Att vi ser minst en sportreferent vid varje match eller i andra idrottssammanhang är  idag en självklarhet. Det finns kända och mindre kända referenter. Men hur har de mest etablerade referenterna tagit sin plats och blivit dem som vi så kallat känner till? För vissa räcker det att höra rösten och man vet direkt vem det är, andra har börjat synas mer och mer under sändningarna. Till en början handlade det mest om att rösten var talande. För det var ju faktiskt i radio som allting började. Men när TV började sända sport så började den också ta över radiosportens lilla era. Det här är en studie hur sportreferenter   etablerat sig ända sedan AB radiotjänst för första gången 1925 började ge ut sändningar som innehöll idrottsarrangemang till dagens TV-sportreferenter. Läsaren kommer att få en inblick hur det är att jobba som referent samt vilka krav som ställs. Men framförallt finns det en historisk berättelse hur TV-sporten tagit över radiosporten allt mer och mer. De slutsatser vi kunde dra var att det finns nästan ingen som är anställd utan utbildning när det kommer till att arbeta som sportjournalist i radio eller TV. Då bland annat både SVT och Sveriges Radio har som krav att även praktikanter måste vara under en journalistisk utbildning. Du kan inte längre säga vad du tycker och vill som sportjournalist, framförallt inte i TV. I radio är det inte lika noga. De första sändningarna handlade mer om att tala om för tittaren hur allting såg ut, idag är det annorlunda och man skapar känslor för publiken för att hålla dem underhållna.

A partir da noção sociocognitiva de língua, texto e gênero do discurso, bem como do processo de referenciação (KOCH, 2009b, CORTEZ, 2003; TEDESCO, 2002, RONCARATI, 2010), o presente trabalho tem por objeto de estudo o samba-enredo (ou samba de enredo), cuja origem é o samba, sendo este um ritmo trazido pelos negros africanos escravizados no Brasil. A partir de um corpus formado por 161 letras de samba-enredo (abrangendo um período que se estende de 1954 a 2010) que trazem como tema alguém ou algo relacionado ao universo africano e/ou afro-brasileiro, ou que pelo menos tangenciem a questão da negritude e afrodescendência, desejamos atingir três objetivos no decorrer dessa pesquisa, quais sejam: a) observar como ocorre o processo de referenciação, isto é, como o referente negro (ou outro termo semanticamente próximo) é ativado, reativado ou desativado em 129 cadeias referenciais, que é um construto linguístico-cognitivo relevante para a formação dos sentidos de um texto; b) quantificar a frequência da temática africana e/ou afrodescendente nos sambas selecionados; c) observar com que frequência um SN complexo é utilizado para introduzir uma cadeia referencial, de modo a imprimir uma marca argumentativa na forma de referir escolhida pelos autores do texto / Based on the sociocognitive notion of language, text and discourse gender, as well as the process of referentiation (KOCH, 2009b, CORTEZ, 2003; TEDESCO, 2002, RONCARATI, 2010), the present research focuses at samba-enredo (or samba de enredo, a kind of musical poem to be sung during the Samba Schools Parade, in Brazil), which is one of the variations of samba, a musical rhythm brought by African black people from different nations during the slavery centuries in Brazil. We gathered a corpus containing 161 samba-enredo compositions (covering a period that starts in 1954 and ends in 2010). These texts have someone or something that belongs to the African or Afro-Brazilian world, or, at least, they should mention these issues. Thus, it is our aim to achieve three objectives throughout this research: a) to observe how the process of referentiation is unfolded, that is, how the referent negro (black), or any other semantically close word, is activated, reactivated or desactivated in 129 referential chains, which are a relevant linguistic and cognitive construct to the meaning of a text; b) to quantify the frequency of African and/or Afro-Brazilian issues in the selected lyrics; c) to observe how often a complex NP (noun phrase) is used to introduce a referential chain, so that an argumentative mood is impressed on the lexical selection carried out by the writers of the songs

The aim of this work is to describe and to analyse one type of anaphoric nominal syntagma found in the articles of French sports newspapers. The work is divided in two parts theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes the basic concepts of text linguistics. Then it focuses on the concept of anaphora and nominal syntagma with brief reference to journalistic-style writing. In the practical part, an analysis of anaphoric nominal syntagmas and the description of their semantico-pragmatic relations is carried out.

