本論文試圖經由檢視過去對於漢語情態動詞的研究，找出最適合稱為「情態動詞」的十二個情態動詞，並以此為基礎建立適合漢語情態動詞的語意分類方式：主要分三大類—動力情態、義務情態、認知情態。同時也從共時與歷時的角度檢視漢語裡的五個多義情態動詞，包括會、能、要、可以、應該。研究發現這五個多義情態動詞所顯現的多義都是極度相關的。首先，五個多義情態動詞都有以上三大類的情態意義，其中又以動力情態為中心意義。此外，本研究確立多義情態動詞的發展方向與階段，由動力情態延伸出來的義務情態是透過主觀化的認知機制(Traugott 1980)，之後，由義務情態發展出來的認知情態則是由於主觀化與隱喻(Sweetser 1990)的運作。最後，本文也探討了情態與句法的互動關係。 / The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship among polysemous modal verbs in Mandarin Chinese (hui4, neng2, yao4, ke3yi3, ying1gai1). It is found that the multiple modal senses encoded in the five polysemous modal verbs are closely-related. Through a careful examination on both synchronic and diachronic data of the five polysemous modal verbs, it is suggested that each of them exhibit three major modality types, including dynamic (ability, volition), deontic (directive, commissive), and epistemic (judgmental) modalities. At Stage I of the path of development, dynamic modality, as the core meaning of polysemous modal verbs, is extended to deontic modality through the cognitively-driven mechanism—subjectification, which is proposed by Traugott (1989). Then, epistemic modality is developed from deontic modality at Stage II through both subjectification and metaphorization (Sweetser 1990). After determining the direction and stages of the development path of the five polysemous modal verbs, a feature-based classification for modality types of Chinese modal verbs is provided in order to incorporate the differences and similarities among the three modality types (dynamic, deontic, and epistemic modalities). Finally, the interaction between modalities and other syntactic elements (predicates and arguments) is discussed with examples.

Kalba neatsiejama nuo žmonių mąstymo. Tik tiriant kalbą galima atkurti ir suprasti žmogaus sąmonėje esantį pasaulio vaizdą, tautos mentalitetą, daugiau išsiaiškinti apie tam tikros tautos vertybes. Visa informacija užfiksuota kalboje konstruoja mentalinius darinius, atspindinčius pasaulio daiktus, reiškinius, didesnes ar mažesnes jų klases. Tokie mentaliniai dariniai kognityvinėje lingvistikoje vadinami konceptais. Kiekviena tauta turi savitą supratimą apie tam tikrus objektus, todėl įvairūs konceptai ne visada suprantami vienodai skirtinguose pasaulio kraštuose. / The subject of the paper is Seasons Metaphorization in Lithuanian and German Languages. Methods have been used are: comparative analysis and conceptual analysis. / Auf der Welt gibt es mehr als 6000 verschiedene Sprachen. Die Sprache nennt man oft als das wichtigste Instrument des sozialen Handelns und des Denkens der Menschen in allen Kulturen. Sie hilft den Menschen Information und Kenntnisse den anderen zu vermitteln. Nur bei der Untersuchung der Sprache werden die Volksidentität, das Volksdenkmodell und das Weltbild verstanden. Das erwähnte Weltbild, das sich in der Sprache widerspiegelt, wird in der kognitiven Linguistik als „das sprachliche Weltbild“ bezeichnet. Ein Resultat des sprachlichen Weltbildes im menschlichen Denken sind die Konzepte, die ein konzeptuelles System bilden.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho de tese examinou a metaforizaÃÃo textual: fenÃmeno textual/discursivo no qual a metÃfora à concebida como processo de constituiÃÃo de sentidos, em vez de um simples jogo de semelhanÃa entre figuras, restrito ao Ãmbito da palavra ou da sentenÃa. Inicialmente, discutiu-se o conceito de metÃfora nas principais teorias tradicionais, cujos mecanismos de interpretaÃÃo fundamentam-se na substituiÃÃo ou transferÃncia de traÃos semÃnticos, na tensÃo estabelecida entre uma palavra (foco) e sua projeÃÃo sobre uma estrutura sentencial (quadro) ou ainda em uma pragmÃtica presa a um contexto lÃgico-sentencial. Tal discussÃo revelou as limitaÃÃes das teorias da metÃfora-palavra e metÃfora-sentenÃa em circunscrever o fenÃmeno metafÃrico a uma semÃntica de cunho lexicalista, e a necessidade de deslocamento da metÃfora para outro nÃvel de interpretaÃÃo, o nÃvel textual/discursivo. Em seguida, analisou-se o modo como aspectos cognitivos, lingÃÃstico-textuais e sÃcio-culturais interagem, simultaneamente, na construÃÃo do sentido metafÃrico a partir da diluiÃÃo da dicotomia sentido literal/metafÃrico e da elaboraÃÃo de um conceito de cogniÃÃo aplicado à metaforizaÃÃo. Por fim, examinaram-se as limitaÃÃes do conceito de recategorizaÃÃo metafÃrica estudado por Lima (2003), a fim de se propor a metaforizaÃÃo textual e sua descriÃÃo por meio de mecanismos de interpretaÃÃo capazes de revelar a pluralidade de sentidos metafÃricos em um nÃvel textual/discursivo, alÃm dos limites da palavra e da sentenÃa. Realizou-se uma conjunÃÃo teÃrica das seguintes disciplinas: SemiÃtica Textual, LingÃÃstica Textual (estudos sobre ReferenciaÃÃo) e CiÃncias Cognitivas, o que permitiu conceber a metÃfora como um fenÃmeno cognitivo dinÃmico, flexÃvel, capaz de emergir e de se organizar na interaÃÃo sÃcio-comunicativa. Esse enlace teÃrico interdisciplinar auxiliou a descrever a metaforizaÃÃo por meio de dispositivos ou mecanismos de interpretaÃÃo, adaptados da semiÃtica textual de Eco (2000; 2004) e da semiÃtica literÃria de Bertrand (2003), quais sejam: a cooperaÃÃo textual, o conceito de leitor-observador, a abduÃÃo, a seleÃÃo de propriedades conceituais e, por fim, o conceito de isotopia