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自尊的多面向對大學生憂鬱與攻擊行為的影響劉樹斐, Liu, Shu-Fei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的是從不同面向的自尊來預測個體的憂鬱與攻擊行為。由於低自尊導致憂鬱與攻擊行為的論點遭受質疑,於是本研究應用到最近自尊文獻中的兩股趨勢:自尊內部的結構—單向度與雙向度(自我喜愛感與自我能力感);以及自尊本質的可變動性—程度與穩定度,希望能從自尊的多面向來分別探討自尊與憂鬱、以及自尊與攻擊行為之關係。
單向度自尊與憂鬱的關係而言,根據Brown與Harris(1978)的研究認為整體自尊偏低會傾向憂鬱;Butler, et al.(1994)的研究指出預測整體自尊不穩定者會傾向憂鬱;而根據Greenier et al.(1995)的研究則認為不穩定低自尊將對憂鬱有最顯著的預測關係。在單向度自尊與攻擊行為的關係中,Anderson(1994)認為穩定低自尊有較多的攻擊行為;而Baumeister et al.(1996)則主張不穩定高自尊者會較多的攻擊傾向。上述各種理論對憂鬱與攻擊行為的預測仍有不一致之處,是本研究希望能釐清的。
若是在雙向度的架構下,Tafarodi與Vu(1997)認為雙向度中特別是自我喜愛感低者對憂鬱更具影響力;而Mruk(1995)與Tafarodi(1998)認為雙向度中自我能力感與自我喜愛感的矛盾性(自我能力感顯著的大於自我喜愛感),最能預測攻擊行為。從雙向度架構探討不同自尊面向,何者對憂鬱與攻擊行為有最顯著的預測力也是本研究的主要目的。
本研究以296名台北地區的大學生為樣本,進行為期一個月對受試自尊、憂鬱與攻擊行為的追蹤研究。研究工具包括社會讚許性量表、自我喜愛感與自我能力感量表(普通版與此時此刻版)、貝氏憂鬱量表、與波氏攻擊量表。
研究結果首先發現自尊結構在因素分析中不盡如Tafarodi雙向度的假設,因此按因素分析結果將整體自尊區分為自我喜愛感、自我肯定感、自我期望感、與自我懷疑感四個向度再進行與依變項(憂鬱與攻擊)的分析。
在自尊與憂鬱之間的關係中,低程度的整體自尊與憂鬱後測呈正相關;區分多向度後低自我喜愛感、低自我肯定感、高自我期望感、與高自我懷疑感分別與憂鬱呈正相關,在四個自尊面向中則以低自我喜愛感對憂鬱有最大的影響。整體自尊穩定度與憂鬱後測的關係未達顯著,但是不穩定的自我喜愛感與穩定且高的自我期望感,分別可以預測憂鬱情緒的提升。自尊與攻擊行為的關係,在低程度的整體自尊,與低自我喜愛感、高自我懷疑感分別與攻擊後測呈正相關。以攻擊行為為依變項,不同矛盾性自尊組差異的ANOVA達顯著,說明了若個體的自我肯定感高於自我喜愛會比自我喜愛感高於自我肯定感者更容易攻擊。整體研究結果顯示,預測憂鬱與攻擊的自尊面向仍然是整體性低自尊為主,其中預測憂鬱最主要的貢獻是來自於低程度的自我喜愛感。
進一步將依變項(憂鬱與攻擊後測)按照高低區分,再分別以各自尊面向預測憂鬱、攻擊。高憂鬱組裡低整體自尊,與多向度的低自我喜愛感、低自我肯定感、高自我期望感、高自我懷疑感都對憂鬱有預測力;而加入穩定度的因素後,穩定且低的自尊,與穩定且低的自我喜愛感預測憂鬱達顯著。在低憂鬱組中,自我期望感高且不穩定者較能預測憂鬱情緒提升。在攻擊依變項中除了低攻擊組的自我肯定感穩定度與攻擊呈正相關之外,其餘無論高、低攻擊組中的自尊與攻擊關係都不達顯著。
最後本文針對研究結果、自尊的不穩定性、自尊的結構、攻擊者的自尊現象、與研究方法(受試)等問題逐一討論,並對未來的研究提出可能的建議。
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類別相似性線索對於社會排斥後續反應之影響 / Categorical Similarity Cues from the Possible Future Affiliated People Elicit Different Reactions after Social Exclusion.洪嘉欣, Hong, Jia Sin Unknown Date (has links)
過往研究指出當個體受到社會排斥威脅後,可能產生兩種相反的行為,一者是具攻擊性的行為,而另一者則是希冀與其他人連結之親和傾向。本研究提出社會排斥之兩階段模式,認為當個體受到排斥威脅時,會同時有兩種不同的行為反應,一個是『避免傷害』,當此反應被激發時,被排斥個體會展現出『戰或逃』的行為傾向;而另一個反應則為『尋求歸屬』,在此反應被激發時,被排斥個體則會展現出『親近與示好』的行為傾向。而個體會出現何種反應,端視其之後互動的對象本身的屬性而定。若後續互動對象與先前排斥者間具有高相似性,此拒絕相似線索會引發個體展現出較高的戰或逃行為。相對的,若是後續互動對象所具有的特性與其自身之特性具有高相似性,亦即具有接納相似線索時,個體則會出現較多的示好行為。而這種隨著後續屬性,個體會出現不同反應歷程的假設在已完成的四個實驗中獲得初步的驗證。
