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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

親子分離對新生老鼠之腎上腺發育的影響 / The effects of maternal separation on the development of adrenal glands

周斈澧 Unknown Date (has links)
腎上腺素為哺乳類為了因應各種不同的壓力所釋放出的物質,影響生物體日常的生理功能且對生物體的存活有著莫大的貢獻,在成體中的調節已經在很多文獻中被探討,但對於處在發育階段的新生兒其腎上腺的發育與早期壓力對此系統的影響仍不盡清楚。為探討壓力與腎上腺發育及壓力調控之間的關係,本論文將觀察之重點放在腎上腺髓質中能夠製造腎上腺素的嗜鉻細胞(chromaffin cells)上。要了解新生兒腎上腺發育與壓力之間的關係,主要是利用親子分離的實驗,對新生老鼠造成壓力,實驗將新生老鼠分成三組,分別為控制組(control)、隔離組(isolate;P2~P14一小時/天)與撫摸組(handle;P2~P14 十分鐘/天),試驗完畢後分別在老鼠出生後十四天(P14)與出生後二十一天(P21)進行腎上腺切片,利用腎上腺素合成酵素(PNMT ,phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase)及腎上腺素與正腎上腺素共同合成酵素(TH,tyrosine hydroxylase)之螢光免疫染色,來區分可製造腎上腺素的chromaffin cells,發現不管在P14或是P21,三組之間的腎上腺髓質結構並無太大差異。結果顯示,經過親子分離實驗的操弄,發現在撫摸組chromaffin cells中其PNMT的含量相對於TH的比例含量高於控制組與隔離組,顯示在撫摸組中每一chromaffin cell含有較多的PNMT,可能可以製造較多的腎上腺素。最後,為探討親子分離實驗對新生老鼠之腎上腺素與正腎上腺素含量的影響,以HPLC檢測經過親子分離實驗的新生老鼠之腎上腺,發現在P14時撫摸組與隔離組之腎上腺素含量比控制組高(p<0.05),而正腎上腺素的含量則沒有差異;在P21時三組間的腎上腺素與正腎上腺素含量則沒有差異。而同樣的親子分離實驗在一胎一組新生老鼠的腎上腺發育上未看到任何顯著影響。
2

神經滋養因子BDNF在PC12細胞中與蛋白激酶CK2對SRE所調控之基因轉錄作用的機制探討 / Neurotrophic factor BDNF up-regulates SRE-mediated gene transcription through protein kinase CK2 in PC12 cells

