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中央統籌分配稅款之模擬分析鄭閔華 Unknown Date (has links)
壹、研究緣起
一、研究目的
近兩年來,直轄市長及縣市長為了中央統籌分配稅款的分配比率,針峰相對,互不相讓。造成中央統籌分配稅款的爭議,主要原因是財政部保證北高兩直轄市原有稅課收入不會因為財政收支劃分法修正而減少,造成其他縣市政府的自主財源增加有限,以致於中央統籌分配稅款無法達到水平調整的功能,對於化解各地方政府財政水平不均的效果有限。本文的主要目的,即是針對北高兩直轄市及台灣省二十一縣市政府的財政狀況進行模擬分析,以便研擬一套各地方政府都可適用的統一化及標準化的統籌分配公式,並探討新的分配辦法對地方財政自主的影響程度,觀察其是否真能有助於改善財政上的水平不均,平衡各地方政府的財政差距,達成中央統籌分配稅款最初設置的目的-「求均」。
二、研究方法
本文首先回顧國內外有關補助款及統籌分配稅款之研究文獻,其次說明中央統籌分配稅款現行規定及分配辦法,再來為了對中央統籌分配稅款建構一套統一化標準化的分配公式,將利用各級地方的財政資料,進行統計分析,其實施步驟如下:(一)從擴充財源規模談起,以現行的國稅項目為主,探討合適的財源,並模擬分析之;(二)依據財政需要、財政能力、財政努力及營業額等因子,考量各種分配指標及權數後,研擬一套具統一性、標準性、透明性及穩定性的分配公式;(三)模擬分配情況並檢視其效果;(四)將擬議中的新制度與現行制度做一比較。
貳、結論
一、在財劃法修正前,我國各地方政府即已存在著相當嚴重的財政水平不均,在財劃法修正後,各縣市自治地位雖隨著精省的確立而獲得提昇,但其財政地位並沒有獲得相同程度的提昇。
二、隨著財源規模的擴增,各地方政府的財政自主比例會跟著提高,但如果以現行的分配比例進行分配,各地方政府間的財政水平不均會持續加大,由此可看出,現行的分配比例極為不公平,須從改革現行分配公式著手。
三、從不同的分配指標及分配權數研擬四組不同的分配公式,並結合三種財源方案,可得知改制後的各種分配公式都能進一步縮小直轄市與各縣市間的財政水平不均。
四、將擬議中的新制度與現行制度做一比較可看出,以方案三下的公式二最為可行。其中北高兩直轄市所分配的統籌款,是與現行制度差距最小的,應可為北高兩直轄市所接受,使擬議中的新制度得以順利推動。
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台灣中央統籌分配稅款對財政努力影響之研究 / A Research of the Influence of Distribution Regulations for Centrally-Allotted Tax revenues on Regional Efforts in Taiwan隆易君, Lung,Yi Chun Unknown Date (has links)
近年來地方財政困難已成眾所關注焦點,當前地方財政困難原因,主要在於實質收入無法配合支出成長,致財政收支差短擴增;且難以稅課收入劃分調整全面解決地方財政問題;在整體財政收入不足,中央財政同屬困難,對地方財政支援受限狀況下,要解決財政困難問題,鼓勵地方財政努力是相當重要的關鍵。
目前有關財政努力的文獻,大多著重於財政努力指標之估測及衡量,而有關分配稅款的文獻則大多著重於分配比例、公式之設計,至於分配稅款對財政努力的影響,目前尚無實證研究論述。本研究以台北市、高雄市及台灣21縣市為研究對象,追蹤資料年度為2001年至2005年;搭配最小平方估計式模型(Ordinary Least Squares, OLS)的估計,探討分配稅款現制對地方「財政努力」的影響。實證結果,分配稅款、財政能力及補助協助收入與財政努力呈顯著負向影響,自有財源則與財政努力呈顯著正向影響;在區域之虛擬變數方面,北區、中區及南區相較於東區而言,與財政努力呈顯著正向影響,至時間之虛擬變數實證結果顯示,2001年、2003年、2004年及2005年相較於2002年而言,與財政努力呈顯著負向影響。 / The origin of the fiscal difficulties of local governments in Taiwan in recent years lies mainly in the fact that revenue has been unable to match the growth of expenditure. It is not possible to adjust the proportion of tax revenue and the central government can only provide limited aid as it is in the same fiscal position as that of the local governments. The key measure in solving the problem is to encourage local governments to tackle their financial problems themselves.
