元曲中處置式句法的探討 為碩士論文，共有六萬五千餘言。除緒論、結論之外，共分為四大章、八小節，各章提要內容如下： 第一章主要是敘述處置式句法的內容與定義，探索元曲中處置式的內容及其阿爾泰語言背景，描述元曲中處置式句法的特點，以找出許多種類的處置式句子，建立處置式的語料模式。 第二章的重點在介紹元曲處置式的結構，這種結構的特點可分為兩部份，前半部是同動詞，後半部是主要動詞。在同動詞部份裡，本文分析了同動詞的含意及其歷史，並在這個範圍內探討了同動詞中間形式 、同動詞空缺、賓語空缺、把字的用法等議題。在主要動詞的部份裡，本文探討了元曲語料中主要動詞一般分類形式及內容，並列舉了某些動詞在歷時情況下的不同語意，在句法上本文蒐集了大量的主要動詞的例句，說明動詞的及物性、遭遇性在元曲中變化情形。處置式與工具語的區分則為前人探討時較忽略的部份，而「元罵結構」及 「遭遇句」等均為較新的領域。 在第三章裡面，本文想建構元曲處置式的構成機轉。首先我們從阿爾泰語言中找尋線索，根據元曲裡的後置詞找到其間的映成關係，並藉著元曲處置式的形成機轉知單純前移、複雜前移等前移現象，解釋了一些處置式的句法問題，也相對的證明了這套機轉架構的真實性。 第四章是本文詳論元曲處置式句法的一章，利用第三章的研究成果及理論依據，本文討論了處置式與普通結構的互換、處置式與被動式的各種變化組合的句法結構，像被動與使役、主動被動轉換、處置式與被字的語序、給字在主動被動句中的地位等問題，其研究範圍則由元曲擴及現代及青海漢語，希望由較多的語料中尋得更充分的解釋，並藉此模式試圖解決一些漢語把字句研究中懸疑未決的問題。

漢語語法研究，自《馬氏文通》(1898)以來，到了本世紀三、四十年代在「革新」的旗幟下，在南方的一批語法學家展開了「文法革新討論」而探索漢語語法研究的新方向和方法；在北方，出現了三套的漢語語法的新體系。高名凱(1910~1965)是語言學家，漢語語法學者。四、五十年代漢語語法界的重要人物。他在哲學的基礎下，對漢語語法有深入的探究，並且在普通語言學方面有突出的成就。他在漢語語法方面主要專著《漢語語法論》（初版1948；修訂本1957）是從句法角度分析來研究漢語的基本結構規則而歸納漢語結構的類型。他的語法論的主要特徵是：一、注重句法的研究；二、注重表示語法範疇的虛詞的研究；三、注意句型的研究。特別的是他把語法分為表知語法和表情語法，而從不同的角度探討漢語句法結構。本文主要探討高名凱論「漢語結構規則」標準及方法，即漢語句法結構的規則及其理論體系。他根據表知語法和表情語法，把句法分析分為造句法和句型結構法：造句法是根據表知語法角度進行分析漢語句法成分的語義關係，而歸納結構類型；句型結構法是根據表情語法的角度探討漢語句子的結構類型。筆者研究這一題目的主要目的在於：以《漢語語法論》為主要對象（以其他論著為輔），探索高名凱句法理論的主要特點。本文共分六章，各章重點如下：第一章緒論，主要介紹高名凱和他的《漢語語法論》在漢語語法研究史上的地位和價值，並簡述句法分析的方法及本文的研究方法。第二章主要簡述高名凱句法理論產生的背景及理論基礎。第三章造句法，主要探討高名凱漢語的造句規則和句法結構的類型，即句法結構的分類標準及他所歸納的五種（規定、引導、對注、並列和聯絡）結構類型。第四章句型結構法，主要探討高名凱的句型的分類方法和漢語句子類型，並討論高名凱所主張的表情語法的主要根據和表達情意的語法方式。第五章主要對高名凱句法理論體系的諸問題的進一步探討。主要有：（一）「詞組」的範圍問題；（二）主謂結構的定位問題；（三）結構虛詞；（四）特殊句式（以上是造句法）；（五）否定句問題；（六）詢問句和疑惑句的區分問題；（七）表情虛詞（以上是句型結構法）。第六章結論，重新檢討高名凱句法理論體系並加以評估。

