• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 32
  • 17
  • 12
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 33
  • 33
  • 21
  • 14
  • 10
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 9
  • 8
  • 8
  • 8
  • 6
  • 6
  • 6
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

戴維森的隱喻理論之研究

陳文珊 Unknown Date (has links)
2

組織隱喻之研究 / A Study of Organizational Metaphor

史雅玲, Shih, Yia Ling Unknown Date (has links)
「隱喻」可以說是組織分析或組織研究的一種工具,當我們說「組織就像是一部設計精密的機器」,那麼我們就會認為組織應該像機器那樣透過部門分工和嚴格管理來實現效率的目標;如果我們認為「組織就像是具有生命力的有機體」,那麼我們就會將注目的焦點放在組織與其環境間的互動關係;從組織理論的剖析當中,我們不難發現這些隱喻所移留的痕跡。   本文的研究目的為:1.探討隱喻的意義,理論內涵,隱喻對我們建構概念的作用。2.探討隱喻在組織研究中的正當性,隱喻對組織分析的作用,及如何將隱喻應用到組織研究,使其成為某種可行的研究途徑。3.剖析組織理論的隱喻內涵,隱喻對這些理論所產生的影響,並試做檢討評述。   總的來說,雖然還沒人直接稱「組織隱喻」,很少有人認真的探討隱喻和組織研究、組織理論的關係。而本文大膽的從隱喻的釋義、組織研究的方法論和組織理論的剖析三個角度來探討,庶幾為往後的組織隱喻研究提供一種初步的認識基礎。全文共分五章,計十萬餘字。主要的研究結論為:   壹、隱喻的意涵。在外觀上隱喻是一種類比,在效用上可補充直敘語言的不足;隱喻更是一種意義的轉化及認知的工具;無論是在形式或內涵上,均可涵蓋其他比喻語言。我們不該將隱喻貶抑成一種修辭的技巧或工具,也不應以此界定直敘語言和隱喻語言的從屬關係;因為兩者均為語言表述的核心。從語言建構實體的觀點以及語言發展的過程來看,「凡語言皆為隱喻」,而隱喻不僅是言說的必要工具,同時也是我們建構日常生活概念體系的基礎。   貳、隱喻和組織研究的關係。科學研究的過程也需要透過隱喻來想像和創造,隱喻的使用在組織研究中享有其正當性的地位。組織研究的根本即為一種「隱喻式的思維」:以熟悉已知的概念來幫助瞭解陌生未知的概念。質言之,組織理論豐富多元的觀點,實為研究者運用不同隱喻、透過不同隱喻來思維的具體結果。理論建構的過程需要反思關照其所本的假定(亦即典範),隱喻在其間即擔負起啟發思維的關鍵角色。故周全的組織研究過程,應當在「典範-隱喻-解謎」的邏輯下進行,而不是侷限於驗證程序或解謎方法。隱喻觀點的組織研究正可以幫助我們解讀組織現象的多重意義。   參、以隱喻為基底的組織理論風貌。本文分就機器隱喻、有機體隱喻和大腦隱喻,剖析這些隱喻對理論所產生的影響,並說明其所造成的限制。
3