A partir da noção sociocognitiva de língua, texto e gênero do discurso, bem como do processo de referenciação (KOCH, 2009b, CORTEZ, 2003; TEDESCO, 2002, RONCARATI, 2010), o presente trabalho tem por objeto de estudo o samba-enredo (ou samba de enredo), cuja origem é o samba, sendo este um ritmo trazido pelos negros africanos escravizados no Brasil. A partir de um corpus formado por 161 letras de samba-enredo (abrangendo um período que se estende de 1954 a 2010) que trazem como tema alguém ou algo relacionado ao universo africano e/ou afro-brasileiro, ou que pelo menos tangenciem a questão da negritude e afrodescendência, desejamos atingir três objetivos no decorrer dessa pesquisa, quais sejam: a) observar como ocorre o processo de referenciação, isto é, como o referente negro (ou outro termo semanticamente próximo) é ativado, reativado ou desativado em 129 cadeias referenciais, que é um construto linguístico-cognitivo relevante para a formação dos sentidos de um texto; b) quantificar a frequência da temática africana e/ou afrodescendente nos sambas selecionados; c) observar com que frequência um SN complexo é utilizado para introduzir uma cadeia referencial, de modo a imprimir uma marca argumentativa na forma de referir escolhida pelos autores do texto / Based on the sociocognitive notion of language, text and discourse gender, as well as the process of referentiation (KOCH, 2009b, CORTEZ, 2003; TEDESCO, 2002, RONCARATI, 2010), the present research focuses at samba-enredo (or samba de enredo, a kind of musical poem to be sung during the Samba Schools Parade, in Brazil), which is one of the variations of samba, a musical rhythm brought by African black people from different nations during the slavery centuries in Brazil. We gathered a corpus containing 161 samba-enredo compositions (covering a period that starts in 1954 and ends in 2010). These texts have someone or something that belongs to the African or Afro-Brazilian world, or, at least, they should mention these issues. Thus, it is our aim to achieve three objectives throughout this research: a) to observe how the process of referentiation is unfolded, that is, how the referent negro (black), or any other semantically close word, is activated, reactivated or desactivated in 129 referential chains, which are a relevant linguistic and cognitive construct to the meaning of a text; b) to quantify the frequency of African and/or Afro-Brazilian issues in the selected lyrics; c) to observe how often a complex NP (noun phrase) is used to introduce a referential chain, so that an argumentative mood is impressed on the lexical selection carried out by the writers of the songs

The purpose of this work is to characterize the problem of semantic presuppositions generated by definite descriptions in subject-position in the light of a reassessment of the semantic framework of the Russell/Strawson controversy and analyze what would be the early and the later Wittgenstein's solution to such a problem. In the first part, the Russell/Strawson controversy is characterized. On the basis of Strawson's account, a general concept of semantic presupposition against which other theories may be tested is constructed. This allows the formulation of the problem above mentioned. Further analysis of the accounts involved reveals that Frege's concept of a 'semantic prerequisite' generated by definite descriptions in subject-position is an instance of the general concept. But Frege also held the view that simple proper names do not generate semantic prerequisites. The Fregean referential dualism suggests that the Russell/Strawson controversy, as far as only these authors' accounts are involved, is undecidable at the purely semantic level. This is the semantic framework against which Wittgenstein's philosophies are tested in the second part. The "Tractatus" adopts a modified version of the Russellian Theory of Descriptions. Even so, the Tractarian account seems to be ultimately equivalent to Russell's. Further analysis reveals that the doctrine of simple signs in isolation, but not its conjunction with the picture theory, is consistent with the general concept of semantic presupposition. The "Investigations " adopts the programmatic principle of searching for the use of the words. But the question about the 'referring use' of descriptions in a specific language-game is consistent with, and in the spirit of, the "Investigations". The framework of the question involves the appeal to the Kripkean notions of 'semantic referent' and 'speaker's referent'. The analysis of the referring use in the language-game of reporting an event reveals that the later Wittgenstein tends to reject the semantic concept of presupposition. Further analysis reveals that he would tend to reject Russell's Theory of Descriptions and most of the variants of the pragmatic concept. The analysis seems to confirm that the Russell/Strawson dispute is idle at the purely semantic level. Even so, the later Wittgenstein's account of language is such that it is possible to imagine some particular language-games in which relationships occur that bear some analogies with the one of semantic presupposition.

