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University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

這篇論文主要是探討漢語中反身動詞的語言現象。根據反身動詞的及物性，分成不及物反身動詞和及物反身動詞兩類。 不及物反身動詞的主語含有兩種論旨角色的特性，也就是動作者和受事者。在詞彙照映理論的規範下，此篇論文主張，不及物反身動詞的主語是由一個組合性的論旨角色照映而來。此外，此一組合性的論旨角色帶有一個[-r]的特徵，藉此界定不及物反身動詞是一種述格動詞。這個結論是根基於對不及物反身動詞的句法行為、語意特性、和事件結構的觀察。 至於及物反身動詞的語言現象，此篇論文在此類動詞的詞項中規定以下的特性。第一:、及物反身動詞帶有一個主語和一個句補語。第二、此句補語含有一個指涉主要主語的照應詞。第三、詞項中包含一個照應詞約束等式來描述這個照應詞本身的分佈、以及此照應詞如何經由某些路徑找其前行詞。 / The goal of this thesis is to explore the linguistics phenomena of reflexive verbs in Mandarin. The reflexive verbs are classified into two classes in terms of their subcategorization frame. The first is intransitive reflexive verbs such as zi-sha 'to commit suicide' and the second is transitive reflexive verbs such as zi-ren 'to think of oneself as'. The former has the meaning to do to oneself, and the latter the meaning to assert something about oneself. In addition, the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar is applied to describe the observed phenomena. The intransitive reflexive verbs, such as zi-sha 'to commit suicide', and zi-fen 'to burn oneself, are formed with a reflexive morpheme zi- 'self and a root verb. They are complex predicates in the sense that their semantics is compositional. It is evidently that some of these reflexive verbs can occur in the context where the unaccusative verbs can occur. On the other hand, the subject of these reflexive verbs possesses some agent properties. To account for the fact that the subject of intransitive reflexive verbs possesses patient properties as well as agent properties, we propose a morpholexical operation of lexical binding and assert that the Mandarin intransitive reflexive verbs are unaccusative verbs. In the morpholexical operation, the subject of the reflexive verbs is mapped from a composite role which has a [-r] feature showing the unaccusative status of the verbs. This operation is data-driven and based on the observation of the syntactic behavior of reflexive verbs, calculation of thematic properties of the subject of reflexive verbs, and the event structure of reflexive verbs. The present analysis offers additional evidence to support the idea that the distinction between thematic roles is not discrete and the thematic distinction between unaccusative and unergative is that of a continuum. The transitive reflexive verbs in Mandarin Chinese, which are formed with the reflexive prefix zi- 'self' and a transitive verb, subcategorize for a sentential complement instead of a nominal object. These reflexive verbs require their subject to bind with a certain grammatical function within the sentential complement. Thedata selected from the Sinica Corpus show the following facts. First, the embedded subject of the reflexive verbs is not necessarily empty. Second, the matrix subject can bind with any grammatical function in the complement besides the embedded subject. Furthermore, Mandarin reflexive verbs determine the referential properties of the embedded anaphor. In the proposed account, the grammatical information is encoded in the lexical entry of transitive reflexive verbs. The lexical entry encodes the following grammatical information. First, it states that transitive reflexive verbs subcategorize for a SUBJ and an SCOMP. Second, the SCOMP contains an anaphor whose antecedent is the matrix subject of the reflexive verbs. Third, the lexical entry contains an anaphoric binding equation which is proposed to constrain (i) the embedded anaphor's distribution, and (ii) how the anaphor finds its antecedent, and (iii) the path it can pass through. This analysis accounts for why various anaphors are neutralized in terms of their referential properties, the blocking effect raised by the presence of reflexive verbs, and the affected referential properties of each anaphor. In brief, the transitive reflexive verbs determine the referential properties of the embedded anaphor.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Chinese

