Hakka is an under-developed language. compared with Mandrin and taiwanese. Many fields of Hakka such as ststematic studies of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic theories remain unexploited. This thesis aims to exploring some linguistic phenomena of Hakka by means of the studies on the particle to in Hakka. To is a very versatile morpheme in Makka. It may serve as a main verb, a coverb, a presuppositional particle or a verb ending. Chapter Two explores the functions of to as a main verb and as a coverb. It discusses the three functions of to as a coverb respecitvely. To can occur between two portions in a sentence in which to serves to mark the relation between the two portions. Chapter three explores the relatio- ns between the two portions in such a to construcfion. The status of to in such a construction is also investigated. To can be a verb enaing of a verb compound. Chapter Four aiscusses what a verb+to compound is. It explores the productivity of to as a verb ending. It further explicates the structural ambiguity between a coverb to and a verb ending to. Cmapter Five makes a generalization and draws a conclusion. It is hoped t- hat this thesis may provide a more intensive analysis of some Hakka const- ructions involving to and thus may spark a wider interest in the Hakka la- nguage.

國立政治大學英國語文學系在職碩士班 碩士論文提要 論文名稱：高中生英文作文中情態助動詞使用之分析 指導教授：尤雪瑛博士 研究生：張翠杏撰 論文提要內容： 本研究旨在分析高中生在英文作文中使用情態助動詞之情形，並就學生使用情態助動詞之困難加以研究，以期能了解學生困難之所在並加以解決。 本研究採用質與量的分析方法。質的分析包括： (一) 情態助動詞之意義與功能； (二) 學生誤用情態助動詞之情形； (三) 影響學生誤用情態助動詞之原因。量的分析則重在研究： (一) 學生使用各個情態助動詞之頻率； (二) 學生最容易誤用之情態助動詞之頻率。 本研究結果如下：學生最常使用的情態助動詞為can和will，這兩者也最容易被誤用，學生除了會把各個情態助動詞互相替換使用之外，也會在不需要情態助動詞的情形下使用情態助動詞。造成學生誤用情態助動詞原因包括： (一) 學生誤解不同情態助動詞的用法，而把一種用法運用在其他情態助動詞上； (二) 學生把情態助動詞的用法簡化； (三) 學生受到固定用語的影響； (四) 學生受到母語的影響直接把中文翻譯成英文。 本研究最後提出在英語教學上的建議：在課堂上教授情態助動詞時，除了將各個情態助動詞不同的用法呈現，還必須比較各個情態助動詞之間相近的用法，再把這些情態助動詞放在不同的情境中呈現它們在現實生活中真正的用法與意義，期使學生能學到情態助動詞正確的用法。 / ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyze the use of modal verbs in students’ compositions and to understand students’ difficulty in learning and using modal verbs. Modal verbs’ surface forms and grammatical characteristics are very easy for students to remember. However, their complicated meanings and usages are somewhat difficult. This study adopts qualitative and quantitative analyses. The qualitative analysis includes: (1) the meanings and functions of modal verbs, (2) students’ misuse of modal verbs, and (3) the reasons that affect students’ misuse of modal verbs. The quantitative analysis includes: (1) the frequency of the use of every modal verb in students’ compositions, and (2) the frequency of the misuse of modal verbs. The results of this study are summarized as follows: the most often used modal verbs are can and will. Students tend to use wrong modal verbs or add modal verbs to sentences that don’t need one. The reasons affecting students’ misuse of modal verbs are: (1) students’ misunderstanding of the use of modal verbs, (2) students’ oversimplification of the meanings and functions of modal verbs, (3) the effect of frozen idiomatic expressions, and (4) the effect of students’ native languages. Finally, the study provides pedagogical suggestions and implications in teaching modal verbs. First, subtle usages and meanings of modal verbs should be presented. Second, they should be taught in different contexts. Third, apply pragmatics to the teaching of modal verbs. The goal is to help students learn authentic usages of modal verbs.

