熱紅外波段在遙感探測中佔有相當重要的地位，因其不受日夜條件限制，且因溫度變化時常具有與自然環境相關的特殊意義，使熱紅外影像可應用於測量、環境監控、都市開發、災害防治等領域。 在判釋遙測影像之前，通常必先確定各波段影像的幾何性質一致，若想將熱紅外影像與可見光影像套疊，須先率定蒐集熱影像之儀器，使影像受儀器本身的影響減到最低。本研究以FLIR-T360紅外線熱像儀為研究對象，探討熱像儀的成像特性，且嘗試率定與改正蒐集之熱影像。 率定熱像儀的實驗可分為幾何與輻射兩方面，幾何方面使用改良型的實地率定法，以求取熱像儀的內方位參數；輻射方面則使用實地調查法，求得控制點溫度，利用拍攝控制點蒐集多筆資料，擬合出輻射改正模型；本文亦展示熱影像幾何以及輻射改正後的成果。 / Thermal infrared data is important when conducting remote sensing investigation, for it could be acquired both in day and night. The change of temperature has characteristic significance of representing. So the thermal infrared images are used not only in the domain of surveying, but also in the environment monitoring, the urban development, and the disaster prevention. Before interpreting the remote sensing data, one would make sure that each image of bands has similar image geometry. Calibrating such geometry could prove that the effect from the lens distortion had been minimized. In such case, calibrated thermal images are necessary to guarantee that the image coordinates will correspond with the space coordinates as other bands. A thermal sensor, FLIR-T360 has been calibrated in this research. Two aspects of calibration executed are geometric and radiometric. A conventional calibrated template has been improved for using in the geometric aspect. The thermal sensor’s interior orientation elements were then found by using a field method. In the radiometric aspect, in situ method has been employed to determine temperatures of the chosen control points. The result of correction in geometric and radiometric aspect are also shown and discussed in this study.

本文研究目的有四：(1) 研究以本國通貨貶值率為政策工具的影響效果與相關的議題。(2) 探討由固定匯率到爬行釘住匯率再到浮動匯率崩潰的過程，並且分析有何關鍵因素，會影響匯率制度崩潰時間。(3) 討論匯率定錨政策失敗的原因，並提出以往文獻可能忽略的因素。(4) 分析通貨替代性是否會影響匯率政策的效果，甚至使匯率政策遭遇困難而失敗。為了達成研究目的，本文內容共分五章，除了第一章的緒論和第五章的總結外，其餘各章的內容為： 第二章延伸Calvo (1981) 的架構，加入Chen, Tsaur and Chou (1981)、曹添旺 (1987) 及張文雅、賴景昌和曹添旺 (1991) 的觀點，並仿照Liviatan (1891)、Engel (1989)、Calvo (1985) 的作法，設立一個具有通貨替代環境的小型開放經濟模型，探討本國通貨貶值率上升對經濟體系的影響。文中發現通貨之間若有較高 (較低) Edgeworth 替代關係，則本國通貨貶值率上升，經常帳會因此改善 (惡化)。本章亦針對通貨替代程度的不同，分析提升本國通貨貶值率政策對社會福利的影響效果，其中發現：不論是通貨替代程度大小，提升本國通貨貶值率政策對社會福利的影響均有兩種不同的情況，其中的一種是確定福利下降，另一種是不確定。 第三章仍然依據Chen, Tsaur and Chou (1981)、曹添旺 (1987) 及張文雅、賴景昌和曹添旺 (1991) 所強調通貨能提供流動性勞務，降低交易成本的功能，將本國通貨和外國通貨放入模型內，建立一個以交易功能為基礎的貨幣模型，探討由固定匯率崩潰到爬行釘住匯率，再由爬行釘住匯率崩潰到浮動匯率的過程，有何關鍵因素，會影響匯率制度崩潰時間。結果發現：(1) 不論是通貨替代、通貨互補或是通貨獨立的環境下，實際發生匯率制度崩潰的時間早於自然崩潰的時間。(2) 制度崩潰的時點由通貨替代或是通貨互補的程度決定，通貨替代性越是極端 (例如：完全互補或完全替代) 將使通貨危機越早發生，而通貨替代關係越低將使通貨危機發生時間延後。(3) 當固定匯率轉換到爬行釘住匯率時，所產生的外匯存底流失的額度將會是決定爬行釘住匯率制度是否能夠執行的關鍵。 第四章以代表性個人最適化模型的架構，加入Végh (1995) 主張外國通貨能提供流動性勞務，降低交易成本的觀點，建立一個具有通貨替代環境的交易成本貨幣成長模型，分析名目匯率定錨政策崩潰的過程與通貨替代程度的關連性，結果發現匯率定錨政策失敗的主因可能是名目匯率定錨政策違反經常帳跨期平衡所致。為了避免通貨危機提早發生，匯率政策須視通貨替代程度的高低作適當的調整。通貨替代程度較高時，貨幣當局應當在政策執行時，大幅的降低本國通貨貶值率，可使政策崩潰的時間延後；而通貨替代程度較低時，貨幣當局應當採用小幅度降低本國通貨貶值率，可拖延政策崩潰發生的時間。 / This paper has four purposes: (1) Research in the influence and relevant topics about adopting depreciation rate of the domestic currency as policy instrument. (2) Show the dynamics transition process from the fixed, to the crawling peg, and then to the flexible exchange rate regimes, and analyze the central factor about time of collapse of exchange rate regimes. (3) Research in the reason about the exchange-rate-based stabilization program fails, and it may be ignored by the existing literature. (4) Analyze the influence of the currency substitutability affects the effect of exchange rate policy, even to cause difficulty and failure. In order