安德魯˙馬維爾的詩中經常出現花園，這一特殊的藝術形式為自然與工藝的結合。關於園藝對自然的影響，馬維爾的看法一直以來被視為相當矛盾的。為了釐清馬維爾以何標準去判定園丁是破壞自然，還是修復自然，本論文擬以十七世紀關於園藝的文章，去探究馬維爾在《花園》、《鋤草者對上花園》和《論艾波頓莊園》詩中對於園藝對自然的影響的看法。 本論文共分為四章，第一章回顧評論，以及整理十七世紀關於園藝的文章中所呈現的議題。第二章討論《鋤草者對上花園》詩中鋤草者如何批評園藝，並闡明鋤草者在批評園藝時，是否反對工藝家改變自然和扮演上帝的角色。第三章討論《花園》和《論艾波頓莊園》詩中馬維爾如何讚美園藝，並闡明馬維爾在讚美園藝時，是否提倡工藝家應整理自然並重建樂園。最後，第四章總結全文，結合鋤草者和馬維爾對園藝的看法，並加以衍伸評論馬維爾對於工藝對自然的影響的整體看法。本文希望藉由探討馬維爾在《花園》、《鋤草者對上花園》和《論艾波頓莊園》詩中對於園藝對自然的影響的看法，能夠證明馬維爾對於工藝對自然的影響的看法並不矛盾。 / The garden, as a distinctive type of architectural art based upon nature, recurs in Andrew Marvell’s poetry and Marvell’s attitude toward the influence of art on nature in the garden has been considered quite ambivalent. To clarify how Marvell decides whether the gardener is impairing or repairing nature, this thesis proposes to study the influences of gardening on nature in “The Garden,” “The Mower Against Gardens,” and “Upon Appleton House” by examining how the gardener’s tasks in the poems are interpreted in the seventeenth-century treatises on horticulture. This thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One reviews critical opinions and introduces the seventeenth-century treatises on horticulture that we will consult. Chapter Two concentrates on the Mower’s criticism of gardening in “The Mower Against Gardens.” In this chapter, we will examine the gardener’s tasks and explore whether artists should change nature and imitate God in the Mower’s view. Chapter Three concentrates on Marvell’s admiration for gardening in “The Garden” and “Upon Appleton House.” In this chapter, we will examine the gardener’s tasks and explore whether artists should organize nature and recreate paradise in Marvell’s view. Finally, the last chapter will conclude by showing how the Mower’s opinions and Marvell’s opinions about gardening complement each other, and commenting on Marvell’s attitude toward the influence of art on nature in general. It is hoped that an exploration of the influences of gardening on nature in “The Garden,” “The Mower Against Gardens,” and “Upon Appleton House” will clarify Marvell’s attitude toward gardening as well as his attitude toward art and nature and show that Marvell’s attitude is not as ambivalent as it appears.

本文旨在從語法及語句處理的觀點探討中文關係子句中接應代詞(resumptive pronouns) 的現象。在語法上，本研究認為中文的接應代詞屬於詞基生成 (base-generated) 元素而非句法變項 (syntactic variables) 。接應代詞的出現受限於派生簡約原則 (derivational economy) 及合法度 (grammaticality) 的要求，唯有當間隙型關係子句 (gap relatives) 為非法時，接應代詞才是必要的；在其他情況下，接應代詞在中文裡為選擇性的策略之一。在語句處理上，本研究施測了三份合法度問卷並進行了兩項線上閱讀測驗。合法度的判別及線上的閱讀反應時間顯示，接應代詞之所以不被喜歡是因為接應代詞本身會引發花園路徑效果 (garden path effect) (在此為主要子句假象 (main-clause illusion) 的形成)。然而，接應代詞在間隙型關係子句為非法或引發花園路徑效果 (在此為重建困難 (difficult reconstruction) 所造成) 時卻變得較受喜愛。當間隙型關係子句涉及到複雜結構或複雜語句處理領域 (在此指的是重建複雜 (intricate reconstruction) ) 時，中文母語使用者並不會偏好使用間隙(gap)或是接應代詞來形成關係子句。這些研究結果意味著中文接應代詞不僅受限於合法度的要求，也受制於語句可處理性 (processability) 的程度，亦即有無受到花園路徑效果所影響。 / This thesis examines resumptive pronouns in Chinese relative clauses from the perspectives of grammar and processing. In the grammar, it is claimed in this research that resumptives in Chinese are base-generated pronouns rather than syntactic variables. Their occurrence can be predicted via derivational economy and grammaticality. Resumptives in Chinese are obligatory only when the gap relatives are ungrammatical. Otherwise, resumptives are optional. As for processing, three grammaticality judgments and two on-line self-paced reading tasks were conducted. The grammaticality judgments and the on-line reading times show that resumptives were dispreferred because they induced a garden-path effect (the main-clause illusion). However, resumptives became preferred when the gap relatives resulted in ungrammaticality or led to a garden path, thus inducing the difficulty of reconstruction. There was no preference for gaps or resumptives when the gap relatives involved complex structures or complicated processing domains (the intricate reconstruction). These results suggest that resumptives in Chinese are related not only to the issue of grammaticality but also to that of the processability (i.e. the garden-path effect).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第19944号 / 文博第722号 / 新制||文||638(附属図書館) / 33040 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科文献文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 平田 昌司, 教授 木津 祐子, 准教授 緑川 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