漢語多義情態動詞 / Polysemous modal verbs in Mandarin Chinese

巫春慧, Wu, Chun Hui Unknown Date (has links)
本論文試圖經由檢視過去對於漢語情態動詞的研究,找出最適合稱為「情態動詞」的十二個情態動詞,並以此為基礎建立適合漢語情態動詞的語意分類方式:主要分三大類—動力情態、義務情態、認知情態。同時也從共時與歷時的角度檢視漢語裡的五個多義情態動詞,包括會、能、要、可以、應該。研究發現這五個多義情態動詞所顯現的多義都是極度相關的。首先,五個多義情態動詞都有以上三大類的情態意義,其中又以動力情態為中心意義。此外,本研究確立多義情態動詞的發展方向與階段,由動力情態延伸出來的義務情態是透過主觀化的認知機制(Traugott 1980),之後,由義務情態發展出來的認知情態則是由於主觀化與隱喻(Sweetser 1990)的運作。最後,本文也探討了情態與句法的互動關係。 / The purpose of this study is to reveal the relationship among polysemous modal verbs in Mandarin Chinese (hui4, neng2, yao4, ke3yi3, ying1gai1). It is found that the multiple modal senses encoded in the five polysemous modal verbs are closely-related. Through a careful examination on both synchronic and diachronic data of the five polysemous modal verbs, it is suggested that each of them exhibit three major modality types, including dynamic (ability, volition), deontic (directive, commissive), and epistemic (judgmental) modalities. At Stage I of the path of development, dynamic modality, as the core meaning of polysemous modal verbs, is extended to deontic modality through the cognitively-driven mechanism—subjectification, which is proposed by Traugott (1989). Then, epistemic modality is developed from deontic modality at Stage II through both subjectification and metaphorization (Sweetser 1990). After determining the direction and stages of the development path of the five polysemous modal verbs, a feature-based classification for modality types of Chinese modal verbs is provided in order to incorporate the differences and similarities among the three modality types (dynamic, deontic, and epistemic modalities). Finally, the interaction between modalities and other syntactic elements (predicates and arguments) is discussed with examples.
4

國民黨與民進黨的政黨形象:隱喻抽取技術(ZMET)之應用

江羚弘 Unknown Date (has links)
本文探索國民黨與民進黨形象,研究方法是援引行銷學者Zaltman於一九九○年代發展出的隱喻抽取技術(Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique,簡稱ZMET),透過圖片為中介與一對一深入訪談,來挖掘「人們內心想法」。在訪談政治大學十二位學生後,研究發現從ZMET訪談分別總結國民黨與民進黨形象共識地圖的分析,除了其研究結論與量化問卷調查結果相較,能夠得到相互印證之外,也確實有助於對政黨形象內涵提供更豐富的瞭解。   由TEDS2004P與2008P資料顯示國民黨是「代表有錢有勢者」、「具有執政能力」、「與黑金掛勾」的形象;以及民進黨「代表台灣人利益」、「代表一般民眾利益」、「與黑金掛勾」形象提高,皆能為本文運用ZMET的研究成果:共識地圖,所含括。此外對於國民黨,更挖掘出老舊、變革遲緩、權力大、權力封閉、不親民…等形象。民進黨則是堅韌、多元參與、躁亂、擅於變革、狹隘本土意識…等形象。   因此,相對於國內慣用問卷調查方式提供政黨形象的描述,本文研究則(一)初步印證,運用於商學院市場調查的ZMET,得以援引做為政治學界探索政黨形象的研究方法。(二)從本文所挖掘出國民兩黨形象的內涵,可做為改良現行政黨形象問卷題目之基礎;亦得供為兩大黨於未來在定位或行銷時的建議。 關鍵詞:政黨形象、隱喻抽取技術(ZMET)
5