to achieve the research purposes, the content of this paper divides into five chapters, except that chapter 1 is the introduction and chapter 5 is conclusion; the rest is organized as follows: In chapter 2, this paper expands Calvo (1981) model, combining the spirit of Chen, Tsaur and Chou (1981), Tsaur (1987), Chang, Lai and Tsaur (1991) and the approach of Liviatan (1891), Engel (1989), Calvo (1985), we set up the framework for small open economy with currency substitution environments to explore the policy effects of a rise in the rate of devaluation domestic currency on economy. We find that if two currencies are higher (lower) degree of Edgeworth substitution, then a rise in the rate of devaluation domestic currency induced a current account surplus (deficit) on the transition path. This chapter also aims at the currency substitution degree the difference, the analysis about a rise in the rate of devaluation domestic currency to the social welfare influence effect. We show that no matter is the currency substitution degree size, a rise in the rate of devaluation domestic currency to have two kind of different situations to the social welfare influence, one is the definite welfare drops; another is an ambiguous. In chapters 3, we investigate the relationship between the collapse timing of exchange rate regime and degree of substitutability of foreign currency for domestic currency as a medium of exchange. According to the spirit of Chen, Tsaur and Chou (1981), Tsaur (1987), Chang, Lai and Tsaur (1991), we set up a transaction-based monetary model in which money provides liquidity services to reduce transaction costs, domestic and foreign currencies are introduced into the system. The results of study show (1) no matter what degree of substitutability of foreign currency for domestic currency, the collapse timing of the exchange rate regime is earlier than the natural collapse timing, and (2) the collapse timing depends on the degree of currency substitution or complement. We find that the extreme degree of substitutability of currencies led to earlier currency crisis; however, moderate degree of substitutability of currencies prolong currency crisis. We also explore the dynamic transition process from the fixed to the crawling peg, and then to the flexible exchange rate regimes. We find that the extent of the decrease in foreign exchange reserves is the key whether the fixed exchange rate is able to transform into the crawling peg exchange rate regime. In chapter 4, we investigate the relationship between the failures of exchange-rate-based stabilization program and degree of foreign currency substitutability. According to Végh (1995), we set up a transaction-based monetary model with currency substitution in which foreign currencies provides liquidity services to reduce transaction costs. The reason of failure on exchange-rate-based stabilization program is that it violates intertemporal current account balance constraint. In order to prolong the time of the currency crisis occurs, the exchange-rate-based stabilization program must regard the degree of currency substitution. When the degree of currency substitution is high, the monetary authority must reduce the rate of devaluation domestic currency largely, and when the degree of currency substitution is low, the monetary authority must narrow scale to reduce the rate of devaluation domestic currency, and prolong time of policy collapse occurrence.

