Mobile barcode e-invoicing (MBEI) is a novel system that not only reduces companies¡¦ cost on invoice delivery and storage but also enables the government to save money on printing the invoices. Although this is an important policy, no study has examined it from the general public¡¦s perspective. Therefore, this study surveyed a convenience sample of 250 people to investigate factors that may affect the public¡¦s willingness to use MBEI. Based on Rogers¡¦s (1995) diffusion of innovation theory, this study explored the impacts of relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, observability, and habits of using relevant technology on willingness to use MBEI. The results suggest that while relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity are associated with people¡¦s willingness, observability is not. As for the habits of using relevant technology, people with i-bon experience were more willing to use MBEI than those who had never heard about i-bon. But respondents¡¦ usage of membership cards for shopping, the carrying of these membership cards, and the habit of using touch-control mobile devices had no impact on their willingness to adopt MBEI. These results suggest that the government should not only promote its e-invoicing policy more aggressively, but also be alert to the problems that different age groups may encountered when trying to use MBEI.

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<p>Denna uppsats behandlar e-fakturering och hur små företag ser på ett framtida användande av e-fakturering när en ny standard är på väg att lanseras. Vi har valt att undersöka huruvida små företag ser några fördelar med att börja använda e-fakturering jämfört med den traditionella pappersexercisen. Den nya standarden svenska bankföreningen i samarbete med de svenska storbankerna utvecklar, är tänkt att underlätta för användarna och företagarna så att dessa skall kunna sänka sina kostnader per faktura samt i ett längre perspektiv förenkla hanteringen.</p><p>De teorier som presenteras i arbetet beskriver begreppet e-faktura, samt andra begrepp kopplade till detsamma. De använda teorierna, kopplat till frågeställningarna och syftet, utgjorde sedan grunden till de frågor vi skapat för att ställa vid intervjuer med olika småföretagare i Jönköpingsregionen.</p><p>De intervjuer som genomfördes skedde antingen genom personliga möten med nyckelpersoner ute hos företagen eller genom telefonintervjuer. Frågorna berörde hur företagen ställer sig till e-fakturering, huruvida de ser fördelar och vilka eventuella fördelar de anser viktigast för just dem. Den efterföljande analysen utfördes genom att jämföra svaren mot uppsatsens huvudfrågeställningar, något vi även gjorde med teorierna. Därefter jämförde vi det empiriska materialet mot det som skrevs i teorin.</p><p>Några av slutsatserna vi dragit är att företagen ser positivt på en ny standard för e-fakturering samt att företagen inte känner någon större oro rörande implementationen av standarden. Detta då väldigt många arbetar i standardiserade affärssystem. Vi kom fram till att företag med större mängder fakturor har större nytta av e-fakturering, främst när det kommer till att minska arbetsbördan och i slutändan även kostnaden per faktura.</p> / <p>This thesis discuss e-invoicing and what view small businesses has on a future use of e-invoicing as a new standard is about to be launched/introduced. Our attempt has been to examine whether SME’s see possible advantages through use of e-invoicing compared to traditional paperwork. The new standard, a joint initiative between Svenska Bankföreningen and the major Swedish banks, is set to make it easier for users, the businesses, to reduce cost of invoices and, in a longer perspective, ease the way in which they are handled.</p><p>The theories presented in the thesis describe the concept of e-invoicing and concepts linked to it. Theories collected, linked with research questions and the purpose of the thesis became the foundation when questions for interviews, to ask SME’s in the Jönköping region, were created.</p><p>Interviews were carried out either through personal meetings with key informants at their respective offices or through telephone interviews. The questions touched respective business view on e-invoicing, whether they see any advantages and what advantages was considered most important to them. The analysis was performed through analyzing the presented theories to our research questions independent of what was found during the interviews. The empirical findings were analyzed in the same manor and summed up through a comparison of the theories and the empirical findings.</p><p>Some of the conclusions we made were that the businesses are positive concerning a new standard for e-invoices as well as them not being worried over the implementation of the standard, due to most of them having standardized information systems. Furthermore we believe businesses handling larger quantities of invoices will gain more from use of e-invoicing, mainly concerning workload and, in the long run reducing cost per invoice.</p>

Electronic commerce is one of the most discussed business-to-business(B2B) topics of today. IT has become a tool for adapting and rendering business processes towards an integrated supply chain (www svensktnaringsliv.se). Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) has been used as a technique for communicating between different computer systems since the 1960’s. However, it took another 20 years for EDI to support different types of business processes (Malonis, 2002). Electronic invoices can be deduced from when companies in the 1970´s started to exchange invoice files (Dykert &amp; Fredholm, 2004). Earlier studies within this area of interest have focused on the business-tocustomer (B2C) electronic invoicing. This thesis has chosen a different point of view, where the focus will be on Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) use of EDI- invoicing for B2B processes. This thesis purpose can be divided into two parts, the first is to investigate how EDI- invoice solutions are realized and the second is to describe the effects use and implementation of an EDI- invoice solution have brought to SMEs. Data for the first part have been collected from Internet sources as well as from literature. Empirical findings to address this part are gathered from an interview with an employee at Scandinavian PC Systems (SPCS). What we concluded of this study was that SMEs opportunity to implement EDI- invoicing derives from the initiative taken by system developers together with Value Added Network (VAN) providers. They have made a complex technology, with confusion about standards and function, to an easy understood and familiar interface to SMEs. Data for the second part of the purpose have been collected from telephone interviews with SMEs in the Jönköping region. Six SMEs who were connected to Pri- Handel, a competitor to SPCS, were interviewed.The most prominent experience SMEs mean that an EDI- invoice solution brings is reduce of administrative cost.