戰爭動詞在報紙媒體上之隱喻使用 / Metaphorical Use of War-Related Verbs in Newspapers

陳奕蓁, Chen, I Chen Unknown Date (has links)
隱喻研究能夠幫助我們了解人類的認知模式,觀察人類運用身體經驗學習抽象概念的過程。戰爭隱喻與人類生活經驗密切相關,過往研究顯示至少有七種概念會運用戰爭隱喻來凸顯事件競爭的本質,但是過去研究無法說明戰爭隱喻涵蓋的概念種類,並且缺乏有效的語言證據來證明隱喻映射的豐富程度。因此本研究將從來源域的角度出發,以語料庫為本,透過戰爭動詞在報紙媒體上的長期使用情形討論戰爭隱喻的使用分布及詞彙語意顯示之意涵。 本研究分析戰爭動詞在台灣報紙媒體上的隱喻使用情形,研究結果顯示戰爭隱喻的主題分布與事件概念性質相關,特別是體育、財經、政治等三個主題大量運用戰爭隱喻,顯示追求競賽勝負、利益和權力的概念都常用戰爭加以描繪。在語意梳理後則得到台灣報紙新聞使用的六個主要戰爭隱喻:追求愛情是戰爭、治療病體是戰爭、資安防護是戰爭、投資交易是戰爭、政治競爭是戰爭、競賽活動是戰爭。政治競爭、競賽活動和投資交易的語料數量與主題分布成正比,資安防護是因應網路時代來臨而產生的新興目標域,最後治療病體及追求愛情則是反應人類對於肉體以及精神上維持滿足的生存需求。至於各隱喻共同使用的概念元素顯示戰爭行動以參與者和交戰過程的描述最為重要。最後由其他隱喻詞彙分布和語意關係的比較,可以發現表達戰時攻防行動的詞彙最多,除了再次證明行動的重要性,也強調行動過程的攻擊性和結果。而大量使用近義詞、反義詞象徵漢語對描述競爭細節的需求。 最後,本研究針對以上發現對華語教學提出教材編排、教學設計與詞彙教學之建議,認為隱喻教學有助學生習得新詞彙,且透過詞彙網路的概念連結可提升學習效率。建議未來可針對口語語料進行調查,並分析語意之外的言談篇章要素,同時落實戰爭隱喻之教學設計用於課堂實際教學,以檢視教學成效。
6

從科學到新聞-由基因新聞看科學與新聞的差距

鄭宇君, Cheng, Yu Chung Unknown Date (has links)
過去對科學新聞的研究多把焦點放在個人因素上,認為記者或編輯的科學知識不足是造成科學新聞意義偏差的主要原因。但本研究認為知識從科學到新聞的差距不僅是個人因素造成,並與科學新聞產製的社會脈絡有關,而社會脈絡對科學新聞的影響更會藉由語言呈現反映在文本表現上。   因此本研究選擇以基因新聞做為分析對象,並以論述分析為研究取徑,分析「基因」概念從科學到新聞的意義轉變,以及社會脈絡下各項結構性因素如何影響科學新聞的意義生產,而這些影響如何透過語言表現。   研究結果發現,新聞使用隱喻來解釋「基因」的意涵,但除了與科學一樣使用「密碼」與「訊息」的隱喻說明基因在科學領域的運作模式,新聞中更常以「身分」、「利器」、「資源」等隱喻強調基因研究的實用價值,特別是由「身分」衍生的「指紋」隱喻常用來形容DNA比對判別身分的精確性,而「資源」衍生的「商品」隱喻則用來描述基因研究成果的經濟價值。本文認為造成科學與新聞使用隱喻的差別,原因在於科學新聞產製的社會脈絡。   本研究進一步指出實際的科學新聞運作受到社會脈絡的各項結構性因素影響,包括日常生活世界的實用動機主導新聞報導方向;新聞寫作以敘事、使用隱喻的方式,去除科學語言的專業化;科學新聞網絡中的各方利益決定了新聞呈現的觀點;科學新聞慣用的新聞價值與科學意義容易產生衝突;新聞專業的客觀性與確定性規範則限制了科學新聞的表達方式;新聞也會間接呈現社會機制對科學研究的干預。這些社會結構因素基於自身的特性影響科學新聞的意義生產,才是造成知識從科學到新聞的距離。
7

現代俄語中帶前綴運動動詞的直義與轉義(以文學作品和報章雜誌文章為例)

呂長運 Unknown Date (has links)
俄語中,有一群動詞是表示不同的運動方式(有時是藉著交通工具),這就是運動動詞。由於語言和文化上的差異,對於所有的外國學生,包含台灣學生在內,學習運動動詞(帶前綴的運動動詞)時,確實造成不小的困擾。此外,在俄語中的運動動詞有定向和不定向的區分,俄國人能夠很清楚地分辨它們,但相較於沒有這種概念的台灣學生來說,在選擇定向或是不定向的運動動詞時,往往會使用錯誤。更值得一提的是 — 帶前綴的運動動詞不僅在俄語教學中是一項很大的挑戰,而且它們在構詞、詞彙、語法和語義等方面也有許多不同的特性。這些原因都是造成台灣學生在學習俄語運動動詞時所會面臨到的問題。本論文從語言歷史的角度出發,探討俄語中運動動詞的意義在歷史演進中的改變;其次,以構詞、詞彙、語法和語意這一方面的理論,來分析運動動詞所具有的特徵(例如:派生詞和非派生詞;及物動詞和非及物動詞;詞彙的直義和轉義;詞彙的隱喻意義和借喻意義;語義場等);同時,以功能修辭學的觀點來解析運動動詞在功能語體中扮演的角色。
8