楊淑萍, Yang, Shu Ping Unknown Date (has links)
神經系統裡,神經滋養因子在調控細胞分化與生存作用中扮演非常重要的角色,近年來的研究顯示 BDNF 的神經保護效果是透過細胞外訊息調控激酶 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK) 及磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶 (phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, PI3K) 訊息傳遞路徑調控,然而,還有許多其他的細胞信號傳遞路徑可能參與 BDNF 的保護作用機制中。而蛋白激酶 CK2 (casein kinase 2) 是一種普遍存在於細胞且具有高度保留序列的絲胺酸/蘇胺酸蛋白質激酶,在細胞中具有非常重要的地位。近來研究有非常多證據支持 CK2 是細胞凋亡的抑制者。此外,血清反應因子 (serum response factor, SRF) 是一種轉錄因子,會與保留序列 SRE (即 CArG box) 相結合,而此段序列過去曾在早期即時表現基因 (如 c-fos、Egr ) ,或是抗細胞凋亡基因-Mcl-1-上的啟動子被發現, SRF 調控著基因的活化,進而與細胞增生、存活、突觸活性相關聯,然而調節 SRE 調控之基因的作用機制尚未十分明瞭。因此,本論文研究主要探討在 PC12 細胞中, BDNF調節 SRE 調控轉錄作用機轉 CK2 是否參與其中? 由冷光酶活性試驗結果顯示 BDNF 會顯著地促進 SRE 的轉錄活性,並且當 CK2α 過度表現亦會促進 SRE 調控的轉錄活性,而利用小干擾 RNA 抑制內生性 CK2α 生成,則會降低 SRE 的轉錄活性,更進一步證明 CK2α siRNA 會降低 BDNF 促進 SRE 調控的轉錄活性。此外,將 CK2α 與 SRF S99A 質體一同轉染至細胞中,會減緩 CK2 促進的 SRE 啟動子轉錄活性。為了探討 CK2 調控 SRE 的轉錄活性在神經保護作用裡扮演的角色,因此,將 CK2 蛋白表現量增加是否會保護 PC12 細胞對抗Rotenone所誘發的細胞凋亡傷害?結果顯示 CK2 表現量增加會保護細胞對抗Rotenone誘導的細胞凋亡,並減緩 Rotenone 對 SRE 調控的轉錄活性降低,但是,突變型 SRF S99A 蛋白會降低 CK2α 的影響作用。這些結果顯示 BDNF 促進 SRE 調控的基因表現是會透過 CK2 訊息傳遞路徑。 / The neurotrophins play an important role in cell differentiation and survival of the nervous system. Among them, the neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is showed to be mediated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in the recent studies. However, other cellular signaling pathways might be involved in these effects of BDNF. Protein kinase CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase and is indicated as a vital cellular role. In recent years, evidences have been mounted in support of the importance of CK2 in the suppression of apoptosis. Serum response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor binding to a consensus DNA sequence SRE (known as a CArG box) which was found in the promoters of some immediately early genes (such as c-fos, Egr) and anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 gene. The activations of SRF-regulated genes were associated with cell proliferation, cell survival and perception of synaptic activity. However, the regulatory mechanism of SRE-mediated genes is not well studied. The SRE-mediated transcription activity through CK2 signaling by BDNF treatment was studied in the PC12 cells in the present study. Results revealed that BDNF significantly increased the SRE promoter activity by luciferase report assay. The SRE-mediated transcription activity was increased by overexpression of CK2α, and the inhibition of endogenous CK2α by small interfering RNA was also shown to reduce this transcription activity. Furthermore, CK2α siRNA treatment antagonized the up-regulation effects of BDNF on SRE-mediated transcription activity. The co-transfection of CK2 and mutant SRF S99A plasmids significantly diminished up-regulatory effects of CK2 on SRE promoter activity. To test this CK2 induction in SRE-mediated transcription plays a role in neuroprotecion, we determined whether over-expression CK2 protects PC12 cells against rotenone-induced apoptosis. The results revealed that the over-expression of CK2α protected cells against rotenone-induced apoptosis and rescued the SRE-mediated transcription activity. Further, these effects of CK2α were blocked by co-transfection of mutant SRF S99A. These above results demonstrate that the up-regulation of BDNF on SRE-mediated genes is through CK2 signaling pathway.
3

蛋白激酶 CK2 與轉錄因子 SRF 所調控之抗細胞凋亡蛋白 Mcl-1 對 PC12 神經細胞之保護機制的探討 / Anti-apoptotic effects of Mcl-1 through CK2-mediated SRF pathway in PC12 cells