台灣利率自由化的演進過程，是採取循序漸進的方式，先由貨幣市場實施，再逐步推及到存放款市場。自1989年利率自由化及1991年政府開放新商業銀行設立以來，台灣銀行業的競爭就進入了白熱化的春秋戰國時代，金融版圖重新調整，產業的競爭有增無減。這期間經過兩次的金融改革，體質較弱的銀行紛紛走向讓售及被併購的命運，尤其是2008年發生金融海嘯，對銀行業的經營更是一大挑戰。觀察近年來銀行業的經營困境，存放款利差持續走低，多數銀行採取價格競爭策略，企業授信市場採用低利削價的手段，造成銀行業獲利率降低，危及銀行健全經營體質。所以本研究從文獻回顧探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，從樣本銀行實務授信政策及放款定價辦法探討影響放款利率定價決定因素，並利用樣本資料從實證模型的估計及檢驗來推估假設變數與企業貸款利率定價之間的具體關係及影響方向與程度，最後將實證結果提供予銀行管理當局擬定授信政策及建立完善放款利率定價模型之參考。 / From money market to deposit and loan markets, the development of interest rate liberalization in Taiwan has been in gradual progress. Since interest-rate liberalization in the year of 1989 and governmental approval on the establishment of new commercial banks in 1991, the competition among banks in Taiwan has become severe. Market shares among banks have thus changed. During the period, the financial market experienced two banking reforms. Banks with relatively weak financial nature have been forced to be sold or merged. Moreover, the financial turmoil in the year of 2008 made the business environment of banking industry even more challengeable. Running business in banking has been more difficult in recent years. Interest rate spread for banks has been narrowing. Most banks have adopted price competition strategies. Such price-cutting policy in commercial loan market has resulted in the deterioration of bank management in the industry. This research reviews study-papers focusing on the factors affecting commercial loan interest rate pricing, using bank A as a sample to review its actual operation of credit policy and loan pricing means. In addition, by adopting technique of empirical model measurement and statistical test on the sample data, the concrete correlation and extent of influence between hypothetical variables and pricing on commercial loan interest rate are also estimated. The aim of this paper is to provide empirical tested results to the banking authorities for their reference when designing fine credit policies and commercial loan pricing model.

熱像儀，能感測可見光感測器無法取得的訊息，因此若能透過熱像儀器進行環境偵測，便能得到一般可見光感測器無法獲取的資料。本研究擬以四旋翼UAS酬載熱像儀得到局部區域高解析度之地面熱資訊以便作為地溫研究之背景資料使用。而一般地溫研究區，不易佈設控制點，因此本研究除於無人機上酬載熱像儀之外，並將搭載Trimble BD970 GNSS OEM接收模組，嘗試以少量地面控制點、以及GNSS動態後處理的方式取得取像時對應的GNSS觀測量輔助熱像定位定向。本研究中針對國立政治大學旁的指南溪實驗區與陽明山國家公園的小油坑實驗區，使用AI-RIDER YJ-1000-HC四旋翼UAS分別酬載熱像儀FLIR Tau 640和巨哥XM6，並且同時搭載Trimble BD970 GNSS OEM接收模組、以及GNSS動態後處理的方式取得取像時對應的GNSS觀測量搭配少量地面控制點輔助熱像定位定向，過程中透過三焦張量剔除自動匹配之誤匹配連結點。實驗結果顯示，兩實驗區所產製之DSM於不易變動區域精度經現有資料檢核均在±1m，而指南溪實驗區產製出地面解析度11公分的數值表面模型(Digital Surface Model, DSM)與正射熱像，且正射熱像平面精度達為47公分；小油坑實驗區產製出地面解析度14公分之DSM與正射熱像，正射熱像平面精度則為67公分，雖然DSM和正射熱像精度無法符合一般常規的測量規範，但成果仍然可以證明熱像直接產製DSM以及正射熱像之可行性，兩實驗區最後皆生成數值溫度表面模型(Digital Surface Temparature Model, DSTM)，顯示本研究所提方法之可行性，所生成之成果可供後續地溫研究使用。 / Thermal infrared images show the temperature change of sensed scenes. Therefore, thermal infrared camera can sense some important information that optical digital cameras cannot do for the environment monitoring. In this study, the Quadcopter UAS for thermal image collection applied to geothermal study will be developed. FIIR Tau 640 and Magnity Eletric XM6 thermal infrared sensor will be used in this thermal image collection system separately two test areas, Zhinan River nearby NCCU and Xiaoyoukeng, in the Yangmingshan National Park. Additionally, Trimble BD970 GNSS OEM board will be carried on the Quadcopter UAS to collect dual-frequency GNSS observations for determining the flying trajectory by Post-processed kinematic (PPK) technique to support the positioning and orientating of collected thermal images, and the trifocal tensor will be used to delete wrong matching tie images points. From the tests, the differences between produced DSM and existing DSM data are ± 1 m on uneasy change ground surface in two test areas. The resolution of produced DSM and thermal orthoimages are about 11 cm in Zhinan River, and 14cm in Xiaoyoukeng area. The accuracy of thermal orthoimages is 47cm in Zhinan River and 67cm in Xiaoyoukeng area. The accuracy of thermal orthoimages may not comply with a normal surveying standard, but it proves the possibility of DSM and orthorectifed thermal images generated from thermal images directly. Digital Surface Temparature Model (DSTM) produced in both tests can be used for volcanic geothermal monitoring in the future.