言語及手勢中之隱喻表達 / The Expression of Metaphor in Speech and Gesture

張宇彤, Chang, Yu Tung Unknown Date (has links)
本文旨在研究中文日常會話中語言及手勢之隱喻表達,並根據Lakoff和Johnson的概念隱喻理論(Conceptual Metaphor Theory),探討語言與手勢之慣常隱喻表達以及兩者的互動關係。本文共分析247筆隱喻。其中110(44.5%)筆在語言及手勢中同時傳遞同一類型之隱喻概念;另外137(55.5%)筆只藉著手勢傳達隱喻概念。 日常會話語料中共發現九種隱喻類型,包括身體譬喻、因果譬喻、傳輸譬喻、容器譬喻、實體譬喻、虛擬移動譬喻、 空間方位譬喻、擬人譬喻以及複合譬喻。此外,根據意象圖式之概念,本研究也區分了九種來源域概念:活動、身體部位、容器、虛擬移動、力、物體、路徑、人與空間。隱喻可以用來表達繁多的目標域概念,以下八種目標域概念在語料中至少出現五次:群體、心理活動、具體活動、程度、順序、說話內容、狀態與時間。 研究發現,實體譬喻(77.8%)及空間方位譬喻(17.4%)在日常會話中最為普遍。根據Lakoff 和 Johnson (1980c),人們對於實體之經驗提供了多種方式來表達其他抽象概念,例如我們能集合、分類、量化物體以及確立物體之情勢。Lakoff 和 Johnson亦表示,空間方位是構成某些概念(例如:高地位)之不可或缺的部分;缺乏空間方位譬喻,很難利用其他方式表達。因此,日常會話中經常使用實體譬喻及空間方位作譬喻。空間方位譬喻之來源域概念可以是空間或路徑,而其他類型之譬喻僅來自單一來源域。最常見的來源域概念為物體,而常見之目標域概念則有狀態、時間及具體活動。有關單一來源域至多元目標域之隱喻對應,來源域概念包括物體、空間、路徑、虛擬移動、活動及容器,可用以表達多個目標域。有關多元來源域至單一目標域之隱喻對應,目標域概念包括時間、心理活動、說話內容、順序及程度,可藉由多個來源域表達。 本文亦從三方面探討語言及手勢如何共同表達隱喻概念:語言及手勢之時序、手勢之關聯詞彙、語言及手勢之語意配合,以瞭解關於語言與手勢產生之不同理論假說。Lexical Semantic Hypothesis認為手勢源自於詞項之語意內容,也主張手勢出現之時間通常先於相關詞彙,以利詞彙搜索。Interface Hypothesis則認為空間-運動訊息及語言訊息在產生手勢之過程中相互影響,因此手勢及語言會同時出現,而本研究確實發現手勢大多與相關詞彙同時出現。再者,17.4%的手勢對應片語,而不限於單詞,此結果與Lexical Semantic Hypothesis之見解相悖。最後,研究發現55.5%之隱喻僅藉由手勢表達。因此語言及手勢傳達不同的語意訊息,結果支持Interface Hypothesis之論說—手勢和語言可各自表意。上述三項結果支持Interface Hypothesis之論點。 / This thesis explores the linguistic and gestural expressions of metaphors in daily Chinese conversations. Following Lakoff and Johnson’s framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the present study aims to investigate the habitual expressions of metaphors in language and gesture and the collaboration of the two modalities in conveying metaphors. The present study examined 247 metaphoric expressions. The data includes 110 (44.5%) metaphors being conveyed concurrently by speech and gesture—the two modalities expressing the same type of metaphors—and 137 (55.5%) metaphors being conveyed in gesture exclusively. Nine types of metaphors were found in the daily conversations: Body-part, Causation, Conduit, Container, Entity, Fictive-motion, Orientation, Personification, and complex metaphors. Furthermore, based on the notion of image schema, nine types of source-domain concepts were recognized: ACTIVITY, BODY-PART, CONTAINER, FICTIVE-MOTION, FORCE, OBJECT, PATH, PERSON, and SPACE. A great variety of target-domain concepts were realized via metaphors; the present study focused on eight types, each occurred more than five times in the data: GROUP, MENTAL ACTIVITY, (physical) ACTIVITY, DEGREE, SEQUENCE, SPEECH CONTENT, STATE, and TIME. The results showed that Entity metaphor (77.8%) and Orientation metaphor (17.4%) are the most common types in daily conversation. According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980c), people’s bodily experiences of physical objects provide basis for viewing other abstract concepts; for instance, we can group, categorize, quantify, and identify aspects of objects. They also suggested spatial orientations are essential parts of certain concepts (e.g., high status); without orientation metaphors, it would be difficult to find alternative ways to express the ideas. Therefore, Entity metaphor and Orientation metaphor are frequently employed in metaphoric expressions. Orientation metaphors are based on two source domains, SPACE and PATH; the other types of metaphors are all associated with a single source domain. The most common type of source domains is OBJECT, whereas the common types of target domains are STATE, TIME, and PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. With regard to the one-source-to-many-targets correspondences, the source domains of OBJECT, SPACE, PATH, FICTIVE-MOTION, ACTIVITY, and CONTAINER could be used to express numerous target-domain concepts metaphorically. As to the many-sources-to-one-target correspondences, the target-domain concepts of TIME, MENTAL ACTIVITY, SPEECH CONTENT, SEQUENCE, and DEGREE could be represented by multiple source-domain concepts. The collaboration of language and gesture enables us to evaluate the various hypotheses of speech-gesture production, based on the temporal relation between language and gesture, the lexical affiliates of metaphoric gestures, and the semantic coordination across the two modalities. The Lexical Semantics Hypothesis suggests that gestures are generated from the semantic of a lexical item (or a word) and that gestures tend to precede their lexical affiliates to help lexical search. The Interface Hypothesis proposes that spatio-motoric and linguistic information interact with each other during gesture production, so gestures and the related speech will occur at the same time. The present study found that gestures mostly synchronize with the associated speech. Moreover, 17.4% of metaphoric gestures are associated with grammatical phrases rather than words. This result opposes to the claim of the Lexical Semantics Hypothesis. Last, the present study found that 55.5% of metaphoric expressions are being conveyed in gesture exclusively. The result supports the argument of the Interface Hypothesis that language and gesture can covey diverse semantic contents respectively. Based on the above findings, the current study tends to support the Interface Hypothesis.
9

