由於近年來，中國對於大壩的建築，亦在大壩研究積極參與。台灣方面，則已有的石門水庫、曾文水庫、翡翠水庫等等，於二十世紀末，因南部資源工業用水的關係，希望籌建美濃水庫，所以出現了美濃反水庫運動，美濃反水庫運動到後來的吉洋人工湖開發案，在歷經約二十年幾年的抗爭後，於去年2013年3月在環評大會上以10比6遭到否決，短時間內要重新啟動是相當困難的，也為反水庫運動劃下算是相當圓滿的句點。美濃反水庫的非政府組織-「美濃愛鄉協會」，從致力於反水庫，到黃蝶翠谷生態保育，到推動南方社群的「南方水盟」和全國河川NGO會議，有眾多的貢獻，在反水庫的歷程中，轉變型塑很多正面的機制和議題，例如在水資源議題上的公民參與機制之創建，這從九O年代至2014年以來的演變，算是發展相當成功的。 另外，在全球化的時代下，全球在地行動的思維（Think Globally, act locally），美濃愛鄉協會參與國際水壩相關的組織和互動，帶入和翻譯國外水資源相關文獻，實質了影響國內在水庫興建的資料和訊息，也透過邀請國外學者專家來台，影響國內反水庫運動、水資源保育，和水庫替代方案，至今成為全球在反水庫運動成功的案例，並受到相當的肯定，在東亞與東南亞的河流看守組織的國際領域，也反饋台灣的經驗。因此，筆者希望以國際大型水壩為大主軸，並以國內美濃反水庫運動的國內實踐和國際參與，作為本文之初探。

水資源是人類生存及文明延續關鍵，雖然海洋佔有地球表面積約百分之七十，但可直接供應人類生養淡水卻極為有限。隨著世界人口持續增長、工商業發展迅速，全球水資源需求量不斷攀升，加以時空分配不均、氣候變遷等因素，引發旱澇災情加劇，進而威脅民生用水、農漁糧食、疾病衛生、社區遷徙及能源供應等安全，導致國家政經社會動盪，尤其是人口密集的亞洲地區多屬開發中國家，仰賴水資源獲取足夠糧食及經濟發展所需能源，再者，亞洲地區數條重要江河跨越數個國家地域，連接維繫流域內國家命脈及利益，惟各國對於國際河流治理政策及目標卻存在紛歧差異性而屢生爭議、矛盾，因此，國際河流所涉及水資源問題具有重要性及複雜性，若未能妥適紓解，則可能引發國際衝突而危及國家安全。 2009年中國水資源最豐沛的西南地區連續乾旱，中國為紓解水資源匱乏的嚴重性及急迫性，積極修建水壩以維繫水資源安全，卻引發與下游國家間跨境水資源衝突，中國在面臨境內水資源短缺危機，以及與鄰國共用治理國際河流二者衝突，都是當今非傳統安全領域的重要課題。湄公河是亞洲地區重要國際水系，流域遍及中國、寮國、緬甸、泰國、柬埔寨及越南等六個國家，富含水力動能及自然資源，然而，流域內各國政經體制、民族文化差異極大，對於水電開發、航道通商、農漁發展及生態維護各有主張而扞格爭嚷互見，衝突並不意味毫無合作契機，本文認為中國兼具地理及政經大國的優勢地位，水資源政策及執行往往引發鄰國諸多猜忌不安，又國際河流開發使用及管理約制，常事涉國家主權讓渡而難獲共識，但藉由水資源多層次規劃開發及協商管理，不僅能維護中國利益安全，同時，伴隨水電、航運建設所帶來鉅大經濟利益，也提供諸國亟欲脫貧的契機，進而促進地區安全。 / Water is indispensable to human life and civilization. We all know that the earth surface is composed of sea water by nearly 70%, but what we don’t know is freshwater on the rest 30% of the world is limited for human usage. With continuously rising population and rapid growth in economy, people’s demands for water is getting more and more intensive than that decades ago. Drought and flood damage caused by climate change affect water supply, agriculture and food safety, diseases and hygiene, even threaten national security in each country. Densely populated countries in Asia depend on water heavily for economic development, but major rivers running through those nation borders and territories complicate their political and diplomatic relations. Conflicts resulted from water resource management and national interests follow suit, which may escalate tension if not been dealt properly. In 2009, China’s southwest region was severely hit by droughts. Dams were needed for relieving the water shortage problem, but the construction in major rivers triggered China’s conflicts with countries in the downstream territories due to water resource distribution. Among these disputes, Mekong River, an international river flowing through China, Liao, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam stood out. Each related nation has its own political considerations and economic plans with this river, and their exploitation policies were diverse. Seeing crisis of water shortage at home and conflicts resulted from water management with its neighbors outside, China was in a dilemma. However, contentions could create opportunities for cooperation. This paper tries to find the answer. It suggests that since China holds a geopolitical significance and economic dominance in the southwestern part of Asia, it can maintain its own security and interests by coming up comprehensive water exploitation policies and seek bilateral and multilateral water resource management with neighboring countries simultaneously, so as to bring in huge benefits on the one hand and acts as a responsible stakeholder in the area in promoting peace solution and stability on the other hand.