本論文旨在研究日語非意志性他動詞句之多義性、限制以及其分類基準的依據。研究方法主要以「他動性原型」的概念，對非意志性他動詞句所擁有的事象流程進行分析及分類。再以「語彙概念構造」(LCS)比較各類別之差異，並檢證非意志性他動詞句所存在的連續性。 本文共分為五章。第一章為緒論，簡述本論文所使用的研究方法。第二章則是從典型的他動詞句跟非意志性他動詞句的之過往相關文獻進行研究，並針對其分析提出尚未解決的問題。在第三章裡，以因果關係的觀點說明非意志性他動詞句所擁有的事象連鎖過程。並透過他動性特徵的「意志性」「制御性」「受影性」 ，區別並分類日語的非意志性他動詞句。在第四章，則是以「語彙概念構造」進一步對第三章導出的分類基準進行檢證，並分析非意志性他動詞句所帶有的多義性和連續性。最後第五章為結論。 在過去多數的研究裡，對於有著多樣性質的日語非意志性他動詞句往往不多加以區分，均將之視為同一種現象。而本文則是為了檢證其多義性的存在，藉由他動性原型和語彙概念構造的種種分析，說明了日語非意志性他動詞句在性質上亦可分為三種類別。 關鍵字: 他動性原型、意志性、制御性、受影性、LCS、因果関係、事象構造、多義性、連續性 　本論の目的は、日本語の非意図的な他動詞文の分類の基準、制約さらに多義性を研究することである。本稿では、方法論として他動性プロトタイプと語彙概念構造に基づいて、非意図的な他動詞文が持つ事象過程、区別および連続性と下位分類を明らかにする。 　本稿は5章で構成される。まず、第一章は序論で、使用する方法論を述べる。第二章「非意図的な他動詞文の認定」においては、まず典型的な他動詞文と非意図的な他動詞文の認定に関する先行研究を検討し、さらに問題点と筆者による定義を提出する。第三章「非意図的な他動詞文の事象連鎖による分類」においては、因果関係の観点から非意図的な他動詞文が有する事象連鎖を論じ、また、他動性特徴の「意図性」「コントロール性」「受影性」という概念を用いて、非意図的な他動詞文の下位分類をする。第四章「非意図的な他動詞文の多義性と制約」においては、語彙概念構造により第三章で得た分類をさらに検証し、非意図的な他動詞文の多義性・受身化および連続性を分析する。最後の第五章は結論である。 　従来の研究では、日本語の非意図的な他動詞文は異なる性質を持つものの、すべて区別なく同一ものと見なされている。本稿では、その多義性を検証するために、他動性プロトタイプと語彙概念構造の概念で一連の分析をし、非意図的な他動詞文が三つのタイプに分類されることを明らかにした。 キーワード：他動性プロトタイプ、意図性、コントロール性、受影性、語彙概念構造、因果関係、事象構造、多義性、連続性

本論文主要探討下列四點：「（Y wo Z）tosuru」句法結構中「tosuru」的用法、「Y」和「Z」之間的相互關係、「tosuru」所表達的多種意思以及變成「tosite」之文法化的過程。 「（Y wo Z）tosuru」的句法結構中又可分為他動詞型態「Y wo Z tosuru」以及自動詞型態「～tosuru」兩種用法。本論文亦以這兩種類型分開探討。 本論文共分五章。序章和第一章是本論文研究動機以及相關文獻探討。第二章以「Y wo Z tosuru」句法結構為主，探討其「tosuru」在表達「變化」和「認定」之間意思上的連續性、「to」所表達的意思和用法、以及「Z」所出現的名詞限制。第三章則是以「～tosuru」句法結構為主，藉由與「toiu」、「tokanngaeru」、「tosyutyousuru」、「toomou」等動詞的互換情形，以及在「tosareru」、「tosareteiru」表現的用法來探討其多義性。第四章則以機能動詞「tosuru」為主，記述其變為「tosite」之文法化的過程。第五章為結論。 本論文發現，雖然同為「Y wo Z tosuru」句法結構，但因「suru」所表達的意思不同，則「to」所表達的意思和用法、其前接名詞「Y」和「Z」的關係以及「Z」中所出現的名詞也有所不同。並且藉由與其他動詞的互換情形，區分出「（Y wo Z）tosuru」句法結構中各種意思之間不同用法的限制，及其所表達意思分布。

本論文「客語「放」及其同類動詞：框架語義與構式之互動」以Fillmore (1985)提出的「框架語義」以及Goldberg (1995)等學者提出的「構式語法」觀點為基礎，分析客語「放」字構式呈現的多義現象。客語「放」字涉及「使動事件」：空間位移與狀態變化。本文著重分析「使動結構」與客語「放」字在動賓、動補及句子等構式中語意－句法的互動。同時藉助隱喻與轉喻的強化，說明客語「放」字延伸語意之間的關聯性，並進一步闡述客語「放」字在動賓結構中詞彙化為複合詞的現象。此外，本文亦檢視客語其他放置類動詞：方向同類動詞、工具同類動詞、方式同類動詞，經由審視其詞彙化類型與框架語義之互動，說明其語意內涵與句法上的表現。因此，本論文經由分析詞彙化類型與探討事件架構中參與角色的展現與否，說明客語放置類動詞語意與句法間的相互關係。 / English verbs describing putting, a prototypical exemplar of a caused-motion activity, have been pervasively found to be the first acquired and the most frequently used verbs in many languages. Their semantic compatibility with various syntactic structures reinforces the association between verbal meanings and the constructions, giving rise to a grouping of related but distinct senses (Goldberg et al. 2004). Piong3 (放) ‘to put’ in Hakka is abundant in semantics. The basic meaning of piong3 designates a common pattern of human experience: An animate entity exerts manual force upon a physical object and causes the object to move. Adopting Goldberg’s (1995) Constructions and Fillmore’s (1985) Frame Semantics, this study aims to account for the meaning relatedness latent in piong3 and explicate the shades of meaning rooted in the set of its congeners with different degree of family resemblance. It is argued that the delicate nuances denoted by piong3 are derived from the interaction between frames and constructions while the extended meanings of piong3 are linked to its typical use through various metaphors and metonymies such as CONTAINER, EVENT STRUCTURE, CHANGE OF STATE AS CHANGE OF LOCATION metaphors and ACTION FOR RESULT metonymy. Furthermore, with regard to congeners of piong3 in Hakka, it is maintained that differences in profiling and lexicalization patterns capture the primary difference between piong3 and its congeners. Specifically, piong3 does not lexicalize other semantic elements (i.e. path, means, manner, result, and etc.) into its lexical meaning whereas its congeners explicitly do so, in that three subtypes of the congeners can be identified: directional congeners, means congeners, and manner congeners.