本論文以東漢佛典為語料研究其雙音節動詞現象，分別就詞義與構詞兩方面對雙音節動詞作整理與分類，進一步探討其中所呈現出來的共時現象。 由於東漢佛典中的雙音節詞條數量龐大，為了使這些珍貴的語料條理化、細緻化，「分類」乃成為貫穿本論文的研究方法。筆者首先將所有的雙音節動詞單作層層的結構分類，並對與現代語感較遠的詞條的作深入的詞義分析，最後再將詞義與結構綜合起來觀察並探討兩者之間的關係。 目的在於綜合雙音節動詞結構與詞義兩方面的研究成果，為原本以地毯式的方法所考察出的原始語料梳理出明白且清晰的脈絡。如此一來，便可以對東漢佛典中的雙音節動詞有全面的體認，充分了解東漢佛典雙音節動詞的結構特色及其在漢語語法史上所呈現出的現象。

本論文試圖經由檢視過去對於漢語情態動詞的研究，找出最適合稱為「情態動詞」的十二個情態動詞，並以此為基礎建立適合漢語情態動詞的語意分類方式：主要分三大類—動力情態、義務情態、認知情態。同時也從共時與歷時的角度檢視漢語裡的五個多義情態動詞，包括會、能、要、可以、應該。研究發現這五個多義情態動詞所顯現的多義都是極度相關的。首先，五個多義情態動詞都有以上三大類的情態意義，其中又以動力情態為中心意義。此外，本研究確立多義情態動詞的發展方向與階段，由動力情態延伸出來的義務情態是透過主觀化的認知機制(Traugott 1980)，之後，由義務情態發展出來的認知情態則是由於主觀化與隱喻(Sweetser 1990)的運作。最後，本文也探討了情態與句法的互動關係。 / The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship among polysemous modal verbs in Mandarin Chinese (hui4, neng2, yao4, ke3yi3, ying1gai1). It is found that the multiple modal senses encoded in the five polysemous modal verbs are closely-related. Through a careful examination on both synchronic and diachronic data of the five polysemous modal verbs, it is suggested that each of them exhibit three major modality types, including dynamic (ability, volition), deontic (directive, commissive), and epistemic (judgmental) modalities. At Stage I of the path of development, dynamic modality, as the core meaning of polysemous modal verbs, is extended to deontic modality through the cognitively-driven mechanism—subjectification, which is proposed by Traugott (1989). Then, epistemic modality is developed from deontic modality at Stage II through both subjectification and metaphorization (Sweetser 1990). After determining the direction and stages of the development path of the five polysemous modal verbs, a feature-based classification for modality types of Chinese modal verbs is provided in order to incorporate the differences and similarities among the three modality types (dynamic, deontic, and epistemic modalities). Finally, the interaction between modalities and other syntactic elements (predicates and arguments) is discussed with examples.

隱喻研究能夠幫助我們了解人類的認知模式，觀察人類運用身體經驗學習抽象概念的過程。戰爭隱喻與人類生活經驗密切相關，過往研究顯示至少有七種概念會運用戰爭隱喻來凸顯事件競爭的本質，但是過去研究無法說明戰爭隱喻涵蓋的概念種類，並且缺乏有效的語言證據來證明隱喻映射的豐富程度。因此本研究將從來源域的角度出發，以語料庫為本，透過戰爭動詞在報紙媒體上的長期使用情形討論戰爭隱喻的使用分布及詞彙語意顯示之意涵。 本研究分析戰爭動詞在台灣報紙媒體上的隱喻使用情形，研究結果顯示戰爭隱喻的主題分布與事件概念性質相關，特別是體育、財經、政治等三個主題大量運用戰爭隱喻，顯示追求競賽勝負、利益和權力的概念都常用戰爭加以描繪。在語意梳理後則得到台灣報紙新聞使用的六個主要戰爭隱喻：追求愛情是戰爭、治療病體是戰爭、資安防護是戰爭、投資交易是戰爭、政治競爭是戰爭、競賽活動是戰爭。政治競爭、競賽活動和投資交易的語料數量與主題分布成正比，資安防護是因應網路時代來臨而產生的新興目標域，最後治療病體及追求愛情則是反應人類對於肉體以及精神上維持滿足的生存需求。至於各隱喻共同使用的概念元素顯示戰爭行動以參與者和交戰過程的描述最為重要。最後由其他隱喻詞彙分布和語意關係的比較，可以發現表達戰時攻防行動的詞彙最多，除了再次證明行動的重要性，也強調行動過程的攻擊性和結果。而大量使用近義詞、反義詞象徵漢語對描述競爭細節的需求。 最後，本研究針對以上發現對華語教學提出教材編排、教學設計與詞彙教學之建議，認為隱喻教學有助學生習得新詞彙，且透過詞彙網路的概念連結可提升學習效率。建議未來可針對口語語料進行調查，並分析語意之外的言談篇章要素，同時落實戰爭隱喻之教學設計用於課堂實際教學，以檢視教學成效。

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