Att fakturera är något som alla företag måste göra för att tjäna pengar. Fakturering kan ske på flera olika sätt och det finns olika åsikter vad som är att föredra bland företag när det handlar om hantering av fakturor. Teorin menar på att använda sig av elektroniska faktureringssätt är mer effektivt än fakturering via traditionell post. Syftet med denna forskning var att ta reda på varför företag i Sverige år 2015 väljer att skicka, mottaga och hantera fakturor med post när det finns alternativa metoder som PDF via mail och vad det är som gör att företag inte byter från det ena förhållningssättet till det andra. / To invoice is something that all companies must do to earn money. Invoicing can be done in several ways and there are different opinions in what is to be preferred among companies when it comes to handling invoices. However the theory argues, that the use of the electronic invoicing method is more effective than invoicing through traditional mail. The purpose of this study was to find out why companies in Sweden in 2015 choose to send, receive and manage invoices by email when there are alternative methods as PDF through email and what it is that makes companies not change from one approach to another.

Invoice processing has traditionally been heavily dependent onmanual labor, where the task is to identify and move certaininformation from an origin to a destination. A time demandingtask with a high interest of automation to reduce time ofexecution, fault-risk and cost.With the evergrowing interest in automation and ArtificialIntelligence (AI), this thesis will explore the possibilities ofautomating the task of extracting and mapping information ofinterest by defining the problem as a Constraint OptimizationProblem (COP) using numeric relations between present information.The problem is then solved by extracting the numericalvalues in a document and utilizing it as an input space whereeach combination of numeric values are tested using a backendsolver.Several different models were defined, using different approachesand constraints on relations between possible existingfields. A solution to an invoice was considered correct if thetotal, tax, net and rounding amounts were estimated correctly.The final best achieved results were 84.30% correct and8.77% incorrect solutions on a set of 1400 various types of invoices.The achieved results show a promising alternative route toproposed solutions using e.g. machine learning or other intelligentsolutions using graphical or positional data. While only regardingthe numerical values present in each document, the proposedsolution becomes decentralized and therefor can be implementedand ran on any set of invoices without any pre-training phase.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to describe which foreign exchange risk techniques that are used by medium- and large-sized Swedish companies within the Jönköping region, and how they as well as a bank evaluate the techniques in the current recession. Background: The reason why companies decide to expand their operations abroad is to take advantage from imperfections in other national markets. The fluctuations in currencies and exchange rates can have a huge effect on a company’s cash flows when doing business abroad. Therefore, when companies manage their foreign exchange risk, they have to be familiar with all the methods and tools available in order to pick the ones that best suit their needs. Method: We sent out a questionnaire and got it answered by eight companies within the Jönköping region regarding their strategy when managing foreign exchange risk. We have also interviewed a financial adviser, working at Handelsbanken, regarding the techniques offered to companies. A “foreign currency table” located in Linköping, was also contacted. They are in charge of creating recommendations and products sold by Handelsbanken. Conclusion: Hedging is the most frequently used tool by the companies in our study. Leading and lagging strategies are used quite often, while swaps and invoice currency is used less frequently by them. Exposure netting and cash pooling does not seem to be used at all. We believe that companies generally should seek more information on new techniques introduced in the market and be open to new possibilities and solutions for managing currency risk. Most of the companies in our sample, according to us, are too comfortable in their choice of techniques. / Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva vilka valutarisk tekniker som används av medelstora och stora företag inom Jönköpings området, samt hur dessa företag och en bank utvärderar teknikerna i den rådande lågkonjunkturen. Bakgrund: Anledningen till varför företag väljer att expandera utomlands är för att ta nytta av fördelar som uppstår i andra marknader. Fluktuationer i valutor och valutakurser kan ha stor effekt på företagens kassaflöden när handel utomlands utförs. När företag hanterar sin valutarisk måste de vara familjära med de olika metoder som finns tillgängliga, för att få reda på vilka av dessa som bäst tillgodoser deras behov. Metod: Åtta företag inom Jönköpings regionen, svarade på ett formulär, angående deras strategi när det kommer till hantering av