本論文目的於探討N-ga DEKIRU句構在何種情形下表達＜生起＞、＜完成＞以及＜可能＞中的其中一種語意。至今為止，N-ga DEKIRU被定位於可能表現的一種，而尚未有以N-ga DEKIRU為中心，針對其多義性分析的研究。針對動詞DEKIRU的多義性有所提及的只有針對DEKIRU的歷史上的型態與語意變化的研究以及辭典而已。因此，本論文藉由導入屬性結構（Qualia Structure），論述N-ga DEKIRU動詞句的語意是由名詞N和動詞DEKIRU兩詞組成分經由共構成的過程而衍生。又，本論文不局限於N-ga DEKIRU動詞句，也以句構單位來探討影響句子整體的要素。 　　本論文共7章，首先於序章闡述研究動詞及目的、研究方法與本論文的構成。於第一章，概觀先行研究，指出其問題點，並提出本論文的課題。在第二章，以認知語言學的分析方法探討動詞DEKIRU的多義性，並使用屬性結構探究其語意構造。於第三章，筆者以NINAL-LWP for BCCWJ語料庫收集與N-ga DEKIRU句構中的名詞作為本研究的考察對象，並將之分類為事件名詞（event noun）以及實體名詞（entity noun）。於第四章，筆者推論N-ga DEKIRU動詞句的語意是經由名詞與動詞兩者共構成而衍生，並探討共構成時所使用的類型強制的適用條件。最後於第五章，筆者以句構單位探討第四章所無法解決的多義性的問題。第六章為結論。 　　經由以上論述得到結論為，N-ga DEKIRU句構的語意，有取決於名詞的情形，也有在以N-ga DEKIRU動詞句單位時擁有兩義性的情形，而後者的語義又受附加部的有無、否定接詞nai以及時態等影響。 / The purpose of this study is to examine which meaning amoung OCCURENCE, PERFECTIVE, and POTENTIALITY is represented in case of ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ construction. In conventional research, ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ has been regarded as one of the potential expressions, but as for its polesemy, it has barely been studied yet. There is only one research focusing on the morphological and semantic change of the verb ‘DEKIRU’, and its polysemy is only mentioned in dictionaries. Accordingly, Qualia Structure is introduced into the study of N-ga DEKIRU construction to show that the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU is generated by means of the process of co-composition from its constituents, N and DEKIRU. Furthermore, I also investigate what elements affect the meaning of the whole sentence at the syntactic level. This thesis consists of 7 chapters. In the introduction, I describe the motivation and purpose of this work. In chapter 1, I point out the problems after reviewing the previous research, and present the subjects of this paper. In chapter 2, I examine the syntactical behaviors of the verb ‘DEKIRU’; meanwhile, I analyze its polysemy through cognitive linguistic approach, and stipulate its semantic structure. In chapter 3, I collect the nouns co-occuring with DEKIRU from the corpus named NINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ, and categorize them into event nouns and entity nouns. In chapter 4, I assume the meaning of the verb phrase ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ to be generated by the process of co-composition, and explore the condition of type coercion which is applied in the process of co-composition. In chapter 5, I examine the unsolved problems in previous chapters at the syntatic level. Finally, in chapter 6 comes the conclusion. From the above, the conclusion is that in some cases, the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU construction is determined by the nouns; whereas there are cases that the verb phrase ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ still represents two meanings. As for the latter case, adjuncts, negation, tense and aspects are the elements affecting the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU construction.

