觀光地區就遊客而言，是一個什麼樣的環境？遊客到一個觀光地區遊玩時，其動機、目的為何？想要獲得什麼樣的收穫呢？本研究欲以淡水市街作為觀光地區之地景環境，瞭解遊客對淡水市街之環境體驗，藉由遊客特性不同探討是否影響淡水市街觀光地景之整體環境體驗，期能以遊客對於觀光地區不同地景環境的感受及體驗，提出有利於日後經營管理與規劃設計上之建議。因此將針對以下幾個方向進行探討：1.瞭解遊客對於淡水市街觀光地景之環境體驗；2.探討淡水市街之地景元素與環境體驗的關係；3.探討遊客特性不同對淡水市街之地景元素與環境體驗是否不同。 本研究採用問卷調查法，經過問卷設計與抽樣調查得到有效樣本341份，並依研究分析中得知的結果與差異，以作為淡水市街規劃設計之因應。經由本研究討論分析得知： 1. 遊客對淡水市街之地景知覺以「氣候因子」、「建築」、「交通運輸」、「古蹟」與「河川」元素最強烈。體驗感受則有「感到輕鬆自在」、「消除緊張壓力」、「親近自然感」、「感到熱鬧有活力」體驗收穫項目。 2. 地景元素與環境體驗之關係，經多元迴歸之逐步分析法檢測結果顯示，各項體驗項目均會受到部分地景元素影響。 3. 針對遊客特性不同對地景元素項目與體驗收穫項目之假設。結果顯示，遊客之基本屬性與活動特性不同對淡水市街之地景元素知覺程度與體驗收穫認同程度亦有所差異。 研究結果顯示遊客到淡水市街遊玩的同時，心裡所想要的不外乎是自然地景、人文地景的每一部分，同時達到放鬆自我心情、消除緊張壓力的效益。而淡水市街也正面臨社區積極發展、新舊建築物去留與休閒遊憩工程的開發等問題皆影響遊客的感受。所以必須由點(景點)連結線(旅遊路線)擴大至面(淡水旅遊網)的經營管理方式與利用淡水獨特的水體、地理歷史空間等地景風貌規劃設計，以期能帶給淡水更大寬廣的觀光發展空間。 / none / 第1章　緒論 1.1 研究緣起與問題陳述 1.2 研究目的與內容 1.3 研究範圍與對象 1.4 研究方法與流程 第2章 文獻回顧 2.1 觀光地景之概念探究 2.2 環境體驗之理論探究 第3章 淡水市街地景環境 第4章 研究設計 4.1 研究架構與假設 4.2 問卷設計 4.3 抽樣設計 4.4 分析方法 第5章 資料分析結果 5.1 遊客之基本資料分析 5.2 地景元素與環境體驗之關係分析 5.3 遊客特性與地景元素及環境體驗之差異分析 第6章 結論與建議 6.1 結論 6.2 建議 參考文獻 附錄一：問卷

海岸為海洋與陸地交界之處，風、浪與潮流等自然營力長期於此不斷的侵蝕與堆積交互演替。近年來，隨著人口快速增加，人類對於海岸地區土地利用與開發的需求急遽擴張，使得影響海岸地形的變因日益複雜且變化迅速。宜蘭特殊的沙丘性海岸因抗蝕性弱，易受到外力影響而改變地形，海岸後方的沿海平原為人口與產業集中的地區，因此自然營力與人為因素對宜蘭平原海岸地形與環境的影響，備受關注。因衛星影像具多時期與大尺度的空間特性，可提供土地覆蓋變遷分析之有效資訊，故本文使用2003年、2006年與2009年宜蘭平原沿海地區SPOT 5衛星影像，利用階層式分類程序將研究試區分為水體、建成與交通用地、沙地、農地與林地等五種土地覆蓋類別，透過土地覆蓋分類之結果，比較三個時期土地覆蓋型面積的變化；建立馬可夫轉移矩陣，了解各土地覆蓋型轉移的情況；其次，量化地景指標以了解整體土地覆蓋型區塊在空間結構上的情況，並利用Shannon多樣性指標t檢定測驗兩時期間整體地景是否有明顯的變遷。進一步，利用二項式Logit迴歸分析2003至2006年與2006年至2009年間土地覆蓋型的變化與沙丘海岸變遷的關係以及參考前人宜蘭海岸變遷之研究，選擇可能影響此區海岸變遷的自然與人為環境因子，建立二項式Logit迴歸模式，探討各項因子對於沙丘性海岸的影響，並利用海岸沙丘空間分佈預測機率圖，最後以2006年與2009年沙地主題圖作為驗證資料，探討模式的可行性。本研究透過不同的空間計量方法，了解本區土地覆蓋型的變化，期本研究成果對於此區海岸保護與管理政策制定者有一參考的依據。 / Coastal zone is at the junction of ocean and land. The area constantly experiences interchanging succession of erosion and accumulation due to natural forces such as wind, wave, and tidal currents. In recent years, associated with fast population increase, the demand of lands expanded rapidly such that the effects on topography of coastal zone became more complex and changed quickly. Coastal sand dunes are dynamic and fragile terrain often regarded as environmentally sensitive areas. Sand dunes are vulnerable to erosion by natural process and human activity. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of environmental factors and land-use changes on coastal sand dunes in I-Lan County. Satellite imageries are characterized by multi-temporal and large-scale, therefore they are ideal for providing necessary information to facilitate analysis of regional land-cover changes. In this research, three SPOT 5 images acquired in 2003, 2006 and 2009 were used to analyze land-cover changes in I-Lan coastal zone. Firstly, a hierarchical classification procedure was applied to classify the image data to five land-cover types and the land-cover changes were compared. Secondly, based on the classification results, a Markov transitional probability matrix was constructed to understand the transition among different land-cover types, and the Fragstats software was used to quantify the landscape structure of three different periods. By analyzing the spatial distributions of land-cover types in different time periods, we were able to examine to the temporal and spatial changes of land-cover in the I-Lan coastal zone. In addition, a t-test based on Shannon diversity index was used to evaluate the changes of the whole landscape in the study area. Thirdly, by selecting possible natural and man-made factors that are likely to affect coastal environment based on various prior studies, the mathematical models such as Markov chain and binomial logit regression analysis were applied to predict the future overall landscape structure and to simulate the spatial distribution of the sandy coastal zone. Thematic maps derived from satellite images obtained in 2006 and 2009 were used to verify and assess the feasibility of the models. This study integrated several spatial statistical methods to understand the patterns of land-cover changes in the study area. It is expected that the results of this study may offer a valuable reference for the policy-makers of coastal protection and management.