valutarisk. Vi har även intervjuat en företags rådgivare på Handelsbanken, angående teknikerna som de erbjuder företagen. Valutabordet i Linköping har också blivit kontaktat. De har till uppgift att ta fram rekommendationer och produkter som säljs av Handelsbanken. Slutsats: Hedging är den teknik som används mest av företagen i vår undersökning. Leading och lagging används rätt så ofta, medan swaps och invoice currency används mer sällan av dem. Exposure netting och cash pooling tycks inte användas alls. Vi anser att företag generellt ska eftersöka mer information om nya tekniker som introduceras på marknaden samt vara öppna för nya möjligheter och lösningar till att hantera valutarisk. De flesta av de undersökta företagen anser vi i dagsläget är för bekväma i sina val av tekniker.

<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of the thesis is to describe which foreign exchange risk techniques that are used by medium- and large-sized Swedish companies within the Jönköping region, and how they as well as a bank evaluate the techniques in the current recession.</p><p><strong>Background: </strong>The reason why companies decide to expand their operations abroad is to take advantage from imperfections in other national markets. The fluctuations in currencies and exchange rates can have a huge effect on a company’s cash flows when doing business abroad. Therefore, when companies manage their foreign exchange risk, they have to be familiar with all the methods and tools available in order to pick the ones that best suit their needs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We sent out a questionnaire and got it answered by eight companies within the Jönköping region regarding their strategy when managing foreign exchange risk. We have also interviewed a financial adviser, working at Handelsbanken, regarding the techniques offered to companies. A “foreign currency table” located in Linköping, was also contacted. They are in charge of creating recommendations and products sold by Handelsbanken. <strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Hedging is the most frequently used tool by the companies in our study. Leading and lagging strategies are used quite often, while swaps and invoice currency is used less frequently by them. Exposure netting and cash pooling does not seem to be used at all. We believe that companies generally should seek more information on new techniques introduced in the market and be open to new possibilities and solutions for managing currency risk. Most of the companies in our sample, according to us, are too comfortable in their choice of techniques.<strong></strong></p> / <p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva vilka valutarisk tekniker som används av<strong> </strong>medelstora och stora företag inom Jönköpings området, samt hur dessa företag och en bank utvärderar teknikerna i den rådande lågkonjunkturen.</p><p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>Anledningen till varför företag väljer att expandera utomlands är för att ta nytta av fördelar som uppstår i andra marknader. Fluktuationer i valutor och valutakurser kan ha stor effekt på företagens kassaflöden när handel utomlands utförs. När företag hanterar sin valutarisk måste de vara familjära med de olika metoder som finns tillgängliga, för att få reda på vilka av dessa som bäst tillgodoser deras behov.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Åtta företag inom Jönköpings regionen, svarade på ett formulär, angående deras strategi när det kommer till hantering av valutarisk. Vi har även intervjuat en företags rådgivare på Handelsbanken, angående teknikerna som de erbjuder företagen. Valutabordet i Linköping har också blivit kontaktat. De har till uppgift att ta fram rekommendationer och produkter som säljs av Handelsbanken.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>Hedging är den teknik som används mest av företagen i vår undersökning. Leading och lagging används rätt så ofta, medan swaps och invoice currency används mer sällan av dem. Exposure netting och cash pooling tycks inte användas alls. Vi anser att företag generellt ska eftersöka mer information om nya tekniker som introduceras på marknaden samt vara öppna för nya möjligheter och lösningar till att hantera valutarisk. De flesta av de undersökta företagen anser vi i dagsläget är för bekväma i sina val av tekniker.</p>

Na tese, é proposta a construção do Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor (SAT), um modelo tecnológico de automação e controle de processos em cidades inteligentes, alicerçado em propriedades voltadas a uma aplicação transversal em setores que demandam, de um lado, geração de dados em campo com estabelecimento de regras e garantia de autenticidade e confidencialidade; de outro, transmissão segura a um ou mais controles centrais. Como exemplo de aplicação, o modelo é avaliado pela execução de protótipo no setor tributário do varejo do Estado de São Paulo, que ainda exige soluções mais eficazes apesar dos avanços conquistados com a transição para processos automatizados. O protótipo, composto de um equipamento, um software embarcado e uma solução de retaguarda, denomina-se, no caso específico, Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor de Cupons Fiscais Eletrônicos (SAT-CF-e). O principal objetivo do trabalho consiste, pois, em oferecer um modelo tecnológico que dê resposta efetiva às necessidades das administrações tributárias estaduais, mais especificamente às operações de emissão, validação e transmissão dos dados de vendas mercantis no varejo. Desenvolvido a partir da análise do ambiente atual da Nota Fiscal Paulista e de outros projetos de documentos eletrônicos introduzidos no Brasil, e tendo em vista uma mudança de paradigma na geração de documentos fiscais, o Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor de Cupons Fiscais Eletrônicos está pautado no uso de tecnologias que atendem aos requisitos exigidos pelo negócio, segundo os quais o documento somente existe na forma eletrônica e é válido quando armazenado nas bases de dados gerenciadas pelo Fisco. A implantação do Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor de Cupons Fiscais Eletrônicos, cujo pioneirismo cabe à Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo, já encontra âmbito nacional a partir da criação de um novo documento fiscal, o Cupom Fiscal Eletrônico SAT (CF-e-SAT), modelo 59, instituído oficialmente pelo Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária no Ajuste SINIEF 11/2010, que autoriza Unidades da Federação a utilizá-lo em suas operações de ICMS. Os resultados da implementação do modelo tecnológico de automação e controle do processo tributário no varejo do Estado de São Paulo foram positivos e atestaram que a solução representa contribuição original ao estado da arte por reunir qualidades inovadoras permite rápida integração entre o Fisco e o estabelecimento comercial, racionalização e modernização da administração tributária, compartilhamento de informações, redução de custos e entraves burocráticos, automação das obrigações tributárias e facilitação e fortalecimento do controle do processo tributário. Por isso e sem dúvida, a solução assinala uma era mais inteligente no controle das operações comerciais do varejo no Brasil, com benefícios para a administração pública e para a população. / In this thesis, the construction of Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor (Authenticator and Transmitter System) is proposed, being a technological model for automation and process control in smart cities, with a view to transversal application in sectors that demand, on the one hand, data generation on the field with the establishment of rules and a guarantee of authenticity and confidentiality; on the other, safe transmission to one or more control stations. As an example of application, the model is evaluated through the use of a prototype on the retail tax sector in the State of São Paulo, which still requires more effective solutions, despite the advances made thanks to the transition to automated processes. The prototype consists of a device, an embedded software and a backoffice solution, and is called, in this specific case, Sistema Autenticador e Transmissor de Cupons Fiscais Eletrônicos (SAT-CF-e) (Electronic Retail Tax Invoice Authenticator and Transmitter System). The main objective of this work is, therefore, to provide a technological model that effectively meets the needs of state tax administrators, especially in relation to operations requiring the emission, validation and transmission of retail market sales data. Based on the analysis of the current environment of Nota Fiscal Paulista and other electronic document projects introduced in Brazil, and taking into consideration the paradigm shift in the generation of tax documents, the SAT-CF-e has been developed for the use of technologies that meet business requirements, according to which the document exists only in electronic format and is valid only when stored in databases managed by tax authorities. The implementation of SAT-CF-e, a pioneering initiative of Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo State Tax Authority), is already established on a national basis, since the creation of a new tax document, the Cupom Fiscal Eletrônico SAT (CF-e-SAT) (Electronic Retail Tax Invoice), model 59, officially established by Conselho Nacional de Política Fazendária (National Council for Tax Policies) in Ajuste SINIEF 11/2010 authorizing States to use it in their operations regarding Imposto sobre Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços - ICMS (Merchandise Circulation and Service Tax). The results of the implementation of a technological model for the automation and control of the retail sector tax process in the State of São Paulo have been positive and can testify that this solution is a unique state-of-the-art contribution with innovative qualities, since it ensures rapid integration between the tax authorities and commercial establishments, as well as rationalization and modernization of tax administration, information sharing, a reduction in costs and bureaucratic barriers, tax duties automation and a facilitation and strengthening in the control of the tax process. It is undoubtedly a solution that ushers in an era of smarter control of commercial retail operations in Brazil, with benefits for the public administration system and for the population as a whole.