漢語中的「著」是一個使用廣泛的時貌標記詞，對它的語意識解依託于整個漢語動詞時貌分類體系，該體系隨著Peck、Lin & Sun（2013）的研究所做的調整日趨精確與完善，與此相關的各種語言事實也應該得到新的描述與解釋。 因此，本文藉助語料庫豐富的真實語料，通過量化分析與質化分析，並在參考各種已有理論與學說的基礎上，對語料的時貌、「著」的分佈進行概括和描述，發掘導致語言事實的原因，還原影響的過程，預測普遍的規律。 本文認為漢語中決定時貌的基礎與根本是動詞的時貌類型，對於時貌標記「著」而言，未完成性與持續性是它能夠與狀態、活動、短促、開放量度動詞搭配的原因，同時，由於語言內部的互動與關聯，句子的每個成分與句子的整體句式都以不同程度和方式影響時貌，本文也做了詳細的分析和討論。 / Zhe plays a significant role in aspectual classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs as an aspect marker. After Peck, Lin & Sun (2013) introduced Scale as an aspectual attribute into the classification; it brings us new perspectives and knowledge. Moreover, new interpretations of aspect and performance of Zhe are needed. We base our study on corpus. Corpus with its abundant data provides us a more efficient and scientific way to do research. We describe performance of aspect and its marker Zhe on the basis of our observation and previous theories. We also explore the reasons and rules behind language facts. Our research shows that Zhe usually co-occur with four verb’s categories: state, activity, semelfactive and open-scale verbs, due to its imperfectivity and durativity. For influence from sentence elements, the thesis also provides analysis and conclusion.

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第一章〈緒論〉，旨在確立動機與目的，在了解目的後；進一步整理前人的說法，希冀在前人的研究基礎上，做更深入的研究、探索；進而進再談論到研究背後的理論基礎與研究步驟；最後，則說明本研究所使用的語料的取用原因及來源。 　　第二章〈閩南語韻母的文白讀判讀〉，除了將閩南語韻母離析出文讀層與白讀層外，還進一步將白讀層韻母再細分為更多層次。 　　第三章〈西漢韻母現象在閩南語白讀中的表現〉，主要是透過上古至西漢間，韻部系統關係與分合關係的發展，來觀察在閩南方言中的表現情形。 　　第四章〈六朝江東韻母現象在閩南語白讀中的表現〉，主要是透過六朝時期南方江東地區的韻部合流、對立的關係，來檢視在閩南方言中的表現。 　　第五章〈結論〉，旨在統整前面幾章的重點，歸結閩南語不同層次的演變類型，並解釋古漢語韻母的時代特色與閩南語不同演變類型的關係。

漢語分類詞數量之歧異現象起因於未有一套共同界定分類詞之準則。因此，本篇論文採用四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視漢語分類詞，並在眾多漢語分類詞分類中，採用五個語言學代表性研究提出之漢語分類詞分類為本篇語料來源。 研究分析之目的在於透過四個以語言學為基礎之準則重新檢視五個代表性人物提出之漢語分類詞分類，並使用二個數學法及一個問卷實驗法找出準確的漢語分類詞。最後，分析所得之準確的漢語分類詞再根據國語日報量詞典列出之分類詞語意做更進一步的語意分類。在分類詞語意分類上，本篇論文採用下到上之方向做分類詞語意分類而非傳統上到下之方向，提供完整且精確之漢語分類詞語意分類。 / The discrepancy in the different inventories of Mandarin Chinese classifiers results from there being no identical and consentient tests to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers. Thus, this thesis adopts four linguistic-based tests as norms to identify Mandarin Chinese classifiers and five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations proposed by representative studies (Chao 1968, Erbaugh 1986, Hu 1993, Huang et. al. 1997 and Malt and Gao 2009) as sources of data in Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations. The data analysis focuses on offering true classifiers in Mandarin Chinese through re-classifying five Mandarin Chinese classifier categorizations on the basis of four linguistic-based tests, applying two mathematical methods and using a questionnaire experiment. Ultimately, true classifiers will be further classified on the basis of their semantic meanings from the Mandarin Daily Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers (Huang et. al.) to provide an explicit semantic categorization in a bottom-up form, rather than a traditional top-down one.

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