本研究目的在了解校長帶領國民小學轉型特色學校過程中的領導行為。為達以上研究目的，本研究首先對「學校轉型」與「校長領導行為」相關文獻進行探討，並依據研究目的，初步提出國民小學轉型特色學校過程中校長領導行為的六個面向，透過文獻探討編製《半結構式的訪談大綱》，以立意取樣方式，選擇榮獲教育部九十六、九十七年度特色小學的桃園縣藍天國小校長為研究對象，進行匿名訪談，探討領導行為之實踐。歸納分析訪談所得，本研究結論共分為六大面向，十七項具體領導行為，分別為關懷倡導、願景理念、人際溝通、課程教學、專業成長，以及公共行銷六大面向領導行為，每一面向領導行為之下各有二至四個具體領導行為。根據研究所得，本研究提出對教育行政機關的建議、對小學現職校長的建議、對未來研究的建議。 / This study aimed to recognize the principal’s leadership behaviors in the process of transforming an elementary school to characteristic school. In order to achieve this end, the author had reffered to a range of literature on transformation of a school and leadership behavior of principals. Based on the arguments of the literature, the author developed a semi-structured interview outline including 6 core aspects of the principal’s leadership behaviors in the process of transformation of an elementary school. The author adopted purposive selection approach to sampling an elementary school principal in Taoyuan County, of whom were the winners of 96 and 97 year characteristics of school to be anonymous interview for the survey. Based on the results of interview survey, the conclusions of this study include 6 ascept, with 17 features of behaviors in total. The aforesaid 6 ascepts are, consideration and initiation, creative vision, positive communication skills, advanced arrangement of curriculum and teaching, professional development and marketing strategy. Each ascept contains 2 to 4 desired behaviors. The author wishes to make the following suggestions for the competent authorities of education, suggestions for principals of elementary schools, and suggestions for further study.

本研究的目的在探討高中校長領導行為、教師組織承諾與學校組織效能之關係。所稱「高中校長」包括公立（含國立與縣市立）高級中學與私立高級中學校長。 　　本研究採用文獻分析法與問卷調查法，文獻分析法以蒐集、探討國內外相關文獻，作為擬定研究架構與編製調查問卷內容之依據；問卷調查法以自編「高級中學學校組織運作現況調查問卷」（內含校長領導行為問卷、教師組織承諾問卷與學校組織效能問卷）為工具，對全國公私立高中進行問卷調查。問卷以高中教師為調查對象，經分層隨機取樣，計調查49所學校，發出問卷1,185份、回收1,090份、有效問卷1,053份，可用率89%。調查所得資料分別以描述性統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、典型相關分析、逐步多元迴歸分析等統計方法實施資料分析，據以進行研究結果的分析與討論。 　　本研究獲得下列重要結論： 一、高中校長領導行為、教師組織承諾與學校組織效能的現況良好。 二、不同教師背景變項下，高中校長領導行為、教師組織承諾與學校組織效能，各有明顯的差異性。 （一）男性教師、年齡較大的教師、兼任行政職務的教師，所感受與知覺的高中校長領導行為、教師組織承諾與學校組織效能，都明顯高於女性教師、年齡較小的教師、未兼任行政職務的教師。 （二）在「本校服務年資」比較資深的教師，所感受與知覺的教師組織承諾與學校組織效能，明顯高於比較資淺的教師。 （三）在「學歷」變項方面，「研究所以上」在「組織認同」、「目標達成」大於「師範院校」；「一般大學」在「主動例外管理」大於「師範院校」、「研究所以上」；「一般大學」、「研究所以上」在「態度型承諾」、「努力意願」大於「師範院校」；「師範院校」只有在「被動例外管理」大於「研究所以上」。 （四）私立學校教師、大型學校教師，所感受與知覺的「轉型領導」、「態度型承諾」與學校組織效能，都明顯高於公立學校教師、小型與中型學校教師。 （五）市區學校教師在「被動例外管理」、「組織認同」、「留職傾向」、「目標達成」等層面，明顯高於鄉鎮學校教師；而鄉鎮學校教師則在「型塑願景」、「智能啟發」、「主動例外管理」等層面，明顯高於市區學校教師。 三、高中校長呈現高度的領導行為、教師具有高度的組織承諾，則會有較高的學校組織效能。 四、高中校長領導行為、教師組織承諾與學校組織效能之間有密切的關係。 五、高中校長領導行為中的「個別關懷」、教師組織承諾中的「組織認同」，最能 有效預測學校組織效能。 根據本研究之結論，提出建議如下： 一、對教育行政機關的建議 （一）建立完整的高中校長培育與證照制度，以提高校長領導行為。 （二）建立教師專業發展、評鑑與分級制度，以提高教師組織承諾。 （三）研訂學校組織效能更具體、明確的指標，建立績效責任制度。 二、對高中校長的建議 （一）轉型領導與互易領導等校長領導行為近年來受到重現，且與學校組織效能有密切關係，值得善加運用。 （二）宜多關懷女性教師、年齡較小的教師、未兼任行政職務的教師，以提高校長領導行為。 （三）應致力於學校組織效能的提升。 三、對高中教師的建議 （一）教師組織承諾對學校組織效能具有重要之影響，值得高中教師們重視並實踐。 （二）女性教師、年齡較小的教師、服務年資較淺的教師、未兼任行政職務的教師，宜增強對組織的承諾。 （三）公立學校教師應自珍自重，用心於學校校務的運作、專注於對組織的承諾，進而致力於學校效能的提升。 四、對其他單位之建議 （一）建議師範院校，應加強教育專業知能、教學專業態度之培育，以養成具備高度組織承諾、高度組織效能的高中教師。 （二）建議教師專業組織，可致力於教師組織承諾的提高，俾有助於學校組織效能，進而提升教師專業地位。