曾惠敏, Tseng, Hui Min Unknown Date (has links)
蛋白質激酶 CK2 是一種多功能的絲胺酸/蘇胺酸蛋白激酶,且普遍存在於哺乳類動物細胞中,CK2 受質眾多,對於細胞週期的發展、轉錄作用以及抗細胞凋亡等過程中扮演很重要的角色。SRF 是一種哺乳類動物的轉錄因子,它會結合到血清反應元素 SRE 上進而調控一些促進細胞存活的基因轉錄作用。Mcl-1歸類於抗細胞凋亡 Bcl-2 家族,具有促進細胞存活的能力。過去研究顯示 SRF 的 DNA 結合活性會受到蛋白激酶 CK2 的磷酸化而增加,且 SRF 對 Mcl-1 的活性調控作用也被描述在其他的研究中,然而,對於細胞的訊息目前還沒有更詳細的研究。在本實驗中,我們探討是否可以藉由 CK2 調控 SRF 的路徑來影響 Mcl-1 的表現以作為抗細胞凋亡的機制。利用 CK2 抑制劑 TBB 處理的結果顯示,在 4 hr 後,phospho-SRF 蛋白質表現的降低具有劑量相關性。而相似的降低也可以從 Mcl-1 的 mRNA 和蛋白質表現量觀察到。處理 24 hr 後,phospho-SRF 的蛋白質表現量有顯著降低,而 Mcl-1 的 mRNA 表現量相較 Mcl-1 的蛋白質影響層面微弱。另一方面,轉染野生型 CK2α 會增加 phospho-SRF,相反的,轉染抑制催化活性的突變型 CK2αA156 則會顯著降低 phospho-SRF 的表現。更進一步,野生型 CK2α 同時增加 Mcl-1 的 mRNA 及蛋白質層級,而 CK2αA156 則會降低 Mcl-1 的表現。突變型的 SRF99A 轉染作用降低 Mcl-1 的 mRNA 及蛋白質,並經由共同轉染的實驗顯示具有抵抗上游野生型CK2α 對 Mcl-1 蛋白質的影響。綜合這些結果我們認為 CK2α對 SRF 的訊息調控影響包括對 Mcl-1 的表現。且這條訊息路徑所促進的 Mcl-1 蛋白質表現可能對魚藤酮處理所引發的細胞凋亡作用具有保護的效果。 / Protein kinase CK2 is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase with many protein substrates and is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells to play an important role in cell cycle progression, transcription, and anti-apoptosis. The serum response factor (SRF) is a mammalian transcription factor which binds to serum response element (SRE) and mediates some gene transcriptions relevent to promote the cell survival. The Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) belongs to the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family and its effect are involved in promoting cell viability. Previous studies have revealed that the DNA-binding activity of SRF is enhanced when it is phosphorylated by protein kinase CK2. The activation regulation of Mcl-1 by SRF has also been reported in other studies. However, the detailed cellular signaling has not been studied well. In the present study, we investigate whether the regulation of Mcl-1 expression through CK2-mediated SRF pathway is involved in its anti-apoptotic effects. The results from CK2 inhibitor TBB revealed that the phosphorylated SRF were reduced in a dose-dependent manner after 4 hr of TBB treatments in PC12 cells. The similar decreases were also observed in the mRNA and protein levels of Mcl-1. After a 24 hr exposure of PC12 cells to TBB, a decreased in phosphorylated SRF and Mcl-1 mRNA were observed; a decreased in Mcl-1 protein level was also detected, albeit to a lesser extent. On the other hand, transfection of the wildtype CK2α increased, whereas transfection of the catalytically inactive CK2αA156 mutant decreased phosphorylated SRF. Further, wildtype CK2α increased, whereas CK2αA156 mutant decreased the mRNA and protein levels of Mcl-1. Furthermore, the mutant SRF99A transfection decreased, the mRNA and protein levels of Mcl-1 and antagonized the up-regulatory effects of wildtype CK2α on Mcl-1 protein level in the co-transfection experiments. These results together suggest that CK2α-mediated SRF signaling is involved in the regulation of Mcl-1 expression, and this signaling pathway may involves the anti-apoptotic effects of Mcl-1 against rotenone treatment.
4

雙酚合成物抑制氧化壓力及加強神經生長因子誘導神經突生長 / The novel biphenol compounds inhibit oxidative stress and enhance nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth

林芊瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
人類隨著年齡增長後中樞神經系統的修補及再生能力逐漸下降,一旦神經系統受到傷害,是很嚴重的問題。因此,引導或促進神經細胞生長甚至再生的方法,中樞神經受損患者將獲得更有效的治療。先前已有文獻指出由植物厚朴萃取的天然化合物─和厚朴酚,具有抗氧化、抗腫瘤、抗發炎、神經保護與滋養的作用。在不同疾病模式的囓齒動物實驗,如帕金森氏症、阿茲海默症、癌症與腦缺血疾病等,和厚朴酚皆具有預防疾病或減緩症狀的效果。本篇研究使用和厚朴酚之衍生物─新合成雙酚化合物(MH102、MH103、MH104、MH106、MH107與MH111),並探討對於神經細胞的保護與滋養作用。透過腎上腺髓質嗜鉻細胞瘤 PC12 細胞預先處理新合成雙酚化合物,並以過氧化氫(H2O2)使細胞產生氧化壓力,使用活性氧檢測試驗(DCFH-DA assay)偵測細胞內活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的含量。實驗結果顯示,預先處理較高濃度(3-10μM)的新合成雙酚化合物顯著降低過氧化氫所產生的氧化壓力。另以H2O2誘導PC12細胞死亡,並使用MTT試驗法,觀測新合成雙酚化合物對於細胞存活的影響。結果顯示新合成雙酚化合物顯著減少H2O2造成的細胞死亡。於神經滋養實驗,發現新合成雙酚化合物無法直接誘導PC12細胞的神經突生長。因此,使用神經滋養因子(nerve growth factor, NGF)誘導PC12細胞神經突生長,發現新合成雙酚化合物在低濃度(0.1-0.3μM)顯著加強神經突生長。然而雙酚化合物加強NGF誘導神經突生長之機制,並非透過活化細胞外信號調節激酶 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinases, Erk1/2)與訊息傳遞轉錄活化基因-3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3),Erk1/2的活化在短時間內(5至10分鐘) 反而減少,STAT3的活化則沒有差異。由此推論,新合成雙酚化合物的保護作用是透過減少ROS的產生,並可以加強NGF對於PC12細胞的神經突生長,但不是透過Erk1/2或STAT3路徑所致。

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