漢語中的「著」是一個使用廣泛的時貌標記詞，對它的語意識解依託于整個漢語動詞時貌分類體系，該體系隨著Peck、Lin & Sun（2013）的研究所做的調整日趨精確與完善，與此相關的各種語言事實也應該得到新的描述與解釋。 因此，本文藉助語料庫豐富的真實語料，通過量化分析與質化分析，並在參考各種已有理論與學說的基礎上，對語料的時貌、「著」的分佈進行概括和描述，發掘導致語言事實的原因，還原影響的過程，預測普遍的規律。 本文認為漢語中決定時貌的基礎與根本是動詞的時貌類型，對於時貌標記「著」而言，未完成性與持續性是它能夠與狀態、活動、短促、開放量度動詞搭配的原因，同時，由於語言內部的互動與關聯，句子的每個成分與句子的整體句式都以不同程度和方式影響時貌，本文也做了詳細的分析和討論。 / Zhe plays a significant role in aspectual classification of Mandarin Chinese Verbs as an aspect marker. After Peck, Lin & Sun (2013) introduced Scale as an aspectual attribute into the classification; it brings us new perspectives and knowledge. Moreover, new interpretations of aspect and performance of Zhe are needed. We base our study on corpus. Corpus with its abundant data provides us a more efficient and scientific way to do research. We describe performance of aspect and its marker Zhe on the basis of our observation and previous theories. We also explore the reasons and rules behind language facts. Our research shows that Zhe usually co-occur with four verb’s categories: state, activity, semelfactive and open-scale verbs, due to its imperfectivity and durativity. For influence from sentence elements, the thesis also provides analysis and conclusion.

Hakka is an under-developed language. compared with Mandrin and taiwanese. Many fields of Hakka such as ststematic studies of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic theories remain unexploited. This thesis aims to exploring some linguistic phenomena of Hakka by means of the studies on the particle to in Hakka. To is a very versatile morpheme in Makka. It may serve as a main verb, a coverb, a presuppositional particle or a verb ending. Chapter Two explores the functions of to as a main verb and as a coverb. It discusses the three functions of to as a coverb respecitvely. To can occur between two portions in a sentence in which to serves to mark the relation between the two portions. Chapter three explores the relatio- ns between the two portions in such a to construcfion. The status of to in such a construction is also investigated. To can be a verb enaing of a verb compound. Chapter Four aiscusses what a verb+to compound is. It explores the productivity of to as a verb ending. It further explicates the structural ambiguity between a coverb to and a verb ending to. Cmapter Five makes a generalization and draws a conclusion. It is hoped t- hat this thesis may provide a more intensive analysis of some Hakka const- ructions involving to and thus may spark a wider interest in the Hakka la- nguage.

No description available.

俄漢語間的詞序差異長久以來一直是學界廣泛討論的問題之一。俄漢語分別是曲折語和孤立語的代表性語言，因此造成了兩者詞序現象的迥異。對於學習者和教學者而言，詞序亦成為一個難以跨越的語言障礙。有鑑於此，本論文選擇「詞序」作為研究的主題。另外，由於詞序是一複雜的語言現象, 往往不是一種理論能充分解釋,因此本論文中將採較宏觀的視角,分別從句法層面（Синтаксический аспект）、語言類型層面（Типологический аспект）及交際功能（Функциональный аспект）層面, 對俄漢詞序進行分析比較，其主要目的在於透過對俄漢語詞序所做的對比研究，找出兩者之間的異同，提供學界作為參考，進而增加溝通和理解上的準確性，減少因詞序而產生的語言障礙和誤解。