實驗一(83名實驗參與者)採取2 (社會排斥:有、無) × 5 (類別相似線索:高拒絕線索vs.中拒絕線索 vs.高接納線索 vs.中接納線索 vs. 中性線索)之混合設計,結果發現受社會排斥威脅者會有較高意願加入帶有高可能接受線索之團體、較不願意加入帶有高拒絕線索之團體。實驗二(47名實驗參與者)採取閾下觸發來操弄社會排斥威脅,顯示社會排斥的確會讓人加速處理那些與拒絕者與可能接受者相關之訊息。而實驗三(74名實驗參與者)重複驗證了實驗一之發現,並且發現受社會排斥威脅之參與者在反應時間上會較快決定拒絕帶有高拒絕線索之團體,也會較快決定加入帶有高接納線索的團體(兩者皆對比於對中性線索團體之決策反應時間)。
實驗四(75名實驗參與者)則採取2 (社會排斥:有、無) × 2 (認知負荷:高、低) × 3 (類別相似線索:高拒絕線索vs.高接納線索vs. 中性線索)之混合設計,並發現當被社會排斥者處於高認知負荷狀態時,他們雖然還是能使用拒絕線索來選擇團體,但卻不會使用接受線索,顯示拒絕相似性線索為較為優先之線索。
實驗五A(67名實驗參與者)則採取2 (社會排斥:有、無) × 2 (性格回饋:有、無) × 4 (類別相似線索:拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計,並發現當被給予性格回饋之後,受社會排斥威脅者會對於帶有接納線索的對象有較高的評價。而實驗五B(31名實驗參與者)採取2 (社會排斥:有、無) × 4 (類別相似線索:拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計,發現受到社會排斥威脅者會對於帶有拒絕線索的對象及原拒絕者都會有較低的評價。
而實驗六與七則認為當個體對於相似性線索的認知被去、再類別化作業改變時,個體的反應也應隨之改變。實驗六採取(51名實驗參與者)則採取3 (社會排斥組別:社會排斥一般作業組、社會排斥再類別化組、控制組) × 4 (類別相似線索:拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計,並發現當受到社會排斥者完成再類別化作業後,比起完成一般作業的參與者,他們對於原先帶有拒絕線索對象的評價會提升,而他們亦會提升對於原拒絕者的評價,顯示再類別化作業可以讓受威脅者感知到互動對象跟自己可以共屬另一個有意義之團體、自己與互動對象是相連結的,因而提升對這些對象之評價。
實驗七採取(46名實驗參與者)則採取3 (社會排斥組別:社會排斥一般作業組、社會排斥去類別化組、控制組) × 4 (類別相似線索:拒絕線索對象vs.接納線索對象vs. 中性線索對象vs.原拒絕者)之混合設計,並發現去類別化作業可以削弱類別相似性線索,因此使得受排斥者降低對原先帶有接納線索之對象的評價,亦會提升原先帶有拒絕線索對象之評價。換言之,由於去類別化作用會降低被威脅個體與互動對象的連結感,亦即他們對於互動對象與自己的相似性知覺會降低,個體因而降低對此類對象之評價;另一方面,去類別化作用也會降低帶有拒絕線索對象以及原拒絕者的相似性知覺,因而提升對於此類對象之評價。
綜合以上所述,本研究以一系列之研究來檢驗:個體受到社會排斥後,後續互動對象身上之類別相似性線索如何影響受威脅者之反應傾向。實驗一至五發現,當個體被社會排斥之後,他們對於那些帶有拒絕線索的個體會展現出戰或逃的行為傾向,並對帶有接納線索的個體展現親近與示好之行為,而拒絕相似性線索較為優先。而實驗六及七分別使用『再類別化』及『去類別化』兩種作業來改變類別相似性線索,來改變受社會排斥威脅者對於接納線索的知覺使其後續行為隨之改變。 / Previous research shows that social exclusion may cause either fight-or-flight behavior toward innocent people or a substantial increase in affiliation behavior. A two-stage model is proposed to explain people’s reactions after experiencing social exclusion. For these threatened individuals, groups that resemble their rejecter would provoke a defensive attitude and hostile behaviors. These individuals also show hospitality to those groups that resemble themselves to gain inclusion. The former process is more primary than the other.
