趨勢預測專家約翰•奈思比在新作《亞洲大趨勢》中預言了亞洲當前風起雲湧的八大趨勢，其中一項即為『男性褪色→女性頭角崢嶸』。近年來，愈來愈多的女性由私領域邁入公領域，她們在職場上或甚至是政壇上，經常有讓人聒目相看的傑出表現；在一向由男性主導、陽剛價值至上的組織環境中，女性領導人為日漸僵化的組織運作，注入了一股源頭活水。她們的「另類觀點與作風」，使人們開始重新省思許多過往習以為常的想法及做法，而「女性領導」亦已成為研究領導的一個新方向。本研究於第一章，說明研究動機與目的、方法與限制、架構與內容。第二章，則由典範變遷的觀點分析女性領導產生的背景。第三章，是關於女性領導的文獻分析。探討男女有別領導風格的成因、女性領導的特質，並點出本文的重心－希望重建一個男女均衡的領導新模式，以「男女兼性」的「人性觀點」來詮釋領導。第四章，是關於女性領導的實證分析。筆者訪談了五位公部門女主管、五位私部門女主管，以及一位婦女研究學者、一位婦女團體領導人，希望將實務面與第三章的文獻分析互相對照比較。於此章並歸納出若干這些傑出女領導人職涯發展成功的關鍵性因素；以及欲突破女性領導的困境，女性自身及社會環境尚待補強努力之處。第五章，為本研究之結論。將文獻檢視及訪談結果進行重點摘要，並提出關於後續研究展望的一些建議及方向。

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

在各個不同的產業裡，皆有研究提出構成企業「成功」和使其具有競爭力應擁有的關鍵因素。本研究以訪談資深非營利組織領導人來歸類整理出何謂「成功」的非營利組織及其發展的關鍵成功因素，以提供給向來資源有限的非營利組織在發展過程中作為檢視，以將資源優先投入這些關鍵的領域來減少無謂的摸索和失敗的可能。 為達研究目的，選擇持續運作超過十年的婦女團體，運用深度訪談法與關鍵事件分析法（Critical Incident Technique ,CIT），依五個受訪者所提其組織發展關鍵成功因素及對彼此組織發展關鍵成功因素，以「非營利組織的使命」;「非營利組織的參與者」；「非營利組織的運作」這三個構面將訪談內容歸類整理出非營利組織發展的「關鍵成功因素」如下： *非營利組織的使命：有清楚的宗旨（使命） *非營利組織的參與者： 1.參與者的特質：主動積極、對組織使命認同、有理想性格、熱忱、具行動力 2.組織的領導者：一路堅持的靈魂人物、願意不斷成長且洞見觀瞻的領導者 3.互補又分工的合作團隊 *非營利組織的運作： 1.組織文化：平等開放、學習型組織、活力型組織 2.把訴求清楚表達的能力 3.建立公信力及獲得社會認同 4.把人當做最大的資產，對參與者採「增權」方式 5.不斷檢視社會環境變遷，依社會需要調整服務或回應需求產生新服務 6.創新的靈活策略且能結合各方資源發揮影響力 一個非營利組織從成立到成為一個「成功」的非營利組織，最關鍵的因素為組織能否部份或階段性達成當初設定的使命，所以建議領導者要不斷檢視組織的使命是否有貫徹；要不斷反省與自我提升；同時要隨時注意時事以掌握社會需求脈動。非營利組織需掌握社會各種媒介的情報，促使成員相互激盪，培養出組織的共識與新行動；重視團隊合作；連結不同組織的資源網絡及凝聚共識的過程需平等公開，不採取一言堂的方式，「增權」組織成員潛能以使其盡情發揮，使組織維持最大動能。 / Research shows that there are key factors contributing to “success” that are common across industries. This study investigated the key to success of Non-Profit Organizations (NPO) and their developments through in-depth interviews with NPO leaders. These findings can serve as developmental key learnings for other, resource-limited NPO’s, allowing them to more effectively harness available resources, thus reducing wastage due to trial and error. This research paper endeavors to organize these Critical Success Factors into easily accessible best-of-practice case studies for up-and-coming NPO’s. For the purposes of this study, the author selected five Non-Profit Women’s Associations with a least ten years of successful operations. Research methodology was depth interviews combined with Critical Incident Technique (CIT). Three main constructs were used in this process including: The mission of NPOs, NPO participants and NPO operations. This study identifies and organizes “Critical Success Factors” that all successful Non-Profit Organizations should own. The Critical Success Factors of A Successful NPO Are: 1.Well defined missions. 2.Strong Personnel/Membership Structure: a.Members of the organization will have: i.self-motivated; identification to organization missions ii.A high degree of enthusiasm iii.The ability to execute the organization directives b.A successful NPO will have Leadership with the following characteristics/skill sets: i.The spiritual leader of an NPO with an unchanging sense of mission, a strong and insight. ii.The ability to continually learn and apply those learnings to the organization. iii.A mutually supporting team that divides work up equally. 3.Strong Operations: a.Organization culture: Equal, open, focused on learning and vigorous. b.Externally it will be able to: i.Clearly articulate organizational goals and objectives ii.Create sufficient exposure to create positive awareness and opinion within society c.Internally it will be able to: i.Create “esprit-de-corps” within organization ii.Empower stake-holders to leverage their strengths d.Continual review of social changes and the adjustment of old services or the introduction of new services to meet social needs. e.Creative and flexible strategies and the ability to integrate various resources to exert influence. A successful NPO needs to accomplish the initial Mission. In order to achieve this, it is recommended that the NPO leadership continually review whether or not the organization is achieving the objectives for which it was established and conduct self-evaluation and self-improvement. The NPO also needs to be in tune with developments and trends in the society it is operating in. By making the information gleaned open and available to all members of the organization, the leadership can empower its members and contribute to a common sense of purpose, helping it achieve the maximum efficiencies and success.