由於台灣公司因面臨有限的市場規模與資本市場發展程度不如歐美已開發國家，多角化可能是公司維持競爭力與增加獲利的一種主要方式。過去文獻主張多角化與代理問題有所關聯，著重探討多角化與績效的關係，但對於監理機制、多角化與績效的關係缺乏系統性的研究，本研究以代理理論為基礎，再以民國85年至90年的台灣上市公司為研究對象，挑選在研究期間進行新多角化活動(產業部門變動)的公司共133筆作為研究樣本，探討監理機制、多角化與短期績效的關係。此外，經由7家上市公司的個案訪談發現，多角化為長期性行為，績效於長期才能完全顯現出來，故不同於過去國內外文獻，本研究探討監理機制、多角化策略以及短期績效(133筆樣本)，中期績效(99筆樣本)與長期績效(54筆樣本)的關係。 本研究使用敘述性統計、變數相關分析、t檢定、複迴歸分析，以及聯立方程式來探討監理機制、多角化以及短期與長期績效的關係，主要實證發現有: 1.民國85至90年期間，多數多角化變動的公司集中在紡織業、化學業，以及營建業等傳統性產業，可能反映出這些產業處於成熟期產業，獲利有限，公司希望藉由多角化帶來新契機，達到成長的目標。此外，發現紡織業公司與多角化程度呈現顯著正相關。 2.公司規模愈大、成立時間愈久，多角化程度愈高；此外，公司負債比率愈高、研發比率愈高，則多角化程度愈低。 3.管理者股權在多角化變動後的年度顯著地下降，可能反映出管理者對於多角化產業的前景並不樂觀的一種表現，故在進行多角化活動的年度，立即出脫部分持股。 4.管理者股權比例與多角化程度呈現先負後正的非線性關係，管理者股權比例的轉折點大約發生在50%，實證結果與部分文獻(Denis, et al., 1997)一致。 5.機構投資人持股率與多角化程度呈現負相關，證實Pound (1988)的效率監督假說，也與過去文獻(Wright, et al., 2002)一致。 6.多角化程度與短期績效呈現顯著正相關，但與中期或長期績效，此種顯著正相關就逐漸消失，甚至轉為負相關(但不顯著)，即多角化效益有遞減的趨勢，實證發現與過去多數文獻結論(Berger與Ofek, 1995; Lang與Stulz, 1994；Lins與Servaes, 1999 )並不一致，本文試圖提出原因來詮釋實證發現。 7.非相關多角化程度愈高的公司有顯著較佳短期績效，但在中期或長期績效時，此種好績效就逐漸消失，甚至不再有較佳績效，結論與過去文獻(Jose, et al., 1986; Lubatkin與Rogers, 1989)不一致。 8.本文經由聯立方程式實證發現，管理者股權與多角化程度呈現顯著先負後正的非線性關係，且多角化程度也影響績效，即管理者股權可經由多角化來影響公司績效。 最後本研究針對上市公司與投資人提出建議，並提供後續研究的建議。 / Diversification is one major way for Taiwanese firms to maintain their competitiveness and enhance profitability when they are confronted with limited local market share and are in a less developed capital market. Past studies have asserted that decisions related to diversification are often associated with the agency problems. However, past studies have chiefly focused on exploring the relationship between diversification and performance, with less attention having been devoted to the relationship of governance mechanisms, diversification and performance. Based on previous studies, Taiwan obviously lacks external control mechanisms, which are quite widespread in western countries. Hence, this paper explored whether internal control mechanisms (equity ownership and the structure of the board of directors) can be valid ways to alleviate agency problems. This paper uses agency theory to examine the relationship between the governance mechanisms, corporate diversification, and firm performance of Taiwanese TSE-listed firms from 1996 to 2001. We respectively selected 133, 99, and 54 samples to explore the relationships between governance mechanisms, corporate diversification, and short-term, intermediate-term and long-term performance. The major empirical results are as: 1.Most diversification activities occurred in traditional industries, e.g. textile, chemistry and building industries. This may reflect that these industries are in the mature stage of the industrial cycle. Therefore, they have to achieve growth by seeking diversification in other industries. 2.Larger or older firms have higher level of diversification. Moreover, firms with higher debt ratio or RD ratio have lower level of diversification. 3.Managerial equity ownership declined significantly in the year of diversification activity. This may indicate that managers were not optimistic about their industry’s future prospects. 4.Our results clearly showed an U-shaped relationship between managerial equity ownership and level of diversification. The threshold point was at 50%, similar to that in prior studies. Moreover, diversification was found to be positively associated with short-term and intermediate-term performance (statistical significance has declined) and to be negatively associated with long-term performance. It showed that the benefits of diversification have decreased. Our findings are different from those of most previous studies. Some possible interpretations are discussed. 5.The level of diversification was negatively related to equity ownership of institutional investors, and this was confirmed by the Efficiency Monitoring Hypothesis by Pound (1988) and is consistent with prior studies. 6.In contrast to prior studies, firms with unrelated diversification have superior short-term performance. However, in the long-term, firm performance gradually declined. 7.By using simultaneous equations, we confirmed managerial equity ownership did affect firm performance through diversification. Future research directions and suggestions for Taiwanese-listed firms and investors are also discussed in the paper.