Experiment 1 (83 participants) and 3 (74 participants) used a scenario story to manipulate social exclusion. Groups with different categorical cues categorical similarity cues were provided. The results suggested that people after experiencing social exclusion tended to reject groups that resemble to previous rejecter. By contrast, groups that fit the characteristics of the target person were much preferred and received more resources.
The second experiment (47 participants) used subliming priming to manipulate social exclusion. Main dependent measure was the decision time of lexical decision task. As predicted, compared to participants in control condition (all priming words in random order), those in social exclusion condition (being primed with rejection-softball and inclusion-enjoy-learning) processed rejection associated words (related to the reject group) and acceptance associated words (related to the perspective group) significantly faster than no association words.
Experiment 4 (75 participants) used a 2 (social exclusion vs. control condition) x 2 (cognitive load: heavy vs. light) x 3 (categorical similarity cues: high rejective cue, high perspective cue, irrelevant cue) mixed-design. The results indicated that the excluded participants who had a heavy cognitive load could only avoid groups that resemble the previous rejecter and showed no preference for groups that might be suitable for them. To defend is the primary process.
From experiment 5A to experiment 7, cyberostracism was employed to manipulate social exclusion. Experiment 5A (67 participants) used a 2 (social exclusion: social exclusion condition vs. control condition) x 2 (personality feedback: feedback vs. no feedback) x 4 (categorical similarity cues: rejective cue, perspective cue, irrelevant cue, rejecter) mixed-design. It was found that only those who with perspective cue could receive better evaluation from excluded participants. Experiment 5B suggested that excluded participants would evaluate people with rejective cues worse than those who in control group.
The experiment 6 and 7 used decategorization and recategorization task to change the perceptions of categorical similarity cues. Experiment 6 (51 participants) showed that recategorization task could weaken the effect of the rejective cue and thus excluded participants would give better evaluation to people with rejective cue than participants in social exclusion only condition. Experiment 7 (46 participants) suggested that decategorization task might weaken the effect of perspective cue and therefore the evaluation tended to decrease for people with perspective cue.
Eight experiments provided convergent evidence to this study to suggest that categorical similarity cues of possible affiliated people could elicit different reactions from excluded people.
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攻擊行為控制機制之探討 / Exploring the Control Mechanism of Aggressive Behaviors李怡青, Lee, I-Ching Unknown Date (has links)
本論文嘗試以行為引發機制與行為抑制機制的觀點,探討非法且屬人際層面的男性攻擊行為,從中評估常表現攻擊行為個體的認知、情緒與行為缺陷。由於攻擊行為的特殊性,個體表現攻擊行為時,相關的行為機制包括表現該行為可能得到獎賞的行為引發機制﹔表現該行為可能得到懲罰的行為抑制機制﹔與攻擊他人時,被害者的非語文訊息引發的個體的暴力抑制機制。研究一根據暴力抑制機制的理論內容發展實驗工具,透過違反道德與違反慣例圖片組的呈現,了解高、中、低攻擊組的表現差異。結果發現高攻擊組對兩違反情境的嚴重程度評估較低,同時,在違反道德圖片組刺激下,高攻擊組表現較少的道德情緒與較少的同理行為。研究二則透過研究一發展的圖片組評估個體的暴力抑制機制運作能力,並結合Patterson與Newman的四階段理論發展實驗刺激,透過情境的操弄,了解高攻擊組之行為引發機制與行為抑制機制運作情形。結果發現經由兩套理論(暴力抑制機制與四階段理論)的結合,可將高攻擊組分為兩類,一類為暴力抑制機制運作正常,但行為引發機制運作過強﹔另一類為暴力抑制機制無法運作者。以認知、情緒與行為缺陷評估兩類高攻擊行為者發現,具有認知、情緒與行為缺陷的高攻擊行為者只有第二類。 / Based on a behavioral activation mechanism and two behavioral inhibition mechanisms, unlawful and interpersonal male aggression was studied. Moreover, the possibility of individuals’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficiencies was evaluated. Due to the special quality of aggressive behavior, when a person acts aggressively, there will be three processes involved. They are the behavioral activation mechanism activated by reward, the behavioral inhibition mechanism induced by punishment, and the Violence Inhibition Mechanism (VIM) triggered by victims’ cues of distress. In order to study these three processes, two sets of pictures were developed from study 1 in order to evaluate how participants functioned their VIM. The results showed differences between High, Medium, and Low Aggression Group. The High Aggression Group evaluated incidents of moral/ conventional transgression less serious than the other two groups did. Also, they showed less moral emotions and less empathic behaviors than the other two groups did. Based on the sets of pictures developed from Study 1, a group of young offenders were divided into two groups based on their VIM functioning. Further, a survival game was developed from Patterson and Newman’s four-stage model. By manipulating situations to present reward/punishment, those young offenders showed different aggressive patterns. Young offenders with good VIM functioning behaved more aggressively when there were rewards. Relatively, young offenders with poor VIM functioning were less likely to be influenced by either reward or punishment. The implications were discussed in the article.
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