男性長期掌握並支配規劃空間的權力，忽略了兩性在生活經驗上的差異，使女性公平享有空間的權利受到剝奪。近年來由於女性社會地位的提升、女權運動的出現，要求重視女性在規劃中地位的聲音逐漸浮現。女權者認為女性若想改變在規劃中的弱勢地位，除了消極的批判外，更應積極自我賦權，以行動主動介入環境規劃。 但是父權體制經過長年的發展，早已在社會中構成牢不可破的網絡，婦女若僅憑個人力量，很難在父權統治下爭取規劃權力，利用婦運團體方式進行規劃體制的改革確有其必要性。榮星花園改造案即為主婦聯盟以集體形式參與社區空間改造的賦權行為，因此本文希望藉由分析主婦聯盟的參與動機、過程與結果，了解台灣婦運團體自我賦權行動所帶來的行動效益。 根據分析結果，主婦聯盟參與社區環境改造的行為，對促成婦女成長、提升社區意識頗有貢獻，但在改善婦女規劃地位的成效卻不如預期。首先，主婦聯盟並未提出真正屬於女性的規劃訴求，僅是為男造環境提出女性角度的改造建議；在面對地區環境改造計畫的缺失時，主婦聯盟也只停留在消極批評，而非展開改革行動的階段，從這些分析結果來看，主婦聯盟並未完成真正的賦權行為。 造成主婦聯盟參與困境的基本原因，包括主婦聯盟並未思索「女性經驗」與「女性空間需要」的定義，在規劃過程中，也未採多元化的發聲方式，以致無法取得真正的女性經驗。此外，在本案例中，主婦聯盟在政治參與及團體定位上，都出現了激進與溫和性格的兩相矛盾，使得主婦聯盟在面對女性規劃困境時，失去了婦運團體應具備的組織力量。因此，主婦聯盟應重新思考女性的發聲方式、及其對女性經驗的定義，並在團體定位上進行抉擇，在政治參與上貫徹自我賦權的行為，婦女才有獲得平等規劃權與建立女性認識論的可能性。

本文以兩個眼動閱讀實驗探討語意訊息 (semantic cues) 和句法訊息 (syntactic cues) 如何在中文關係子句的處理中運作及交互作用。實驗一旨在研究兩種動詞與論元之間的合理性關係 (plausibility) 是否會影響讀者理解不同結構的關係子句。結果顯示，當兩個論元都是合理施事者 (agent) 時，論旨角色的指派 (thematic roles) 有歧義，較難理解；而當只有一個論元是合理的施事者時，讀者趨向指派正確的論旨角色，且較快整合句法上的困難。此外，因中文句法結構特殊，讀者在關係詞之前就處理主語關係子句 (subject relative clauses) 的歧義，在主要動詞上則會遇到賓語關係子句 (object relative clauses) 的理解困難。此發現解決了Hsiao & Gibson (2003) 和 Lin (2006) 的歧見，證明中文讀者在不同位置會遇到不一樣的困難。實驗二所關注的語意訊息為論元的生命性 (animacy)，關係子句中的兩個論元分屬有生命的 (animate) 及無生命的 (inanimate) 名詞。結果發現論旨角色的指派和生命性相互關聯，有生命性的論元較傾向當施事者，而無生命的論元傾向當受事者。讀者仍在關係詞之前遇到主語關係子句的理解困難，但在主要動詞，讀者主要依循生命性的引導來指派論旨角色，句法訊息的影響並不顯著。因此語意訊息在中文的語句處理扮演重要的角色，結果大致上與Traxler (2002)的研究相符。讀者同時受到當下的句法訊息以及語意訊息影響，在不同的位置會遇到不一樣的歧義性，而產生花園路徑效果 (garden-path effect)。 / Two eye movement experiments were conducted to investigate how semantic cues and syntactic structural cues function and interact in Mandarin Chinese relative clause (RC) processing. Mandarin Chinese is unique in combining head-final RCs with a VO basic order (Dryer, 1992, 2003) and also in relying solely on word order as structural cues, without case marking or agreement. However, Mandarin Chinese still preserves flexibility in word order that is motivated by pragmatics. Semantic cues, including the plausibility of the argument-verb relation and argument animacy within RCs, may be crucial to sentence processing in Mandarin Chinese. Experiment 1 aims to examine whether the meaning of the verb allowing only one of the two animate arguments to be a plausible agent may lead to reduction of ORC difficulty (cf. Traxler, 2002). The results showed that the plausibility effects were robust at the head noun and the main verb. A bias of thematic role assignment in the irreversible relation leads readers to correct interpretations, while the reversible relation does not elicit such a bias. The results also solved the discrepancy between the two previous studies (Hsiao and Gibson, 2003 & Lin, 2006) by unveiling a dynamic process in which readers encounter diverse ambiguities at different positions for different structures. Chinese readers disambiguate SRCs earlier due to their non-canonical word order and have trouble integrating the main verb in ORCs owing to perspective shifting. The interaction between plausibility and RC type on re-reading rate suggested that plausibility cues were used to solve syntactic ambiguity. Experiment 2 manipulated contrastive argument animacy in order to investigate whether thematic role assignment correlates with animacy. The results confirmed the hypothesis that while animate entities bias towards agent roles, inanimate ones incline towards patient roles (c.f., Valin & LaPolla, 1997). Besides, inanimate entities are conceptually less accessible than animate ones. Contrastive animacy shows its impact on syntactic processing with robust interactions at different positions. The findings of interactions between semantic cues and RC types in two experiments suggest that semantic cues play an important role in Chinese relative clause processing. Semantic plausibility and argument animacy can influence the process of thematic role assignment. The semantic cues that accord with the biases of thematic role assignment then would ease the syntactic ambiguities. Not only syntactic cues but also semantic cues are utilized by readers in sentence comprehension. In this thesis, the eye movement data provide clear evidence indicating that readers solve various temporary ambiguities syntactically and semantically at different positions of the sentence with relative clauses.