本論文以語意學、認知語言學及心理語言學的觀點，探討中文名詞的多義現象。本篇論文討論詞彙多重意義的語言及心理語言表徵，並研究詞義如何在心理詞彙庫中被擷取。 文中藉由認知語言學者Tuggy（1993）所提出的認知語意架構，及詞彙語意學中「同形異義詞（homonymy）」、「一詞多義（polysemy）」及「模糊意義（vagueness）」等觀念之區辨，探索詞義之本質。本文所談之意義（sense）根據Ahrens（1999）之定義有以下三個特性：（1）意義非轉喻（metonymy）或部分/全體（meronymy）之延伸，但可以是隱喻性延伸；（2）意義之間的延伸關係無法由在同類名詞中直接以規律獲得；（3）除非特意，一詞的不同意義不會在同一語境中同時出現。 針對詞彙辨識歷程的語意效應，本論文有三大研究主題--意義數目效應、意義相關性效應及相對意義頻率效應。各效應之預測如下：「意義數目效應」認為意義數目較多的詞彙在詞彙判斷作業（lexical decision tasks）中比較容易辨識；「意義相關性效應」認為當一個詞的意義之間的相關性較高時，該詞的辨識時間亦會較快；「相對意義頻率效應」則認為一個詞意義之間頻率差異程度越小，該詞越有歧義之特質，也因此越容易辨識。 本研究旨在以實證方式探討這些語意向度在詞彙辨識歷程中所扮演的角色。由受試者提供200個中文名詞的意義並決定意義間的相關性；進行電腦詞彙判斷作業，得到辨識每個詞所需的反應時間；再由統計考驗反應時間來驗證各效應。 本研究結果發現只有「意義數目效應」達顯著水準，意義數目較多的詞彙在詞彙判斷作業中比較容易辨識。此一效應支持心理詞彙庫的隨機觸接模型（random access model）及平行觸接模型（parallel access model）並駁斥「序列搜尋模型（serial access model）」。 / This thesis studies the multiple senses of Chinese nominals from semantic, cognitive linguistic, and psycholinguistic viewpoints. It discusses the linguistic and psycholinguistic representations of a word's multiple senses, and the access of these senses in the mental lexicon. The nature of lexical meaning is examined by discussing lexical semantic notions such as homonymy, polysemy, and vagueness, and by introducing Tuggy's (1993) cognitive linguistic representation of a word's multiple lexical meanings. The "senses" of a word are defined according to the lexical semantic theory of Ahrens (1999) as having three properties: (1) A sense is not an instance of metonymic or meronymic extension, but may be an instance of metaphorical extension. (2) The extension links between two senses cannot be inherited by a class of nouns. (3) Senses cannot appear in the same context (unless the complexity is triggered). This thesis specifically looks into three semantic effects on word recognition, including the word's number-of-sense (NOS) effect, the effect of sense relatedness, and the effect of relative sense frequency. The predictions of these effects are as follows: The NOS effect predicts that words with more senses are recognized faster than those with fewer senses. The effect of sense relatedness predicts that words with more closely related senses are easier to recognize than those with distantly related senses. The effect of relative sense frequency predicts that words with equal sense frequencies are more easily recognized than words with unequal sense frequencies. This research aims at empirically verifying these three effects during the recognition of isolated lexical items. Subjects generate the senses of 200 Chinese nominals, and rate the relatedness among these senses. Lexical decision tasks are conducted to obtain the reaction times required to recognize each stimulus item. The semantic effects are verified by comparing the reaction times of different groups of experimental stimuli. The experimental results confirm only the NOS effect, giving support to the random and parallel access models of lexical access, and refuting the serial access model of the mental lexicon.