感嘆詞在文學作品和口語中，佔據不可忽略的地位。因為感嘆詞本身帶有特殊的表現力和鮮明的情態意義，可以用來表達人類的情緒、感覺、態度、主觀評價，賦予話語生動的表現力，所以感嘆詞也可視為一種特別的修辭手法。儘管感嘆詞在口語和文學作品中佔有一席之地，但因其在現代俄語的詞類系統中，處於較模糊的地帶，對於感嘆詞的研究也相對比其它詞類少，因而教學上受限於研究文獻的不足，辭典中也常因部分感嘆詞的多義性及解釋的簡化而造成外語學習者的困擾。感嘆詞在俄語詞類系統中地位特殊，它既不屬於實詞，也不屬於虛詞，在詞彙文法意義上自然也有別於實詞和虛詞。大部分的感嘆詞在句中不屬於句子成分，此時其語意若是作為句子既有的整體情感或意志意義的輔助，便很容易被外國讀者或譯者所忽略；但事實上卻減損了作品中的細微情感表達而不自覺。有鑑於此，筆者挑選感嘆詞作為研究客體，希望藉由感嘆詞的研究，能使無論是俄語教學者或學習者，對於感嘆詞的說明或理解都能夠清晰明確。本論文的目的是歸納出感嘆詞在俄國幽默諷刺作品中的詞彙修辭意義及句法功能特徵，並針對字典中感嘆詞釋義提供之不規則性或不明確性，尋找本詞類系統化的解釋方法。

本文主要從句法(Syntax)與音韻(Phonology)的介面關係來探討東勢客語的陽平、陰平及陰去變調現象。本研究以語料庫為根據，觀察東勢客語變調的主要型態，並從句法與音韻的介面來定義變調範域(Tone Sandhi Domain)，包括音步(Foot)、音韻詞組(Phonological Phrase)、語調詞組(Intonational Phrase)等等。本文也發現變調規則必須以循環模式(Cyclic Mode)運作，而且三個變調規則的屬性皆不相同。陽平變調受音步規範、陰平變調較受音韻詞組規範，而陰去變調則不受音韻結構限制。 / This thesis explores the Yangping, Yinping and Yinqu Tone Sandhi Rules (YATSR, YITSR, YQTSR) in Dongshi Hakka from the perspective of the interface between syntax and phonology. According to a Dongshi Hakka Tone Sandhi (DHTS) corpus, this thesis presents the predominant tonal patterns of these rules, and defines the tone sandhi (TS) domain at the interface between syntax and phonology, including foot, phonological phrase, intonational phrase and so on. This thesis concludes that tone sandhi rules must apply in a cyclic mode, and that the three rules are subject to different prosodic structures. YATSR is conditioned by the foot, YITSR is better defined by the phonological phrase, while YQTSR is not structurally-bound.

