形成水平互補之互動模式。研究發現高階管理者的領導與支持、共同且清楚的目標、公開、互相尊重與信任、明確且完善的法律規範、持續溝通協商、公平合作與彈性、關注利害關係人、長期穩定關係等是有利政府與企業協力合作的因素；與文獻不同的是，監測績效這項因素對政府與企業合作順利與否影響並不大。另外對電子發票格式的認知差距、法令規章不完備、行政規則制定太慢、電子發票格式規定變動頻繁、政策規劃不周、資訊壟斷於大型企業、服務品質降低等因素則是政府與企業合作所碰到的困難，其中政策規劃不周導致電子發票格式規定變動頻繁是本研究在文獻以外之發現。 基於以上研究成果，本研究提出相關建議，首先，讓更多中小企業改用電子發票，亦必須注意跨機關間的合作與協調，方能讓電子發票的使用更為普及與順利；而政府在推動政策前應有完善的政策規劃，如果有經費委請顧問廠商，在遴選上須更加嚴謹，使資源更能有效運用。本研究認為後續研究者可以以中小企業為主體，甚至比較不同行業之企業採用電子發票的情形，亦可以朝電子發票其他利害關係人，像是社福團體、資訊服務業者以及稅務代理業者等著手；另外，探討政府機關間的合作或是從企業對政府電子發票的角度著手，俾能對電子發票有更全觀的了解。 / Since 2000, most research about e-invoice has focused on the topic of business to business (B2B). Just few studied in connection with the cooperation of government and business (G2B) in e-invoice policy. This thesis attempts to understand the process of business to citizen (B2C) e-invoice pilot operation, from the perspective of public-private partnership (PPP). The author adopts in-depth interviews with government and enterprise related personnel.The purpose is, first, to find out the reasons why the enterprises participate in e-invoice pilot operation. Second, the thesis describes G2B interaction in e-invoice pilot operation process; and then to find out the difficulties in G2B cooperation as well as policy suggestions. Finally, the thesis trys to conclude with conditions of PPP as well as its verification and improvement. Based on the empirical data, the reasons why the enterprises join e-invoice pilot operation include: the support from top manager, cost down, promotion of corporate image, high degree of computerization, recommendation from conglomerate and relative competitive advantage. The G2B cooperation is horizontal complementary interaction model. The findings discover eight benefical factors for PPPs including (1) the leadership and support from top managers, (2) shared goals, (3) transparent execution process and mutual respect and trust, (4) well and clear legislation and standard, (5) the lasting communication, (6) a fair collaborationship and elasticity, (7) understanding of stakeholders, (8) long-term and stable relationship. The difficulties in G2B cooperation include: (1) the different opinions of e-invoice format between government and business, (2) slow formulation of administrative direction, (3) the e-invoice format instability, (4) the incompleteness of policy planning, (5) the information monopoly by big enterprises, (6) the reduction of service quality. Based on the previous findings, this thesis recommends government to make more small and medium enterprises (SMEs) adopt e-invoice. The e-invoice authority should also pay attention to coordinate with other government organizations, to plan for public policy more solidly, and to pick and choose consulting business exactly. The author anticipates that follow-up research may focus on SMEs, with comparision of different enterprises that adopt e-invoice. More studies are suggested to involve public welfare groups, information service providers, and tax agents. The future studies may also discuss the cooperation between governments and for the perspective of business to government (B2G) e-invoice.