discursiva. A anÃlise foi realizada aplicando-se os dispositivos interpretativos citados a um exemplÃrio que compreendeu sobretudo notas jornalÃsticas e alguns textos humorÃsticos (piadas) de fontes variadas, coletados sem critÃrios definidos, e sem obedecer a uma ordem sistemÃtica, procedimento que isentou o estudo de apresentar, em seu corpo, um desenho metodolÃgico especÃfico para justificar as anÃlises. Tais anÃlises demonstraram que, ao ultrapassar os limites da palavra e da sentenÃa, manifestando-se em um nÃvel textual/discursivo, a metÃfora transforma-se em processo, em metaforizaÃÃo. Isto implica dizer que o fenÃmeno enquadra-se na dinÃmica do texto, em um contexto discursivo, no qual à possÃvel multiplicarem-se os sentidos metafÃricos a cada movimento interpretativo ocorrido durante a leitura / The present study introduces textual metaphorization: a textual/discursive phenomenon where metaphor is recognized as a practice of constitution of sense, rather than as an ordinary game of similarity figures, restricted to the word or sentence level. First, the study argues on the very concept of metaphor within the main traditional theories, whose interpretation mechanisms are established on the replacement or transfer of semantic features, on the tension set up between a word (focus) and its projection over a sentence structure (frame), or yet, on a pragmatic set to a logic sentential context. Such discussion showed the constraints of metaphor-word and metaphor-sentence theories as it circumscribes the metaphoric phenomenon to a lexicalist Semantics, as well as the need for transferring metaphor to another interpretation stage, the textual/discursive level. Secondly, the research investigates the way how cognitive, textual-linguistic, and socio-cultural features are engaged simultaneously in the foundation of metaphoric sense, from the dilution of literal/metaphoric dichotomy, and the drawing of a cognition concept applied to metaphorization. Finally, it examines the constraints of the concept of metaphorical (re)categorization presented by Lima (2003), in order to propose textual metaphorization and its description trough interpretative mechanisms capable of revealing the plurality of metaphorical senses in a textual/discursive level, further than the word and sentence boundaries. The study presents a theoretical conjunction of the following subject areas: Textual Semiotics, Text Linguistics (studies on Referenciation) and Cognitive Sciences, which made possible the consideration of metaphor as a dynamic, flexible phenomenon, able to emerge and organize itself within socio-communicative interaction. Such an interdisciplinary theoretical blending aided to describe metaphorization through interpretation mechanisms or devices, adapted from Ecoâs (2000; 2004) text semiotics and from Bertrandâs (2003) literary semiotics, which are: textual cooperation, the concept of reader/observer, abduction, conceptual properties selection and, lastly, the discursive isotopy concept. The analysis was carried out by applying the previous interpretative devices to a set of samples that comprehended mostly news notes and some humorous texts (jokes) collected from varied sources, with no definite criterion, and without obedience to a systematic order â this could justify the lack of a specific methodological design to validate the analyses. Such analyses showed that by overcoming the word and sentence limits, and by emerging in a textual/discursive level, metaphor becomes a process, the metaphorization. It means that the phenomenon is set in the textual dynamics, within a discursive context where metaphorical meanings can be multiplied whenever an interpretative movement acts during reading

En examinant les points communs par les outils structuraliste, stylistique, sémiotique et thématique, la présente étude a pour but de trouver les points communs entre les deux modèles romanesques chinois et français : Le Rêve dans le pavillon rouge de Cao Xueqin et A La Recherche du temps perdu de Marcel Proust. La narration, le système des personnages et la temporalité sont similaires dans ces deux œuvres. Dans la Première Partie, nous allons montrer que ces deux œuvres adoptent, en effet, une forme circulaire, se refermant sur elle-même, analogique à la forme de la métaphore mais qui s’étend jusqu’à tout le texte, que nous appelons « la métaphorisation ». La métaphorisation, sur ces trois aspects, est le point de départ d’une nouvelle esthétique, propre, mais commune, à ces deux œuvres. Dans la Deuxième Partie, nous allons montrer que la formation d’un monde romanesque auto-référentiel dans l’intérieur des deux œuvres est rendu possible grâce à la métaphorisation, et les trois catégories des signes romanesques - le Signifiant, le Signifié et le Référent – ont la possibilité de puiser leur source uniquement à l’intérieur du roman. Nous allons également montrer le fantastique de la narration des deux œuvres, sous l’apparence réaliste des deux récits de « Marcel » et de « Jia Jade magique ». La création de nouvelles perspectives esthétiques, l’interrogation sur l’essentiel de la littérature, par la découverte de la forme métaphorisée de ces deux œuvres, constituent une partie importante de la présente thèse. En mettant en convergence ces deux œuvres