考量社會之發展與型態變遷，以及面對國內人口結構急遽老化，政府應建立一套完善的退休基金監理制度，以保障老年退休生活經濟安全。本研究借鏡國外政府基金監理組織之運作經驗，並由行政、法律、政治等面向，分析我國退休基金監理機制長期發展之情形，並進行統整性的規劃與周延性之探討，以找尋其最適合的監理模式，達到退休基金健全及永續發展之目的，進而滿足社會各界對其發展的價值期待。 本研究透過深度訪談之方式，共訪談政府機關代表2名、退休基金協會1名及專家學者4名。據本研究發現，我國退休基金監理組織型態、運作以及退休金制度上存在些許問題，如：獨立性缺乏、專業性不足、風險性過度集中…等。因此，本研究綜合文獻資料與訪談結果，歸納結論，且針對現有退休基金監理機制之問題，提出退休基金監理機制及其後續研究之相關建議，希冀改善我國退休基金監理機制所面臨之困境，並就我國退休基金監理機制之缺失或不足之處，提出建議及改善，以確保退休基金監理有效運作，保障退休人員權益。 / With the development of Taiwanese society, the pattern of social change, and the rapidly aging population in Taiwan, the Taiwanese government will need to create a comprehensive supervision mechanism for retirement funds to ensure citizen’s financial safety during retirement. The purpose of this research is to find the most suitable governmental supervision mechanism that can ensure retirement funds remain healthy and sustainable in the long-term, and can demonstrate to the public that this is a worthwhile endeavour. This research organises, analyses and discusses the operational experience of foreign governments with retirement funds and the long-term development of a supervision mechanism of such funds in Taiwan from an administrative, legal and political standpoint. For this research, in-depth interviews with two government representatives, a person from the Pension Fund Association and four specialists were conducted. It was identified that there are still some problems with the structure and operation of the supervision mechanism and of the Taiwanese pension system itself. Some example issues are the lack of independence and expertise, and excessive concentration of risk. By bringing together the learnings from the literature and interviews, this study offers suggestions on how to overcome the challenges that the current supervision mechanism of retirement funds faces and how to progress with future investigation. In addition, this research suggests methods to improve the aspects of the supervision mechanism that have been lacking or insufficient, hoping to ensure that it operates effectively to protect the rights of retired citizens.

台灣位處環太平洋地震帶，為全球地震風險潛勢較高的地區之一；因台灣高科技產業蓬勃發展，地震保險需求殷切，再加上開放保險費率自由化的政策及金控效應，趨使保險業間競爭白熱化，惡性價格競爭及保險經紀人的推波助瀾，保險公司的清償能力面臨重大考驗。 台灣在保險監理方面如同日本、美國採行風險基礎資本額（RBC）制度，惟國際間位處高度地震風險潛勢之國家大都另建立一套地震保險監理機制，以確保保險公司的巨災準備金足以支付回歸期地震所造成的損失，其中以美國加州及加拿大政府均採用地震保險PML申報制度作為地震保險監理之依據最值得台灣學習。 地震保險PML評估可採用CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表計算或採用認許的地震風險評估電腦軟體推估獲得，實施的關鍵為主管機關應建立具有公信力的CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表。本文特就二種評估方式的利弊做深入的比較分析，並藉由地震風險評估軟體的架構說明影響地震保險PML的因素與權重，作為保險公司落實地震風險管理之依據。 本研究參考Solvency II的三大支柱提出建立地震保險監理機制之結論與建議如下： 1.鼓勵建立保險公司的地震風險管理機制。 2.公佈CRESTA Zone平均損失幅度表，作為保險公司地震保險PML申報依據，以落實產物保險業之地震保險監理機制。 3.依據保險公司申報資料，提供保險主管機關實施差異化管理之依據。 4.主動揭露經營績效、強化保險市場紀律，建立公平合理的經營環境。 期待藉由建立適當的地震保險監理機制，減輕或消弭產物保險市場面臨自由化的惡性價格競爭與保險經營面的不合理現象，進而達到健全保險經營環境、促進保險業長期穩定發展，並確保社會大眾之保險權益的目標。 關鍵詞：地震保險監理機制、地震保險PML、巨災準備金、風險基礎資本額、地震風險評估軟體 / Located at the Pacific Rim earthquake zone, Taiwan has been recognized as one of the severe seismic hazard areas in the world. With the bloom of high tech industry in the past two decades, the demand of earthquake insurance has been considerably increasing. However, along with the liberalization of insurance market, the new business model of financial holdings and the expanding influence from international brokers, insurance companies’ solvency capacity has been significantly challenged. Taiwanese Government, same as Japan and U.S., adopts Risk-Based Capital (RBC) method in insurance supervision, while most countries with high earthquake potential have set up independent earthquake insurance supervision systems to ensure insurers’ earthquake reserves capable to compensate the huge earthquake losses. Among all the measures, the PML reporting system adopted by Canada and the State of California to regulate and trace insurance companies’ financial statuses could be an adequate paradigm for Taiwan. The PML estimation could be obtained either using computer models or following default mean damage ratio table. This research compares the strength and weakness between these two methods, and presents the importance of parameters and key points in earthquake insurance management. Based on the three pillars of Solvency II, the conclusions and recommendations of this paper are: (1)Encourage insurance companies to build up the earthquake risk management mechanism; (2)Establish the official default mean damage ratio table for PML reporting system; (3)Adopt differential supervision practice to different level insurance companies; (4)Promote the self-disclosure of key business information and enhance market discipline. Establishing a sound earthquake insurance supervision system would not only ease the immoderate low-price competition but the whole insurance environment could also be stabilized and improved. It will ultimately achieve the objective to insure society liability and benefit the public as well. Keywords: Earthquake Insurance, Earthquake Model, Catastrophic Risk Management, Insurance Supervision, Risk-Based Capital, CRESTA Zone, PML