本論文研究動機主要是體認電子商務所帶來產業革命的衝擊之後，探討稅制及傳統課稅理論是否有適用上之疑慮。研究目的在於瞭解下列事項：1、電子商務之「網路商店」的經營模式、交易型態及流程。2、電子商務所衍生的各項租稅問題。3、數位化商品在稅法上的定性。4、分析及評估電子商務發展對稅務行政執行所帶來的衝擊。研究架構是在瞭解電子商務定義及性質，從而進一步辨識電子商務環境下所引發的課稅爭議，並在租稅原則、課稅觀念、稽徵原則的理論基礎下，佐以國際間各國對電子商務課稅問題的主張，分析及檢視我國目前稅制的適用，最後歸納出結論及建議。本研究認為就課稅議題而言，在電子商務下有其獨特的考量點： 一、全球性銷售行為 電子商務之跨國際交易特別容易造成各國租稅管轄權的爭議。此外電子商務使得「新的公司型態-小型多國籍企業」更是快速發展設立，但傳統國際間租稅規範或絕大多數的各國稅法卻是以大型跨國際企業為其主要規範及稅捐稽查對象。再者現行科技亦未提供一個關於計算及支付稅賦的機制，無疑地將加深稅務行政的負擔，對於租稅的課徵有不利的影響。 二、遠端經營的網路商店 在電子商務的環境下，企業得以遠端營運網路商店。在關於電子商務新稅制尚未建立之前，伺服器的架設雖就稅法上的目的並不清楚且明確，因此網際網路無疑的將提供納稅義務人在網路上得以充分的選擇租稅管轄地。 三、匿名性 網際網路的匿名性，使得稅捐機關對網路交易者的身份和所在地不易辨識，並且藉由匿名式的電子付款工具，特別是電子現金的使用，將提高逃漏稅捐及侵蝕稅基的可能。因此可研議：1、加強有效應用目前現行的科技技術。2、關於稽核電子現金的新查核技術須加速發展出來。3、要求電子現金的發行者做為中間媒介，採用具交易記錄的電子現金系統，提供相關報告及資料。 四、數位化商品 數位化商品在課稅引發的爭議，除其定性問題外，特別在跨國際交易下，銷售數位化商品所得性質究竟為營業利潤、權利金或勞務報酬，國際間尚未有一致看法。而數位化技術亦造成在稅務行政課徵的難題。

財政部自2000年11月29日頒布「網際網路傳輸統一發票(簡稱電子發票)試辦作業要點」以來，僅有三千多家申請試辦，且應用面仍侷限在B2B 的發票和折讓單e 化，且買方和賣方都必須加入同一加值服務中心，和實務應用面仍有一段距離。 隨著電子商務快速發展，不論是B2B、B2C、或是C2C，均已具一定規模且持續蓬勃發展中，並在資訊流、物流和金流上都已先後導入e 化應用。但統一發票為整個供應鏈流程中的一段，却尚未導入e 化，導入電子發票有助於整個供應鏈的ｅ化，並可以降低整體作業的運作成本。然而，電子發票之應用涉及財稅政策、會計師簽證、電子簽章、認證機制、個人隱私權、公司e化及公司稽核管控等等核心問題，這種種相關因素如何相互配合，才能發揮電子發票之最大綜效，值得進一步探討。 本研究係參考金財通導入捷盟公司的電子發票個案分析，及國內外電子發票之現況，研討電子發票對企業作業流程、加值服務中心之運作、網路安控機制、政府法令規章、稅務行政、會計師查核等等的挑戰，據以提出可能的作業模式與建議，以供相關單位未來推動統一發票全面電子化的參考。 / The e-invoice trial operations are only adopted by 3,000+ enterprises ever since the Ministry of Finance announced the trial operation law of e-invoice communication through Internet on 29 Nov 2000. The application scope is only within the B2B communication of invoice and allowance note between the enterprises and the value added service center. This is a big gap to implement in a multi-to-multi business environment. Transactions of B2B, B2C or C2C have been on-going grew to an economic scale along with the rapid growth of e-commerce development. Electronic techniques have been applied to the information flow, goods delivery flow and cash flow in the supply chain management. However, invoice is part of the supply chain but not yet integrated into the supply chain e-cycle. Implement e-invoice will integrate the electronic system for supply chain and will help to reduce the total operation costs. E-invoice application involves the core issues of such as government’s financial policy, accounting auditing, public key infrastructure, certificate authority, personal privacy, enterprise EAI system and internal auditing. How these factors incorporate with each other to maximize the most e-invoice benefit deserves further study. This study references the BankPro’s e-invoice implementation case and current e-invoice development situation in Taiwan, America and Europe. On such basis, we further discuss the challenges of e-invoice that will be brought to the enterprise operation flow, service value added center, Internet security control, government legal law, taxing administration and accounting auditing etc, so as to provide possible operation model and recommendations to the related units as the reference to implement e-invoice globally in the future.