本研究旨在探討競值架構下國民小學校長領導行為、學校組織文化與教師教學效能之間的關聯。研究採用調查研究法，以新北市公立國民小學教師為對象，共發出748份問卷，共獲得有效問卷646份，有效問卷回收率為86.36％。正式問卷回收之後，分別以描述統計、t考驗、單因子單變量變異數分析、單因子多變量變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元逐步迴歸分析及結構方程模式等統計方式對回收資料進行分析。 本研究獲得以下十一項結論： 一、國民小學校長領導行為在中上水準，以競爭層面表現較突出。 二、國民小學組織文化表現達中上水準，趨向於團隊和層級層面。 三、國民小學教師教學效能平均達高表現水準，以良好學習氣氛得分最高、教學計畫準備得分最低，且顯著低於其他四個教學效能層面。 四、國民小學校長領導行為與學校組織文化以右上象限層面得分均低。 五、教師職務在校長領導行為方面有差異、教師年齡、學歷、服務年資與職務在教學效能上有差異。 六、校長年齡在校長領導行為與學校組織文化方面有差異。 七、學校規模、所在地、校齡在校長領導行為、學校組織文化與教師教學效能均有顯著差異。 八、校長領導行為、學校組織文化與教師教學效能之間具有顯著正相關。 九、校長領導行為、學校組織文化與教師教學效能之間具有顯著預測力。 十、校長領導行為與學校組織文化不僅與對應象限的分層面有正相關與預 測力，與非對應象限甚至對立象限的層面也有顯著正相關與預測力。 十一、校長領導行為可顯著影響教師教學效能，也可透過學校組織文化的 中介作用，正向影響教師教學效能。 本研究分別就實務應用及未來研究兩方面提出如下建議： 一、實務應用方面： (一) 建立回饋機制，使校長瞭解自身領導風格，靈活轉換各種領導行為，並善用競爭領導優勢，成為學校成員學習的榜樣。 (二) 校長應瞭解並協助學校成員認識學校組織文化類型，透過形塑願景與組織對話，使組織在文化生命週期中有效能的運作。 (三) 教師應兼顧每一個教學效能層面，並加強提升教學計畫準備。 (四) 校長應培養創新的領導能力，帶動發展革新求變的組織文化氛圍。 (五) 校內應建立教師教學對話與教學研討機制，藉以傳承資深優良教師教學經驗與觀摩學習。 (六) 校長對於經營校務發展應勇於任事、完全承擔，不應因性別、年齡、學歷、到任時間自我設限，虛與尾蛇。 (七) 校長與學校成員應詳加瞭解所處學校環境，研擬策略面對學校所處位置之有利與不利條件，以營造學校文化及提升教學效能。 (八) 校長應不斷強化自身領導的能力與行為複雜度，並且形塑優質學 校組織文化，以提升教師教學效能表現。 (九) 校長與學校成員應建立深厚的教育夥伴情感，體認共享學校教 育成果之重要性與榮辱休戚與共的使命感，以提供良好教育環境。 (十) 校長應展現兼容並蓄的多元領導風格，以面對諸多領導弔詭與兩 難的困境。 (十一) 營造兼容並蓄學校組織文化，發揮促進教師教學效能中介效果。 二、未來研究方面： 本研究分別就研究對象、研究變項、研究方法，對未來研究提出建議。 / The objective of this study is to understand the relationships among principal’s leadership behavior, school organizational culture and teaching effectiveness in elementary schools by Competing Values Framework. Study on survey research. A total of 646 usable questionnaires were collected from 748 teachers of public elementary schools in New Taipei City. The effective response rate was 86.36％. The statistical techniques applied to this study such as: “describing statistics”, “t-test”, “one-way ANOVA”, “one-way MANOVA”, “Pearson product-moment correlation”, “stepwise multiple regression analysis” and “structural equation modeling”. With the data analysis result, researcher reached the conclusions as following： 1.Principal’s leadership behavior performance of public elementary schools achieves upper-moderate level, and “Compete” is the highlight among all of the dimensions. 2.School organizational culture performance of public elementary schools achieves upper-moderate level, and “Clan” and “Hierarchy” are the highlight among all of the dimensions. 3.The perception of teacher’s teaching effectiveness gets high score level, and “Good instructional climate ” is the highlight among all of the dimensions of teaching effectiveness, and "teaching plan preparation" is significantly weaker than the others four dimensions. 4.Both of principal’s leadership behavior and school organizational culture of public elementary schools in upper right quadrant of CVF scores are low. 5.There is a significantly divergence for “teacher job position” in principal’s leadership behavior and such as teachers’ “age”, “education”, “srevice year” and “job position”, there is a significant divergence in teaching effectiveness. 6.There is a significant divergence for “principal age” between principal’s leadership behaviors and school organizational cultural. 7.Such as “ school size”, “ location” and “school history”, there are significant divergences among principal’s leadership behaviors , school organizational cultural and teaching effectiveness. 8.There are significant positive correlation among principal’s leadership behavior, school organizational culture and teaching effectiveness. 9.There are significant predictive power among principal’s leadership behavior, school organizational culture and teaching effectiveness. 10.Between principal’s leadership behavior and school organizational culture are not only the corresponding quadrant, but also the non- corresponding and even opposing corresponding quadrants, and there are significant positive correlation and predictive power. 11.Principal’s leadership behavior could positively affect teaching effectiveness through the mediate effect of school organizational culture. Otherwise, this study provides suggestions of practical application and future study respectively.