本論文探討英國劇作家凱洛•邱琪兒之《九重天》以及《頂尖女孩》兩劇中深具顛覆性的時空手法。本論文由五章組成。第一章回顧多年來相關的眾多評論角度。第二章援引巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)的時空型(chronotope)概念探討兩戲中時空融匯的現象，尤其是劇中人物心理、身體狀態，戲劇時空，以及外在社會文化時空背景，三者之間緊密的互動。兩齣戲各別有著兩個不同的時空型：《九重天》第一幕代表的是性別角色僵化的時空型，第二幕則代表了1979年當時社會上傳統性別角色開放且迅速轉變的狀態；《頂尖女孩》則透過一對姐妹Marlene與Joyce對映出當時兩種不同的女性生活，一個是典型八零年代柴契爾主義的事業女強人，一個則是在此種政經趨勢下卻相對更加弱勢的傳統女性。 第三章則探討兩劇第一幕呈現長久以來隱藏空間當中的性別歧視。透過女性地理學者(feminist geographical theorist)之觀點，筆者分析兩戲當中兩性間不同的空間體驗(spatial experience)，以及公/私領域之分界(private-public distinction)所暗藏性別歧視的空間隱喻(spatial metaphor)。當男性與冒險及旅行等等充滿能動性(mobility)的字眼連結，女性卻總是被動地與家庭空間緊緊連繫。邱琪兒在此揭露空間亦為不公平的性別政治當中之一環。 第四章則著重於分析《九重天》第二幕當中的公園場景，以及《頂尖女孩》第二、三幕的辦公室與廚房場景。首先援引傅柯(Michel Foucault)的異質空間(heterotopia)概念來討論各場景間複雜的鏡像與補償關係。透過空間理論學者昂希．列菲弗爾(Henri Lefebvre)以及抵抗地景(geographies of resistance)的空間生產理論分析邱琪兒如何透過呈現特定社會族群佔領特定空間的手法，企圖激進地改變現實當中此類空間的社會意義。 雖然距兩齣劇作首演的年代已有二十多年，但其中所探討之議題依然常見於現今二十一世紀的社會當中。邱琪兒預見了現今複雜的家庭狀態以及大鳴大放的同性戀運動。即使越來越多女性在政治界或是企業界嶄露頭角，世界上多數的女性依然掙扎於找尋工作與家庭之間的平衡點。 / This thesis is to examine Caryl Churchill’s subversive temporal and spatial devices on stage in Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The chronotopes of the two plays articulate how people’s states of beings interact with the external social and cultural conditions, especially during the 1980s in London. Both plays crystallize the space politics full of gender discriminations in the patriarchal society. In addition, Churchill’s dramatic devices are the subversive spatial practice that transforms the gendered spaces into the sites of resistance in order to manifest her protest and seeks more possibilities for the gender roles in the future. There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter One is an introduction, including the overview of two plays and the review of numerous analyses in the past two and half decades. In Chapter Two, Churchill’s theatrical temporal and spatial devices, including setting, synchronism, and anachronism in Cloud Nine and Top Girls construct chronotopes that lay bare the special social and cultural condition in a certain historical moment. Those chronotopes demonstrate how Churchill unifies people’s internal states of being and the external political structures together. Moreover, by presenting the chronotopes, Churchill criticizes the slowness of the progress in gender politics and the possible backlash about women’s right in the 1980s. In Chapter Three, I analyze how the spatiality of patriarchy constructed by the private-public dichotomy in both Act Ones of Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The spatial experiences between men and women depicted in Act One of Cloud Nine illustrate the stereotypical masculinity and femininity in the Victorian age. The spatial metaphors about movement in Act One of Top Girls expose the strict boundary between the private and the public spaces, and foreshadow the importance of mobility as being a possible strategy to transgress the boundaries. Finally, Chapter Four is the analysis about how Churchill subversively and politically explores the possibility of creating new social spaces in the park space of Cloud Nine and the office space of Top Girls. Her theatrical strategies are potential spatial practices that create the rupture to transgress the unfair restrictions and discriminations in the patriarchal and heterosexual society. The final chapter concludes that Churchill’s dramatic devices about time and space are the subversive strategies to conduct her observations and criticisms about the unfairness in society.