本論文旨在研究日語同時具有及物與不及物用法的動詞之功能及其分類的依據。主以「非對格理論」分析同形動詞的不及物動詞用法、並進行分類。並以「語彙概念構造」（LCS）比較及物動詞句及不及物動詞句的差異。 本文共分五章。第一章為緒論。第二章則是從賓語的有無、能否被動、以及型態、意義上的差異之相關文獻進行研究，並提出尚未解決的問題。第三章則是分析同形動詞的對應關係，並說明英語及日語的「非對格及物動詞」概念。第四章則是以「受事主語」的觀點，分析「非受事賓語句」。第五章則為結論。 過去的研究均是將日語同形動詞區分為「能格動詞」及單純同形動詞。後者僅為型態上相同，字意上並關聯，被視為獨立運作的動詞。而本文則是基於「能格動詞」的不及物用法為「非對格動詞」的概念，依「非對格動詞」的三分法，證明了日語「能格動詞」亦可分為三類。

這篇論文主要是探討漢語中反身動詞的語言現象。根據反身動詞的及物性，分成不及物反身動詞和及物反身動詞兩類。 不及物反身動詞的主語含有兩種論旨角色的特性，也就是動作者和受事者。在詞彙照映理論的規範下，此篇論文主張，不及物反身動詞的主語是由一個組合性的論旨角色照映而來。此外，此一組合性的論旨角色帶有一個[-r]的特徵，藉此界定不及物反身動詞是一種述格動詞。這個結論是根基於對不及物反身動詞的句法行為、語意特性、和事件結構的觀察。 至於及物反身動詞的語言現象，此篇論文在此類動詞的詞項中規定以下的特性。第一:、及物反身動詞帶有一個主語和一個句補語。第二、此句補語含有一個指涉主要主語的照應詞。第三、詞項中包含一個照應詞約束等式來描述這個照應詞本身的分佈、以及此照應詞如何經由某些路徑找其前行詞。 / The goal of this thesis is to explore the linguistics phenomena of reflexive verbs in Mandarin. The reflexive verbs are classified into two classes in terms of their subcategorization frame. The first is intransitive reflexive verbs such as zi-sha 'to commit suicide' and the second is transitive reflexive verbs such as zi-ren 'to think of oneself as'. The former has the meaning to do to oneself, and the latter the meaning to assert something about oneself. In addition, the framework of Lexical-Functional Grammar is applied to describe the observed phenomena. The intransitive reflexive verbs, such as zi-sha 'to commit suicide', and zi-fen 'to burn oneself, are formed with a reflexive morpheme zi- 'self and a root verb. They are complex predicates in the sense that their semantics is compositional. It is evidently that some of these reflexive verbs can occur in the context where the unaccusative verbs can occur. On the other hand, the subject of these reflexive verbs possesses some agent properties. To account for the fact that the subject of intransitive reflexive verbs possesses patient properties as well as agent properties, we propose a morpholexical operation of lexical binding and assert that the Mandarin intransitive reflexive verbs are unaccusative verbs. In the morpholexical operation, the subject of the reflexive verbs is mapped from a composite role which has a [-r] feature showing the unaccusative status of the verbs. This operation is data-driven and based on the observation of the syntactic behavior of reflexive verbs, calculation of thematic properties of the subject of reflexive verbs, and the event structure of reflexive verbs. The present analysis offers additional evidence to support the idea that the distinction between thematic roles is not discrete and the thematic distinction between unaccusative and unergative is that of a continuum. The transitive reflexive verbs in Mandarin Chinese, which are formed with the reflexive prefix zi- 'self' and a transitive verb, subcategorize for a sentential complement instead of a nominal object. These reflexive verbs require their subject to bind with a certain grammatical function within the sentential complement. Thedata selected from the Sinica Corpus show the following facts. First, the embedded subject of the reflexive verbs is not necessarily empty. Second, the matrix subject can bind with any grammatical function in the complement besides the embedded subject. Furthermore, Mandarin reflexive verbs determine the referential properties of the embedded anaphor. In the proposed account, the grammatical information is encoded in the lexical entry of transitive reflexive verbs. The lexical entry encodes the following grammatical information. First, it states that transitive reflexive verbs subcategorize for a SUBJ and an SCOMP. Second, the SCOMP contains an anaphor whose antecedent is the matrix subject of the reflexive verbs. Third, the lexical entry contains an anaphoric binding equation which is proposed to constrain (i) the embedded anaphor's distribution, and (ii) how the anaphor finds its antecedent, and (iii) the path it can pass through. This analysis accounts for why various anaphors are neutralized in terms of their referential properties, the blocking effect raised by the presence of reflexive verbs, and the affected referential properties of each anaphor. In brief, the transitive reflexive verbs determine the referential properties of the embedded anaphor.