摘要 本研究旨在瞭解國民小學學校型態實驗教育的創新經營、組織效能與校長領導行為之內涵與現況，探討其關係，進而建構與驗證三者之互動模式，最後依據研究結果提出建議。本研究採用文件分析與調查研究法，以台灣地區105學年度公辦公營之國民小學學校型態實驗教育學校教師為研究對象，總共發出335份問卷，問卷回收率為91.94%，有效問卷則為89.55%。正式問卷回收後，分別以描述性統計、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關以及結構方程模式等統計方法進行分析。 依據研究結果與分析歸納，獲得結論如下： 一、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在學校創新經營現況呈現中高程度發展。 二、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在學校組織效能現況呈現中高程度發展。 三、國民小學學校型態實驗教育在校長領導行為現況呈現中高程度發展。 四、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中， 不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在創新經營得分之差異達顯著水準。 五、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中， 不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在學校組織效能得分之差異達顯著水準。 六、在國民小學學校型態實驗教育之教育人員的背景變項中，不同服務年資、不同職務、校長在該校服務年資、不同學校規模等，在校長領導行為得分之差異達顯著水準。 七、整體學校創新經營與整體學校組織效能間呈顯著的正相關，且與「學生學習」及「學生展能」之相關程度最高。 八、整體校長領導行為與整體學校組織效能間呈顯著的正相關，且與「行政領導」及「控制」之相關程度最高。 九、整體校長領導行為與整體學校創新經營間呈顯著的正相關，且與「行政管理」及「控制」之相關程度最高。 十、學校創新經營透過校長領導行為影響學校組織效能，校長領導行為具有部分中介效果。 本研究根據以上結論，提出相關建議，俾供主管教育行政機關、學校教育人員及後續研究之參考。 / Abstract This study aims to understand the connotations and status of the innovative operation, organizational effectiveness and the dean’s leadership in primary schools under the school-pattern experimental education, probe into their relations so as to construct and validate the patterns of interactions between these three aspects and finally propose suggestions based on the research results. The document analysis and survey method is adopted for the study purpose and the objects are the teachers in public primary schools that apply school-pattern experimental education in 2016. A total of 335 questionnaires were issued, with a response rate of 91.94% and a valid response rate of 89.55%. The collected questionnaires were analyzed with such statistic methods as descriptive statistics, T-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's product-moment correlations, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The study came to the following conclusions based on the findings and analytic induction: 1.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the school’ s innovative operation. 2.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the school’ s organizational effectiveness. 3.The school-pattern experimental education in primary schools shows a medium to high level of development in the principal’s leadership. 4.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the school’s innovation operation. 5.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the school’s organizational effectiveness. 6.Among the background variables of educators in primary schools applying school-type experimental education, such variables as the educators’ seniority and titles, the principal’s seniority in the school as well as the size of the school would bring significant differences in the scores of the principal’s leadership. 7.The school’s overall innovative operation has a significant positive correlation with its organizational effectiveness, with the highest degree of correlation with “students’ study” and “students’ performance”. 8.The principal’s overall leadership has a significant positive correlation with the school’s organizational effectiveness, with the highest degree of correlation with “administrative leadership” and “control”. 9.The principal’s overall leadership has a significant positive correlation with the school’s innovative operation, with the highest degree of correlation with “administrative management” and “control”. 10.The school’s innovative operations would influence its organizational effectiveness through the principal’s leadership, which embodies a partial medium effect. Based on the above conclusions, this study proposed related suggestions for the reference of competent educational and administrative authorities, the school educators as well as future studies.

