本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。 在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。 因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。 另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。 / This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models. Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities. Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin. In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.

長久以來，序列式詞彙處理模式以及互動式詞彙處理模式經常爭論孰為合理的語誤生成模型。這份研究企圖利用心理學實證角度探究此議題。原屬於心理學範疇的史楚普技術(1935)或可提供語言學多方面的視角，尤其在我們處理顏色詞彙時詞彙譯碼歷程上與視覺表徵之間的關係。因此我們試圖將此經典心理學技術轉化成宜於語言學研究的語誤誘發實驗。藉由控制變項間的語音近似度，創制了四項實驗，分別是：顏色唸名實驗、顏色誦讀實驗、史楚普唸名實驗、同音詞唸名實驗。結果顯示，即便受試者對語音近似度並未在單項實驗中產生語誤數量與反應時間的差異，但它在不同實驗任務之間卻誘使受試者產生不一樣的反應結果，包括數量上及時間上的顯著差異。 此外，我們針對語誤，分析其與目標字之間的關係，研判部分音韻效應是否對詞彙處理網絡造成顯著影響。結果顯示，史楚普效應、音韻結構、音法限制以及聲調效應在語誤數量中均出現顯著的生成量；音節首、韻部以及母音則並未出現顯著效應。史楚普技術除了在語誤證據中為文字閱讀提供自動化效應的解釋外，也讓我們看到音韻效應在不同視覺任務指派中產生顯著差異的結果。如此看來，互動式模型提供了較為簡潔的解釋。來自二元視覺刺激(視覺色彩與顏色詞)的詞彙競爭，該框架可以合理提供理論基礎，並解釋不同視覺任務之間音韻關係依存度的不同。 另一方面，我們亦援引同樣技術設計出以音韻單位為導向的唸名實驗，討論語言輸出前規劃單位之議題。我們發現，僅含聲調的音節以及無聲調的音節可在詞彙網絡中做為語言規劃之心理處理單位，促進詞彙處理效能。其他單位如音節首、介音、母音、韻尾、聲調則無法出現顯著效應。同時亦於實驗中發現，中文聲調於規劃階段時，應是屬於詞彙結構上的聲調，而非純粹的聲韻調。 / Serial-ordering model and interactive processing model have long been discussed as whether people process languages in a sequential level of processing or the consequence of levels interacting altogether by looking at speech errors. Stroop technique (1935) in psychology could give linguistics some insights on the relation between lexical encoding and visual representation when people process colors. We tried to adapt this classical psychological experiment for an experiment of speech error elicitation. By means of controlling the phonological similarity, we created four experiments: color naming, color reading, Stroop naming, and homophonous naming tasks. The result first showed that even though phonological similarity did not induce significant difference in error amount and response time within single task, it still caused significant difference in these results among these tasks. Second, after analyzing the linguistic relation between targets and speech errors, we found that Stroop effect, syllable structure, phonotactic regularity, and tone induced apparent effects in error generation, while initial, rhyme, and vowel did not. Stroop effect not only provided the evidence from speech errors where character representation was an autonomous mechanism in lexical process, but also provided a fact that phonological effect would impacted differently on amount of error according to the type of visual task. It seems that interactive account could help explain the result easily, as the competition from dual visual inputs could be given a theoretical basis to account for the phonological dependency according to certain visual task which subjects were assigned to. Finally, we also discussed the issue of advanced planning unit in lexical process. In the shared unit task with Stroop technique, we found that only the units of tonal syllable and bare syllable could serve as possible planning units in lexical network, and tone in Chinese should be attributed to a type of lexical tone in planning, rather than a pure phonological tone. To sum up, the purpose of the study attempts to provide empirical evidence to examine the above issues.

送氣與非送氣的對比是台灣華語塞音及塞擦音之特性。為討論送氣的議題，本篇論文透過語音實驗，從兩方面來探討：其一為嗓音起始時間(voice onset time)，另一則為語誤的方向性(directionality)及標記 (markedness)。 本研究有兩個實驗，皆以四字非詞為實驗材料。實驗一為語誤實驗，此實驗結合繞口令以及立即回想的方法來誘發語誤；實驗二則為嗓音起始時間實驗，只讓受試者回想，並未結合繞口令。這兩個實驗的設計由於受到中文本身音韻限制及詞彙空缺的限制，韻母使用了單母音(V)及韻母(VG或GV)兩種形式，因此實驗二亦將母音對子音數值的影響之比較結果納入討論。 嗓音起始時間實驗的結果顯示，使用四字非詞並結合回想作為實驗內容所測量出的數值與前人使用實詞所測量出的數值並無太大不同，並支持送氣子音的數值較非送氣子音的大。此外，塞音的研究結果支持Cho & Ladefoged (1999)所提出的原則，也就是塞音除阻的位置若越後面，則其數值會越大；若將塞音的數值套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)的分類，則中文的非送氣塞音確為非送氣子音，而送氣塞音的數值則介於稍微送氣及送氣子音之間。塞擦音的研究結果若如Lai (2013)般套用Cho & Ladefoged (1999)之原則，則會發現送氣塞擦音符合此原則，但非送氣塞擦音卻非如此。另外，子音後接的母音或韻母亦會影響子音之嗓音起始時間。研究結果顯示當大部份子音後接單母音時，子音之嗓音起始時間較長；研究結果亦指出當子音後接的為單母音[a]或以[a]開頭的韻母時，子音的嗓音起始時間會較接其他母音如[u], [i], [ow]時短。 語誤實驗的結果顯示，除了[k], [kh]有以有標送氣塞音取代無標非送氣塞音的情形外，其他組塞音及所有塞擦音皆無以有標送氣子音取代無標非送氣子音(反之亦然)的情形。就方向性而言，研究結果顯示語誤來源出現在語誤之前(perseveration)的方向性顯著最多。 / The contrast of aspiration is one of the characteristics of stops and affricates in Taiwan Mandarin. Through the conduction of two phonological experiments, we discuss the issue of aspiration from two aspects: one is from voice onset time (VOT), and the other one from directionality and markedness of speech errors. Non-word quadruple sets were used in both two experiments. The first experiment was speech errors, which combined tongue twister and immediate recall to induce speech errors; the second experiment was voice onset time, which only had the subjects to recall. Due to the limitation of phonological ill-form and lexical gaps, the rhymes of the two experiments had two forms, V and VG/GV; as a result, how vowels affected the VOT of stops and affricates were also discussed. The findings of the second experiment (voice onset time) showed that the VOT measured by using non-word quadruple set was similar to the VOT measured by using real words as stimuli, and the findings also indicated that the VOT of the aspirated consonants was longer than that of the unaspirated ones. In terms of the results of the stops, they supported the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) that the duration of VOT has a further back relationship with the closure; furthermore, the categories proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) were applied onto the results, it showed that Mandarin unaspirated stops were indeed unaspirated consonants, and the aspirated stops fell between slightly aspirated and aspirated consonants. The findings of the aspirated stops, if applied the principle proposed by Cho & Ladefoged (1999) like Lai (2013), revealed that aspirated affricates supported the principle, yet the unaspirated ones did not. Regarding the influence of vowels on the VOT, it was found that when the succeeding vowel was a single vowel [a] or rhymes beginning with [a], the VOT of the stops and the affricates would be shorter. The findings of the first experiment (speech errors) indicated that with regard to the stops, the aspirated velar stop tended to replace the unaspirated counterpart, while for the other stops, the probability for marked aspirated stops to replace unmarked unaspirated ones or vice versa was of the same. With regard to the directionality of speech errors, the findings showed that perseverations significantly outnumbered anticipations and exchange.