中日語言中「氣」的多義對比分析:以隱喻及轉喻為研究中心 / A comparative analysis on the polysemy of 'Qi' in Mandarin and Japanese: a study based on metaphor and metonymy

葉淑美 Unknown Date (has links)
語言是人類傳情達意的工具,中、日文雖是不同的語言,但都以漢字作為表義的符碼,且經由人類共通的「身體經驗」衍生而來的身體詞彙,亦普遍存在於這兩種語言之中。過去關於身體詞彙衍生語義的研究,多集中於人體外部具體可見的五官及四肢,而作為人類生命跡象重要表徵的「氣」,雖虛無飄渺且難以捉摸,但在中、日文裡,亦存在著許多由「氣」衍生的語義,因此本研究擬以抽象的身體詞彙「氣」為對象,先探究「氣」的原型義(基本義),接著從漢語辭典、日語辭典及語料庫收集「氣」的相關詞彙,作為分析的語料。 Lakoff在討論原型理論的時候提到,人類基於經驗和想像,將各種事物分類,一方面源於感知、動覺活動和文化,另一方面就是隱喻(metaphor)、轉喻(metonymy)和心理意象,而人類的推理也同樣依賴這些要素。隱喻過程是在不同的認知域中建立關連,Lakoff和Johnson將其細分為結構隱喻、方位隱喻和實體隱喻三類;轉喻則是利用事物的多重屬性,凸顯其中最容易記憶和理解的部份;而提喻(synecdoce)則是就種、類的從屬關係,探討語義的形成機制。本研究以中文和日文中由「氣」所構成的單純詞、複合詞以及派生詞為考察對象,透過認知語義學的「隱喻」「轉喻」等概念,分析這些詞彙的各種語義及其相互關係,進而探討其多義構造,最後經由繪製中、日多義詞網絡圖,由中、日文共同具有的核心義出發,探討中、日文「氣」衍生語義及其語義延伸機制之異同,經研究結果發現,中、日文「氣」的衍生義項及機制有許多相似之處,由此或可推知中、日文對「氣」的語義認知有其類似的心理意象及文化底蘊,而細究其間的語用差異及所考察出的不同衍生義項,則發覺中文的「氣」較傾向於表達客觀存在的事實或現象,日文的「気」則多涉及內心主觀的思維及感受。此外,日文「気」語義虛化的現象似乎比中文「氣」有更顯著的趨勢。
10

隱喻及轉喻對英語為外語學習者之教學成效:以情緒語言為例 / The effects of teaching EFL learners metaphor and metonymy: With reference to emotion expressions