par leur similarité, nous souhaitons apporter des découvertes intéressantes d’un point de vue comparatiste. / By examining the commonalities by structural, stylistic and semiotic tools, and by themes, this study aims to find the commonalities between the two Chinese and French novels: Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Xueqin and Remembrance of Things Past by Marcel Proust. Based on our analysis in Part I, a specific form on three aspects - the narration, the system of characters and the temporality - is found to be common in both works. It is of a circular shape, closing in on itself, analogue to a metaphor but extends to all the text, which we call "the metaphorization." The metaphorization on these three aspects will be the center of a new aesthetic, proper but common to both works. In Part II, we will show that metaphorzation makes possible the formation of a self-referential world in the interior of the two works, and the three categories of signs inside a fiction - the Signifier, the Signified and the Referent - will have the opportunity to draw their source only in the interior of the novel. We are going to investigate into the fantastic that lies under the appearance of realism in the narration of the two stories of “Marcel” and “Jia Jade magique.” The metaphorization is not only an important part of our theory, it helps to discuss on the very essence of the literature in this present study. By converging these two novels by their similarity, we wish to make interesting discoveries from a comparative point of view.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Ferreira de Nichile.pdf: 895017 bytes, checksum: 3f8751056aa871d474a5cbd930f3d686 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / The basis of this psychoanalytic research is the comparative analysis between the works of D. W. Winnicott and André Green regarding the Theoretical-Clinical proposals presented by the authors to the treatment of the borderline patient, whose behavior is often characterized by a refractory dynamic to the classical treatment proposed by Sigmund Freud. Therefore, we aimed to draw a parallel between the psychoanalytic treatment sessions conducted by each of the authors, having as reference the instigating case of a borderline patient they had in common. Based on the clinical interventions that both authors report about the case, we attempt to establish which were the main theoretical aspects that supported them, as to investigate which innovations the authors bring to this type of patient, to whom they created clinical dispositives compatible with what they understand to be this psychopathology. To that end we intent to establish their main points of convergence and divergence. We concluded then that despite being quite close in some aspects, the authors propositions are, to a large extent, quite heterogeneous theories and present quite divergent clinical proposals. According to Winnicott, the regression to the dependency is the emphasis of the treatment, as a way to resume the normal process of personal maturation, amended by a traumatic situation and that needs to be lived again in analysis, this time with the support of a favorable environment to this return. To Green, the treatment is based on the creation of analytical environment favorable to the processes of verbalization and symbolization, as a possibility to give meaning to the vicissitudes of the drives as a way to the internalization of negative / A presente pesquisa psicanalítica tem como escopo a análise comparativa entre as obras de D. W. Winnicott e André Green no que diz respeito às propostas teórico-clínicas apresentadas pelos autores para o tratamento do paciente-limite, aquele que costuma apresentar uma dinâmica refratária ao tratamento psicanalítico clássico como foi proposto por Sigmund Freud. Para isto, buscamos traçar um paralelo entre as sessões do tratamento psicanalítico conduzido por cada um dos autores, tendo como referência o instigante caso de uma paciente-limite comum aos dois autores. Partindo, portanto, das intervenções clínicas que cada um deles relatam sobre o caso, buscamos estabelecer quais os principais aspectos teóricos que as fundamentaram, no intuito de apurar quais as inovações que os autores trazem para esta espécie de paciente, para a qual ambos se dedicaram a criar dispositivos clínicos compatíveis com o que eles entendem ser esta psicopatologia. Neste sentido, procuramos estabelecer quais são seus principais pontos de convergência e de divergência. Pudemos concluir com isso que, apesar das proposições dos autores serem bastante próximas em alguns pontos, em sua maior parte tratam-se de teorias bastante heterogêneas e que apresentam propostas clínicas bastante divergentes. Para Winnicott, a ênfase do tratamento encontra-se na regressão à dependência, como uma maneira de retomar o processo normal de amadurecimento pessoal, alterado por uma situação traumática e que necessita ser vivido novamente na análise, desta vez com o apoio de um ambiente favorável a esta retomada. Para Green, o tratamento baseia-se na criação de um ambiente analítico favorável aos processos de verbalização e simbolização, como uma possibilidade de dar sentido às vicissitudes das pulsões por meio da internalização do negativo