在日常對話中，通常一次只有一個人說話，然而，卻常常發現有不只一個談話者同時說話的情形。這種違反常規的重疊現象(overlappings)可分為疊話(overlaps)跟插話(interruptions)。大部份的學者依據句法結構或音韻觀點來區分疊話跟插話，似仍有遺漏，故本篇論文嘗試依據插話的語意內容來區分這兩種重疊現象，又本文的重點是放在插話的研究，作者試從語法角色(grammatical roles)、順序(linear order)、語用功能、及社會因素來探討插話者如何成功的襲奪被插話者的說話權利。 本篇論文的語料採自十一個雙人面對面的日常對話，其中男生和男生的對話其三份，女生和女生的對話以及男女之間的對話各四份。此分類方式是基於觀察交談者之間性別的異同所帶來的權力(power)以及等同性(solidarity)是否會影響插話的頻率、位置、和語用功能的分配。在語料中將區分所有疊話和插話，同時標記語用功能，及插話者和被插話的性別以便於做統計分析。 本篇論文發現插話現象主要是受順序先後的影響，百分之八十的插話發生在前5到8個位置，且這些位置不受特殊語法角色的限制，此外，插話通常發生在詞組外而非在詞組內。至於插話的語用功能，以做澄清功能(clarification)為最多，反對功能(disagreement)次之，確認功能(confirmation)最少。而單就插話者的性別而言，女生所引發的插話頻率跟男生相近，這可能是由於女生的高教育背景，使女生有獨立思考的能力、較高的社會地位，與充分的發言權，再加上過於強調男女平權，使女生的插話頻率提高。而在考慮插話者與被插話者的性別方面，的確發現了權力的影響力，男生打岔女生的頻率確實高於女生打岔男生的頻率，但兩者差距不大，一方面可能是男生為要表現社會禮儀以示對女生的尊重，另一方面可能是漠視女生的知識能力而不與之爭辯，故其打岔的頻率不如預期的高。 在高教育背景的影響之下，女生開始要求男女平等，進而嘗試跳脫中國傳統性別角色的限制。於是，女生和男生的插話行為將因性別限制的解除而趨於一致。 / Transition of turn in daily conversation is not always rule-governed. Violation of turn-taking rules may result in overlapping, which includes overlap and interruption. Differentiation of the two by syntactic and phonological criteria may sometimes fail. To remedy the problem, it is suggested that the communicative purpose of overlapping should be taken into consideration. That is, if the overlapping evokes cooperation, it should be counted as overlap; if it entails antagonism and competition, it should be judged as interruption. The focus of this study is to find out how syntactic structure, timing, pragmatic functions, and social constraints influence the emergence of interruption. The data needed in this study were collected from eleven dyadic face to face daily conversations, including three male-male conversations, four female-female conversations, and four male-female conversations. In each conversation, interruptions are identified and categorized by their pragmatic functions and by the interrupter's and interruptee's gender. The results of this study indicates that timing is more influential to the occurrence of interruption than the grammatical roles of the syntactic sites in which interruptions take place. It is found that about 80% of interruption occurs in the first eight positions in sentences with transitive verbs and the first five positions in sentences with intransitive verbs. In these positions, grammatical roles of all kinds may appear. In addition, interruptions are found to occur more frequently on syntactic junctures than within syntactic constituents. As to pragmatic functions of interruptions, there is a priority order among three of the pragmatic functions that interruptions serve, with interruption for clarification overrides interruption for disagreement, which suppresses interruption for confirmation. As for the social constraints on interruption, first, females, unexpectedly, interrupt their interlocutors as frequently as males do. Promotion of social-economic status through education and emergence of self-confidence are offered to explain why women initiate many interruptions. On the other hand, superficial courtesy and man chauvinism are provided to explain why men interrupt less often than expected. Next, when both the interrupter's and the interruptee's genders are taken into consideration, the influence of power is revealed only in cross gender conversation, with males' interrupting females more than their being interrupted by females. On the surface, both men and women interrupt their interlocutors. However, underlyingly, men interrupt to show power to control, while women interrupt to show power to resist control. It seems that men, in Chinese society, are still the dominating sex. It is predicted that the power difference between men and women will be alleviated in the future. At that time, the two sexes will share the same patterns of interruptions.

本文主要是從音韻,句法,語義及言談分析四部門的介面關係來探討閩南副詞的各種變調現象.副詞的句法及語義修飾功能可能影響閩南語重疊副詞的變調行為.當重疊副詞的句法與語義功能呈現差異時.它則單獨形成一個音韻片語.副詞內在的語義特性與閩南語一般副詞的變調有密切的關連.副詞可以是副語修飾語或句子修飾語.述語修飾語在語義上修飾述語或述語內的成份,因此與述語共同形成一個音韻片語;句子修飾語在語義上修飾主詞,句子或說話者,其必須單獨形成一個音韻片語.最後,我們從言談分析的角度重新分析閩南語的副詞.訊息結構中的焦點,主題及評論等結構會促成副詞音韻片語的重組.當副詞構成整個主題或評論時,它必須單獨形成一個獨立片語 / This thesis explores the adverbial phrasings in Southern Min from the interface among phonology, syntax, semantics, and discourse. The syntactic andsemantic modification functions of the adverbs may affect the tonal phrasings of there duplicated adverbs in this language. When an adverb shows a syntax-semanticmismatch, it would form a separate phonological phrase. The intrinsic semanticproperties of the adverbs are crucial to tonal phrasings of the general adverbsSouthern Min. An adverb may serve as a predicate modifier, a sentence modifier, or both. A predicate modifier joins with the predicate to form aphonological phrase;a sentence modifier forms a separate phonological phrase.Finally, we reanalyzethe adverbs in question from the viewpoint of discourse information structure. An adverb which is a focus, topic, domains. Specifically,a topic or commentcoincides with the phonological phrase.