本研究旨在應用競值架構探討國民小學校長領導行為、學校組織文化與學校組織效能之間的關聯性。研究採用調查研究法，以台灣地區公立國民小學教師為對象，總共發出1060份問卷，問卷回收率為89.91％，有效問卷回收率則為84.81％。正式問卷回收之後，分別以單因子單變量變異數分析、單因子多變量變異數分析、集群分析、區別分析、皮爾森積差相關、迴歸分析（簡單、多元及調節迴歸）、階層線性模式及結構方程模式等統計方式對回收資料進行分析。 本研究獲得以下九項結論： 一、國民小學校長領導行為在競爭行為層面上的表現最突出。 二、國民小學組織文化特性趨向層級節制和朋黨組織文化。 三、國民小學學校組織效能在內部過程模式上的表現最佳。 四、校長領導行為、學校組織文化與學校組織效能之間具有正向關聯。 五、校長領導行為表現愈佳及複雜性愈高，有助於塑造學校組織文化與提升 學校組織效能。 六、學校組織文化的特性愈強及複雜性愈高，能促使學校組織效能之表現愈 佳。 七、校長領導行為與學校組織文化之趨同程度愈高，學校組織效能之表現並未 愈佳。 八、校長領導行為與學校組織效能之關聯是否受學校組織文化所調節，須視學 校組織文化之分析層次而定。 九、校長領導行為可透過學校組織文化的中介作用，正向影響學校組織效能。 本研究分別就實務應用及未來研究兩方面提出如下建議： 一、實務應用方面 （一）以競值架構之量表診斷學校組織行為 （二）展現兼容並蓄之領導作風 （三）提升領導行為之複雜性 （四）著重組織文化之型塑 （五）營造兼容並包的組織文化 （六）各種組織效能模式應兼籌並顧 二、未來研究方面 分別就研究對象、研究變項、研究方法、統計分析方法以及行為複雜性之檢測方式等方面，對未來的研究提出建議。 / The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships among principal’s leadership behavior, school organizational culture, and school organizational effectiveness by utilizing competing values framework. The research method this study adopted is survey research. Data were collected from 1060 teachers of elementary schools in Taiwan. The response rates were 89.91％; the usable rates were 84.81％. The collected data were analyzed by using the statistical methods of one-way ANOVA, one-way MANOVA, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation, regression analysis (simple regression, multiple regression, and moderated regression), hierarchical linear modeling, and structural equation modeling. The conclusions of this study are: 1.Among all of the dimensions of principal’s leadership behavior, “Compete” is the dominant in the elementary schools. 2.Among all of the dimensions of school organizational culture, “Hierarchy” and “Clan” are the dominant in the elementary schools. 3.Among all of the dimensions of school organizational effectiveness, “Internal Process” is the dominant in the elementary schools. 4.There are positive relationships among principal’s leadership behavior, school organizational culture, and school organizational effectiveness. 5.The principals with better leadership performances and higher behavioral complexity tend to shape school organizational culture and enhance school organizational effectiveness. 6.The schools with stronger organizational cultures and higher cultural complexity could improve school organizational effectiveness. 7.The hypothesis that the higher the congruence between principal’s leadership behavior and school organizational culture is, the better the school organizational effectiveness is could not be supported. 8.Whether the relationship between principal’s leadership behavior and school organizational effectiveness could be moderated by school organizational culture depends on the level of analysis of school organizational culture. 9.The principal’s leadership behavior could positively affect school organizational effectiveness through the mediated effect of school organizational culture. In addition, this study provides suggestions respectively on the aspect of practical application and future study.