1 |
管制措施解除後對旅行業之衝擊與影響張耀宗, ZHANG, YAO-ZONG Unknown Date (has links)
本論文首先透過觀光市場特性來談旅行業發展之概況,由於旅行業者所銷售旳乃屬無
形性商品,是故容易因資訊不對稱引發若干弊端,政府為此採取數次管制措施,希望
能藉此規範輔導業者間之競爭行為。然因旅行業本身之管理制度尚未健全,因而管制
措施仍引發靠行等若干問題。政府鑑於國內外觀光人口逐漸提昇,以及經濟之快速成
長,於是在民國七十七年元月一日起全面開放旅行社執照申請,希望能透過自由市場
的負性競爭,進而使觀光事業蓬勃發展與提昇國人旅遊品質。
於是本文乃使用民國76年至78年由觀光區普查所得之資料,希望藉由r 「結構--行為
--績效」產業經濟學理論之模型來探討管制措施解除後,旅行業市場結構改變對業者
績效之影響。此外,並參酌觀光客透過消基會對旅行業糾紛之多寡,了解旅遊品質是
否真正透過管制措施的解除而提高。
研究結果發現,經由旅行業財劮結構、資產規模、薪資成本及廣告支出額等因素進行
分析,結果發現旅行業者因市場競爭之淚烈而使經營效率有改善。然而,觀光客對旅
行業者之糾紛件數卻因產業體質之不佳而惡化,但其在七十七年以後,其惡化程度有
減緩跡象。由此可見牌照管制措施之解除能促進整個旅行業者的經營效率,但仍需政
府、業者及消費者共同努力,如此旅遊品質才會提高。
|
2 |
食品輸入管理與WTO/SPS協定規範合致性之研究-以我國針對日本輸入食品輻射管制措施為中心 / A Study on Food Import Regulation and its Consistency of SPS Agreement under WTO: Focusing on Taiwan’s Regulatory Response to the Radioactivity in Japanese Food Products黃馨葳 Unknown Date (has links)
由於全球貿易自由化,食品的流通也漸趨便利。各國為避免或減少因食品貿易流通而導致外來動植物疫病蟲害入侵、或蔓延之機會,及防範食品、飲料或飼料中之添加物、污染物等的潛在風險,以保護境內國民及動植物的生命或健康,及維護自然生態環境,會對進口食品採取相關規範與措施。當會員基於主權制定相關措施時,可能會因這些措施對於貿易活動之限制性效果,而損及其他會員在WTO下之貿易利益,因而會造成其他國家的關切,甚至訴諸WTO爭端解決機制。
本文將介紹國際間常受其他會員關切的食品管制措施類型,主要以在WTO SPS委員會之會議上受到關切,或當事國向WTO提出控告的個案,來進行探討。藉由個案研究,以從中了解WTO重要條文及所涉議題之內涵與重要原則,並作為我國對進口食品管制措施管理之借鏡。我國自2002年加入WTO後,進口食品的值與量明顯增加,我國食品輸入管理機制也越顯重要。自2011年3月11日福島核災發生,大量放射性物質外洩對整體環境、人類及生物健康造成危害,故各國紛紛對日本食品實施管制程度不等的進口管制措施,以防止遭到輻射汙染之食品輸入。我國自日本輸入食品種類與數量皆甚多,因此亦對日本食品採取特定管制措施。針對此我國此管制措施,本文將以國際經貿法的觀點,依據 WTO協定中與檢驗措施密切相關的SPS協定規範、過往案例之裁決及相關文獻,分析我國針對日本輸入食品輻射管制措施之適法性,並判斷該措施將來是否存在遭非難之可能,希冀能對於我國日後政策走向提供一實質性之參考及展望。 / Global trade in agricultural and food products has grown rapidly in recent decades, with countries becoming more engaged in cross-border trade, whether as exporters or importers. All countries maintain measures to ensure that imported food is safe for consumers, and to prevent the spread of pests or diseases among animals and plants. These sanitary and phytosanitary measures can take many forms, such as requiring products to come from a disease-free area, inspection of products, specific treatment or processing of products. Sanitary and phytosanitary measures, by their very nature, may result in restrictions on trade.
After the March 11, 2011 earthquake and tsunami damaged the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan, radiation was released into the environment near the plant. Growing concerns over radiation cause several countries, such as Korea and China to impose restrictions on the import of Japanese products. Taiwan, one of Japan's key food export markets, also imposed regulations in order to secure the safety of people. However, in 2015 Japan has filed a dispute against Korea at the World Trade Organization (WTO) over import restrictions that Japan found the measures inappropriate and against the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS Agreement). It also demonstrats that countries which impose import restrictions could be facing international adjudication through the WTO. Therefore, this essay staying with the view of international trade law, in particular the SPS Agreement under WTO, tries to analyze the consistency of Taiwan’s import regulations on Japanese Food Products with the rules and norms of the WTO in order to assess the legitimaticy of Taiwan’s trade policy.
|
Page generated in 0.0209 seconds