陳怡蓁, Chen, Yi Chen Unknown Date (has links)
隱喻及轉喻被廣泛的使用在日常生活語言中。認知語言學主張:隱喻及轉喻實為人類思想與溝通的中心。因此,語言學習者必須具備覺察及理解用以表示抽象概念的隱喻及轉喻用語的能力。然而,因為語言及文化的顯著差異,第二語言學習者在發展溝通能力時,也應培養譬喻能力。 許多學者提出各式教學方法。現存文獻中,使用以概念引喻為主的教學方式,著重於點出用以對比的兩者間之相對特徵,已獲得實驗證實能提升語言學習者之覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力。然而此教學方法忽略了語言文化間的差異填補,亦輕忽了轉喻的重要性。另一方面,使用隱喻映射為主的教學方式,能藉由實體映射及知識映射有系統條理的闡述用以對比的兩者間之對照關係,不僅有助於彌補因文化不同而造成的認知差異,亦將轉喻與譬喻視為同等重要。因而以隱喻映射為主的教學方式被認為是具備潛力的教學方法,但仍缺少實證。 本論文旨在以實證方式,研究以概念引喻及以隱喻映射為主的兩種教學方式對於以英語為外語學習者在覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力之學習成效。共有115位、分別來自一般大學及科技大學之大學一年級學生參與本實驗。參與者分成兩組,分別接受兩種教學方式。實驗分兩週進行:第一週先完成電腦化的譬喻能力測驗之前測,接著進行教學,第二週則進行電腦化的譬喻能力測驗之後測。測驗之結果則經由量化及質化方式進行分析。 實驗結果發現:兩種教學方式均對於參與者在覺察能力、理解能力、及記憶力有正面成效。然而儘接受以隱喻映射為主之教學方式的參與者在覺察能力測驗中獲得顯著進步,特別是對於不包含體驗性描述的轉喻性隱喻及隱喻用語,表現尤佳。至於理解力測驗部分,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式對於解讀含有文化差異性的用語特別有助益。另一方面,相較兩組教學方式的表現成果而言,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式造成參與者的學習成果呈現較一致且穩固的成長。總而言之,以隱喻映射為主之教學方式因為提供了具結構性、系統性及邏輯性的映射過程,而促進學習者較容易覺察包含抽象概念的譬喻用語,克服因文化差異性而造成的理解困難,及獲致較穩固的學習成長。 本研究為以英語為外語學習者在學習譬喻用語—包含隱喻及轉喻—上提供了三點貢獻。其一,透過學習者培養譬喻能力之實驗成果,直接教學方式對於第二語言習得的效益再次獲得證實。其二,本實驗成果顯示:轉喻與隱喻實為密不可分的兩種概念,在教學過程中應把轉喻列為與隱喻一樣重要。其三,學習者的中介語包含了語言的普同性及差異性概念,因此應被視為連續體而非階段性結構;在設計教學教材時,應把此連續體的概念併入考量。總結而言,本實驗的成果不只在應用語言學領域提出見解,亦在第二語言習得領域有所貢獻。 / Metaphor and metonymy, pervasively found in everyday language, has been shown by cognitive linguistic research to lie at the heart of human thought and communication. Thus, ability to notice and comprehend metaphoric and metonymic expressions in expressing abstract concepts is indispensible for language users. However, since languages and cultures vary in a wide array of ways to employ metaphor and metonymy, L2 learners should develop metaphoric competence along with communicative competence. Various methods to develop L2 learners’ metaphoric competence have been proposed. In the extant literature, instruction involving conceptual metaphors (CM), which focuses on correspondences of general traits, has been proved effective in raising learners’ awareness, comprehension, and retention for Hungarian and Dutch EFL learners. Its effectiveness in Chinese speaking context is worth attested empirically. On the other hand, metaphoric mappings, which illustrate both ontological mappings and epistemic mappings of two concepts in more systematic and detailed manners, offer a promising method for EFL language learning. Hence, instruction involving metaphoric mappings (MM) is assumed to be more effective than instruction of CM. The effectiveness of such a method is also worth attested empirically. The present study aimed to test the effects of CM and MM on EFL learners’ awareness, comprehension, and retention of metaphoric and metonymic expressions with empirical evidence from a carefully-designed experiment. Finer-grained analyses on three important issues were provided: first, an in-depth examination of the intricate interaction of metonymy and metaphor as a continuum, and its