In order to learn a new word, a young child must extricate the correct object from multiple possible items in front of them, make an initial association between the specific word-form and the particular referent, robustly link the new word and referent and integrate the new word into their lexicon. Recent research suggests processes that focus attention on the most novel objects in a complex environment, as well as the child's own developing vocabulary play critical roles in this process. This thesis aims to understand the influence of novelty and prior vocabulary knowledge on referent selection and how the interaction of novelty and knowledge can lead to word learning. A series of empirical studies first probed the use of children's endogenous novelty bias in a referent selection task, and then explored how the use of novelty was related to retention of newly mapped word-referent pairs. A second set of studies explored children's use of vocabulary knowledge in ambiguous learning situations by varying the strength of knowledge for competing items present during novel word learning. Finally, a Hebbian Normalized Recurrent Network model was used to explore the underlying associative process of referent selection and retention in novelty- or knowledge-based word learning tasks. Counter to prior work, results here suggest that novelty can override knowledge and in fact, be a detriment to word learning. Children demonstrate a novelty bias across multiple contexts and tasks, but the dominant use of novelty does not translate to retention and does not appear to implicate the use of the child's lexicon. As novelty diminishes and vocabulary knowledge increases, some children can overcome this bias and demonstrate retention for new word-referent pairs. Moreover, the results also suggest that when disambiguation requires the use of weak prior knowledge, more cognitive processing is necessary. The increases in processing subsequently translate to retention for new word-referent pairs. The empirical and computational results together suggest potential limitations of these findings to word learning and suggest future directions exploring variability in object and word representations during learning.

This is an exploratory study of the Situational Theory of Problem Solving applied to the context of climate change communication. Selective exposure to politically slanted media is explored as a referent criterion and framing effects are also tested. Relationships between consumption of media characterized as conservative or liberal with referent criterion, Situational Motivation in Problem Solving, problem recognition, involvement recognition, and constraint recognition are tested.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This paper presents an explorative study of informal written narratives and oral picture descriptions in the native language as well as in the second language (L2) of six intermediate/advanced Dutch L1 learners of Swedish. Data from six Swedish L1 native controls, performing the same tasks as the learners, were also collected. Quantifications forthe following aspects of information structure were made for the transcribed oral descriptions: 1) reference introduction, including occurrences of spatial/existential constructions, 2) reference maintenance per type and finally 3) elements in the prefield. For the written material, elements in the prefield were analysed. Pronouns in all clausal positions andadverbials in the prefield were analysed in detail for both oral and written material. The following research questions were asked: Do Dutch L1 and Swedish L1 differ in their patterns of information structure within the area of referent introductions and maintenance and prefield constituents in picture descriptions? Do the L2 learners adhere to the target language(Swedish) patterns, the patterns of their mother tongue (Dutch), or does the interlanguage exhibit different patterns? In the written data, differences in percentages for prefield constituents emerged where Dutch L1 showed a more adverbial-initial pattern. No major differences were found in the oral data, where both languages exhibited a pattern of two thirds subject-initial clauses and one third adverbial-initial clauses. Some further differences were found concerning the distribution of subtypes of prefield constituents (such as place adverbials, subject pronouns, subject NP’s). Concerning the perspectives taken for referent introduction, Dutch L1 was slightly more spatial than Swedish L1. However, both languages exhibited a predominantly existential perspective. Substantial individual variation was foundin all three language varieties and for all features investigated. The learners in their Swedish L2 mainly followed the norms of the L2, but also showed patterns similar to those of their L1 as well as patterns neither connected to the L1 or the L2. The strict dichotomy ofspatial/existential perspective of referent introduction proposed by e.g. Carroll et al. (2000) was found to exclude many cases of referent introduction. Drawbacks of the present study are the small quantity of data and the lack of comparable studies; thus, this subject and language combination need to be researched further.

We will discuss here the issue of manipulation in the digital era of photojournalism. At first we will describe the relation between photography and its referent inculding its ability to represent the reality. Depicting the contrast between analogue and digital photography we will point out the independent position of digital photography from its referent, which is creating better possibilities for manipulation and decreasing the credibility of photography. Then we will analyze the text The Dusk of Photojournalism? that is reflecting these perspective and offering the solution increasing the position of the relation between photography and its referent. By contrast we will analyze the text called Photojournalism is dead, long live photojournalism. Why digitization can increase the credibility of journalistic photography? which considers this perspective as obsolete and offers us the new perspective of the relation between photography and its viewers, that could increase the credibility of photography in photojournalism. According to these two major perspectives we will point out whether it is possible to consider this option of photography - viewers relation as a relevant alternative. Based on these conclusions we will point out the major point of credibility of journalistic photography and imply...