Most of the studies of fiscal efforts in this area focus either on the measurement and evaluation of indexes which indicate the extent of the efforts which have been made or how to design a formula to calculate the allotment in the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues. Up to this point, there has been no research on the influence of regulations governing the distribution of centrally-allotted tax revenues on fiscal efforts in Taiwan.
This research uses data collected for the years from 2001 to 2005 and applies the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) statistical model to explore how the current allocation system influences the fiscal effort of local governments.
The results show that there is a negative relationship between the use of centrally-allotted tax revenues, the fiscal ability of the local government, and the general subsidies provided by the central government in comparison with the fiscal efforts of local governments and a positive relationship between revenue derived from local governments in comparison with such efforts. Also, the use of the dummy variable of regions shows a significantly positive relationship for the northern, central, and southern regions when compared with the eastern region and the use of the dummy variable of time shows a significantly negative relationship for the years 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005 when compared with the year 2002.
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中央與地方府際衝突之研究 / The Research on Conflicts between Central and Local Governments高美莉, Kao, Mei Li Unknown Date (has links)
1999年地方制度法施行以來,地方極力爭取自主權,中央與地方自治團體間衍生多次衝突,爭議之層面涵括地方財政權、立法權及人事權等地方自治核心領域。針對中央地方衝突,司法院大法官作出多號解釋,惟並未定紛止爭,突顯出建立中央地方衝突解決機制之必要性。
本論文選擇五個衝突個案,分別是財政衝突的統籌分配稅款及地方積欠健保政府補助款;立法衝突之行動電話基地台自治條例牴觸案及台北市里長延選案;人事權衝突之縣市警察局長任免案。先以府際關係理論進行鉅觀分析,分析其府際關係網絡圖,突顯其網絡利害關係人,如何進行聯合或對抗。次以賽局理分論析中央地方之賽局策略選擇過程,進而賽局及報酬模擬分析。
期望透過各類型中央地方府際衝突個案研究,提出解決下列問題。一、釐清中央地方府際衝突之影響因素?二、究竟何為中央地方權限爭議解決機制?三、台灣府際衝突之關係網絡圖像為何?四、府際衝突賽局中之博奕過程模式為何?
本研究提出四項結論。一、法律與制度變遷與府際衝突交互運作影響;二、政黨對立為府際係衝突最關鍵影響因素;三、建立多元之協調解決機制,為解決府際衝突之有效措施。四、提出全觀型府際賽局理論,以詮釋我國府際關係衝突現象。
本研究並提出五項建議,有助於未來我國府際關係正向發展,一、釐清府際衝突深層網絡關係結構,二、擴大跨域合作府際關係,三、追求中央與地方府際之最適效益,四、邁向多層次之地方治理,五、體認「地方自治為憲法制度性保障」之真諦。 / Since the Local Government Act enacted in 1999, local governments strive for local autonomy; therefore some supervisory conflicts aroused between central and local government. Those conflicts related to law autonomous enactment, finance autonomous rights and personnel rights. Despite Judicial Interpretation No.550 and 553 had review above conflicts, disputes still remained unsolved, which proclaimed the importance of constructing the reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts.
This study tries to analyze five conflict cases including tax redistribution fund, premium of National Health Insurance, cellular phone base management local act, the prolonged election of Taipei li-chairman and incumbency of police bureau chief.
Four conclusions are drawn as below, first, legal and system change will affect the IGR conflicts mutually. Second, parties antagonism is a crucial factor for IGR conflicts. Third, multi reconciliatory mechanism of conflicts would be efficient, a holistic game theory could interpret those conflicts.
The last chapter proposes recommendations such as to clarify the IGR networks structure, broaden the cross-boundary cooperation, pursuit the optimal payoffs, work towards a multi-level governance and comprehend the core meaning of “local autonomy as a system assurance”.
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