influences on figurative language learning was conducted. Second, cultural universality and specificity among languages and the different degrees of difficulties for EFL learners in transferring expressions between L2 and L1 were also investigated. Third, whether structural and logical mappings between languages and cultures could assist learners to better grasp abstract concepts was examined. The participants included 115 Taiwanese EFL learners, who were freshmen of a general university and a four-year technological university. The English proficiency of the former group was high-intermediate and that of the latter was low-intermediate. The experiment contained three phases: pre-teaching, teaching and post-teaching. The participants were divided into two sub-groups: one received instruction involving CM, and the other received instruction involving MM. They were asked to complete the computerized metaphoric competence test before and after receiving instructions. The results of the tests were collected and analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that both instructions could lead to better awareness, comprehension, and retention. However, only the participants of the MM groups performed significantly better in the posttest regarding the Awareness Test, especially in finding metonymic-metaphoric and metaphoric expressions that contained no bodily descriptions, the two categories which were considered the most abstract among the expressions. Regarding the Comprehension Test, MM instruction was found to be especially beneficial for the participants in interpreting expressions involving cultural-specific conceptual metaphors. Moreover, MM instruction resulted in convergent effects in the participants’ performances and led toward relatively more consistent and steady progress. To conclude, MM instruction, with its structural, systematic, and logical mapping processes, was found to be especially helpful in facilitating learners’ awareness of expressions involving more abstract concepts, overcoming difficulties caused by cultural specificity, and leading to longer-term effects on retention. The present study sheds light on the application of metaphor and metonymy to EFL teaching and learning of figurative language in three aspects. First, that explicit instructions on second language acquisition carry beneficial effects is validated for the development of learners’ metaphoric competence in the target language. In addition, metonymy is suggested as equally important as metaphor, and should be included in EFL language learning programs. Moreover, that learners’ interlanguage system is a continuum encompassing expressions with universal and specific cultural characteristics is also validated. Therefore, designs of EFL teaching materials are suggested to take such a continuum into consideration. In brief, the results of the study contribute not only to applied linguistics but also to second language acquisition.

Page generated in 0.0347 seconds