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本論文「客語打類、忍類及促類動詞中動力學之體現」從物理學中之動力學觀點來審視語言之現象，以Lai (2000)針對客語打類動詞詞彙化類型之研究以及Gao (2001), Gao & Cheng (2002)針對中文與英語中肢體接觸類動詞之研究為基礎，並進一步修正及採用Talmy (2000a)所提出之動力學架構來加以分析客語打類、忍類及促類三類近義動詞。客語之打類動詞涉及內在心理意圖與外在肢體接觸，亦即同時牽涉到心理層面與肢體層面中「力」的作用，忍類動詞中「力」的衝突發生於內在心理層面，亦即本我與自我之間產生衝突，而促類動詞則表現出交互心理層面中「力」的相對關係，亦即藉由溝通等方式與他人產生「力」的對抗。因此，本論文藉由分析此三類動詞，將得已呈現心理肢體(psychophysical)，內在心理(intrapsychological)以及交互心理(interpsychological)三個不同層面中動力學之體現，並能夠進一步檢視語意內涵「力」與此三類動詞之句法表現間之相互關係。 / Based on Lai’s (2000) study of verbs of hitting in Hakka and Gao’s (2001) and Gao & Cheng’s (2002) studies of verbs of physical action by impact in English and Mandarin Chinese, this study modifies the force-dynamic model proposed by Talmy (2000a) to analyze Hakka hitting verbs in psychophysical domain, Hakka refraining verbs in intrapsychological domain, and Hakka urging verbs in interpsychological domain. The analysis proposes that two force-dynamic patterns can be generalized from these three groups of verbs, one ONSET CAUSATION pattern, and the other ONSET DESPITE pattern. Moreover, the correlation between the semantic component FORCE and the syntactic manifestation has been examined. This force-dynamic opposition is manifested in syntax as demonstrated by resultative complements, BUN-constructions, LAU-constructions, the potential mode and verb-copying constructions along with the adverbs of duration. In addition, the confirmation of the speaker’s expectation can be achieved by adverbs of evaluation and adverbs of justification. The well-formedness of these syntactic structures and the felicity of the usage of the adverbs depend heavily on the interaction of the Antagonist’s force and the Agonist’s force.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第21170号 / 人博第842号 / 新制||人||202(附属図書館) / 29||人博||842(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 齋藤 治之, 教授 服部 文昭, 教授 河崎 靖 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

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論文提要內容： 本研究旨在探討分析台灣國中生使役動詞的使用情況，主要探討學生使用使役動詞的錯誤情況，分析錯誤原因及調查在不同英文能力的學生使用上是否存在顯著差異。 此研究採取質及量的研究。質的研究包含(1)使役動詞的補語用法(2)使役動詞的意義及用法(3)學生在使用使役動詞上的錯誤分析。量的研究包含(1)使役動詞補語的錯誤率(2)使役動詞意義及使用上的錯誤率(3)高中低程度三組中顯著變化情形。 結果顯示學生在使役動詞補語使用上常用錯非限定動詞及誤用限定動詞，此外，本研究也發現學生在選擇正確使役動詞上錯誤率高於使役動詞補語使用。分析原因如下：(1)過度規則化(2)負向轉移(3)教學引導(4)學生語言知識不足(5)語言同化。此研究也發現高中低三組在使用使役動詞補語上確實有顯著差異，然而在使役意義上(coercive sense of make-causative)、未提出但已知接受動作者意義上(unmentioned perceptible causee sense of make-causative) 、 及服務框架意義上(service frame sense of have-causative) 高中低程度學生的表現並無不同。 / Abstract The purpose of this study aims to analyze the use of periphrastic causative verbs in Junior high students’ writing performance and to understand students’ difficulty in learning and using periphrastic causative verbs. The form of periphrastic causative verbs and grammatical characteristics are easy to remember. However, subtle meanings and usage are somewhat difficult. This study adopts qualitative and quantitative analyses. The qualitative analysis includes: (1) the verb complement form of periphrastic causative verbs, (2) the meaning and functions of periphrastic causative verbs, and (3) the factors that influence students’ erroneous uses of periphrastic causative verbs. The quantitative analysis comprises: (1) the inaccuracy rate of the use of every periphrastic causative construction in the tests for form and meaning, (2) the distribution of periphrastic causative verb errors in form and meaning and use and (3) multiple comparisons among accuracy at the three proficiency levels. The results of this study are summarized as follows: students have trouble distinguishing finite verb and non-finite complement verbs with respect to the form errors. They also have lower awareness of the differences of each causative verb concerning the meaning errors. The factors affecting their incorrect responses are (1) overgeneralization, (2) negative L1 transfer, (3) teaching induced errors, (4) learners’ ignorance of rule restrictions and (5) learners’ strategies of communication and assimilation. In addition, there are significant differences among the three groups with regards to the make +O +V, have +O +V, let +O +V and have +O +p.p. in the form test and the non-coercive sense of make-causative, the hierarchical relation of have-causative and the permissive sense of let-causative in the meaning and use tests. However, there is no significant difference between the three groups’ scores of meaning and use with the coercive sense of make-causative, the unmentioned causee sense of make-causative and the service frame sense of have-causative.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(文学) / 乙第13391号 / 論文博第653号 / 新制||文||705(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科言語学専攻 / (主査)教授 定延 利之, 准教授 千田 俊太郎, 准教授 CATT Adam Alvah / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM