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成語古今義變研究許育菁 Unknown Date (has links)
源自先秦文獻中的成語,為了因應社會文明發展及使用者的需求,使得部分流傳至今的成語在語音、形式或語義上產生了改變。其中,尤以成語古今語義的改變,最容易造成現今人們使用時的困擾和誤解。本文藉由對先秦文獻內容的訓詁,與成語的現今語義進行比較,發現若要深入分析成語語義演變的情形,就必須掌握下列七項要點:一、回歸古文字字形的探討,以求正確理解成語語源的內容;二、掌握古文字通假的特性,避免誤以通假字為本字;三、注重成語口語使用的普遍性,勿忽略古今語音的改變;四、兼顧古漢語語法結構的變化,避免僅以現代漢語語法來解讀古文獻;五、熟悉語源的作品風格,使成語語源內容的判讀更加精確;六、配合古代的社會生活和思想風氣,從文化角度來探求成語的意蘊;七、運用出土文獻的相關資源,使古文獻的訓詁更具說服力。依循上述要點進行研究後,可以得知源自先秦文獻中的成語,其古今義變的趨勢與特色分別是:一、引申義的增加和確立,使成語具有更強的表意功能;二、語義的簡明化和通俗化,使成語更合乎一般民眾的使用需求;三、由褒義或中性義向貶義發展,反映社會風氣的開放與革新;四、配合成語形式的變化,證明成語在形式上及內容上的演變具有一致性。在對成語語義演變的趨勢與特色有所認識之後,面對成語古今意義的改變,以及處於成語語義演變過度階段的「誤用」情形,便應該抱持更寬容的態度。因為這正是語言發展的自然現象,也是人類文明演進的一種反映。
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俄語「水」的語義場研究 / Semantic field of "water" in Russian李佳駿 Unknown Date (has links)
水在各個民族、各個語義之中都扮演相當重要的角色,因此在詞彙量及隱含意義上都可找到豐富的語料進行研究。本論文從水語義詞下手,分析水語義詞的義素,歸納出六大類的詞組,再依其直義與轉義進行研究與歸納,整理出俄語當中水語義場的主要意義及形象,期能讓非俄語母語使用者更能了解水在俄語當中的意義與主要形象概念。
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中日語言中「氣」的多義對比分析:以隱喻及轉喻為研究中心 / A comparative analysis on the polysemy of 'Qi' in Mandarin and Japanese: a study based on metaphor and metonymy葉淑美 Unknown Date (has links)
語言是人類傳情達意的工具,中、日文雖是不同的語言,但都以漢字作為表義的符碼,且經由人類共通的「身體經驗」衍生而來的身體詞彙,亦普遍存在於這兩種語言之中。過去關於身體詞彙衍生語義的研究,多集中於人體外部具體可見的五官及四肢,而作為人類生命跡象重要表徵的「氣」,雖虛無飄渺且難以捉摸,但在中、日文裡,亦存在著許多由「氣」衍生的語義,因此本研究擬以抽象的身體詞彙「氣」為對象,先探究「氣」的原型義(基本義),接著從漢語辭典、日語辭典及語料庫收集「氣」的相關詞彙,作為分析的語料。
Lakoff在討論原型理論的時候提到,人類基於經驗和想像,將各種事物分類,一方面源於感知、動覺活動和文化,另一方面就是隱喻(metaphor)、轉喻(metonymy)和心理意象,而人類的推理也同樣依賴這些要素。隱喻過程是在不同的認知域中建立關連,Lakoff和Johnson將其細分為結構隱喻、方位隱喻和實體隱喻三類;轉喻則是利用事物的多重屬性,凸顯其中最容易記憶和理解的部份;而提喻(synecdoce)則是就種、類的從屬關係,探討語義的形成機制。本研究以中文和日文中由「氣」所構成的單純詞、複合詞以及派生詞為考察對象,透過認知語義學的「隱喻」「轉喻」等概念,分析這些詞彙的各種語義及其相互關係,進而探討其多義構造,最後經由繪製中、日多義詞網絡圖,由中、日文共同具有的核心義出發,探討中、日文「氣」衍生語義及其語義延伸機制之異同,經研究結果發現,中、日文「氣」的衍生義項及機制有許多相似之處,由此或可推知中、日文對「氣」的語義認知有其類似的心理意象及文化底蘊,而細究其間的語用差異及所考察出的不同衍生義項,則發覺中文的「氣」較傾向於表達客觀存在的事實或現象,日文的「気」則多涉及內心主觀的思維及感受。此外,日文「気」語義虛化的現象似乎比中文「氣」有更顯著的趨勢。
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基於領域詞典之詞彙-語義網路建構方法研究 - 以財務金融領域詞典為例 / The Construction of a Lexical-semantic Network Based on Domain Dictionary: Dictionary of Finance and Banking as an Example曾建勛, Tzeng,Jian Shuin Unknown Date (has links)
領域詞典包含許多專業的詞彙以及對詞彙的定義,但詞典中詞彙間的關係是被隱藏起來的,本研究運用自然語言處理的相關技術,提出運用領域詞典找出詞彙間關係建構特定領域語義網路的方法。 / A domain dictionary contains many professional words and their definitions. In general, there are many hidden relations among words in a dictionary. In this thesis, we use techniques of natural language processing to find out these relations, and bring up a method to construct a domain specific lexical semantic network.
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英文介系詞片語定位與英文介系詞推薦 / Attachment of English prepositional phrases and suggestions of English prepositions蔡家琦, Tsai, Chia Chi Unknown Date (has links)
英文介系詞在句子裡所扮演的角色通常是用來使介系詞片語更精確地補述上下文,英文的母語使用者可以很直覺地使用。然而電腦不瞭解語義,因此不容易判斷介系詞修飾對象;非英文母語使用者則不容易直覺地使用正確的介系詞。所以本研究將專注於介系詞片語定位與介系詞推薦的議題。
在本研究將這二個介系詞議題抽象化為一個決策問題,並提出一個一般化的解決方法。這二個問題共通的部分在於動詞片語,一個簡單的動詞片語含有最重要的四個中心詞(headword):動詞、名詞一、介系詞和名詞二。由這四個中心詞做為出發點,透過WordNet做階層式的選擇,在大量的案例中尋找語義上共通的部分,再利用機器學習的方法建構一般化的模型。此外,針對介系詞片語定的問題,我們挑選較具挑戰性介系詞做實驗。
藉由使用真實生活語料,我們的方法處理介系詞片語定位的問題,比同樣考慮四個中心詞的最大熵值法(Max Entropy)好;但與考慮上下文的Stanford剖析器差不多。而在介系詞推薦的問題裡,較難有全面比較的對象,但我們的方法精準度可達到53.14%。
本研究發現,高層次的語義可以使分類器有不錯的分類效果,而透過階層式的選擇語義能使分類效果更佳。這顯示我們確實可以透過語義歸納一套準則,用於這二個介系詞的議題。相信成果在未來會對機器翻譯與文本校對的相關研究有所價值。 / This thesis focuses on problems of attachment of prepositional phrases (PPs) and problems of prepositional suggestions. Determining the correct PP attachment is not easy for computers. Using correct prepositions is not easy for learners of English as a second language.
I transform the problems of PPs attachment and prepositional suggestion into an abstract model, and apply the same computational procedures to solve these two problems. The common model features four headwords, i.e., the verb, the first noun, the preposition, and the second noun in the prepositional phrases. My methods consider the semantic features of the headwords in WordNet to train classification models, and apply the learned models for tackling the attachment and suggestion problems. This exploration of PP attachment problems is special in that only those PPs that are almost equally possible to attach to the verb and the first noun were used in the study.
The proposed models consider only four headwords to achieve satisfactory performances. In experiments for PP attachment, my methods outperformed a Maximum Entropy classifier which also considered four headwords. The performances of my methods and of the Stanford parsers were similar, while the Stanford parsers had access to the complete sentences to judge the attachments. In experiments for prepositional suggestions, my methods found the correct prepositions 53.14% of the time, which is not as good as the best performing system today.
This study reconfirms that semantic information is instrument for both PP attachment and prepositional suggestions. High level semantic information helped to offer good performances, and hierarchical semantic synsets helped to improve the observed results. I believe that the reported results are valuable for future studies of PP attachment and prepositional suggestions, which are key components for machine translation and text proofreading.
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閩南語的副詞變調音韻中的介面現象 / Tone Sandhi of Adverbsin Southern Min: Interfaces in Phonology陳雅玫, Chen, Ya-mei Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要是從音韻,句法,語義及言談分析四部門的介面關係來探討閩南副詞的各種變調現象.副詞的句法及語義修飾功能可能影響閩南語重疊副詞的變調行為.當重疊副詞的句法與語義功能呈現差異時.它則單獨形成一個音韻片語.副詞內在的語義特性與閩南語一般副詞的變調有密切的關連.副詞可以是副語修飾語或句子修飾語.述語修飾語在語義上修飾述語或述語內的成份,因此與述語共同形成一個音韻片語;句子修飾語在語義上修飾主詞,句子或說話者,其必須單獨形成一個音韻片語.最後,我們從言談分析的角度重新分析閩南語的副詞.訊息結構中的焦點,主題及評論等結構會促成副詞音韻片語的重組.當副詞構成整個主題或評論時,它必須單獨形成一個獨立片語 / This thesis explores the adverbial phrasings in Southern
Min from the interface among phonology, syntax, semantics, and discourse. The syntactic andsemantic modification functions of the adverbs may affect the tonal phrasings of there duplicated adverbs in this language. When an adverb shows a syntax-semanticmismatch, it would form a separate phonological phrase. The intrinsic semanticproperties of the adverbs are crucial to tonal phrasings of the general adverbsSouthern Min. An adverb may serve as a predicate modifier, a sentence modifier, or both. A predicate modifier joins with the predicate to form aphonological phrase;a sentence modifier forms a separate phonological phrase.Finally, we reanalyzethe adverbs in question from the viewpoint of discourse information structure. An adverb which is a focus, topic, domains. Specifically,a topic or commentcoincides with the phonological phrase.
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現代俄語中的英語仿造成語研究 / Phrasal Calques from English to Russian王上豪 Unknown Date (has links)
二十世紀中葉以降,英俄語接觸愈顯頻繁,俄語除了以音譯和轉寫方式「借用」英語詞彙外,也開始大量以自有材料「仿造」(即直譯)英語成語。因此,本論文欲探討仿造成語(包括半仿造成語)在俄語中同化的情形,借助詞典、電子媒體、語料庫等媒介深入分析原型成語和仿造成語之間的形式差異,以及仿造成語在俄語中的語義發展,判斷其語義相對於原型成語而言是擴大、縮小或不變。接著,本論文分成形式和語義兩大研究主線,探討英語成語進入俄語後的使用情形,以及對俄語語義系統的影響。形式方面,討論仿造成語在各語言層面(語音、詞彙、構詞、詞法和句法)出現的形式變體,並探究各種變體出現的原因。語義方面,分析成語仿造所引發的組成詞語義變化,討論組成詞如何吸收英語語義,而此新語義如何擴散至組成詞的構詞族。本論文預期能豐富外語影響的研究視野,提供相關研究者、俄語教學者和學習者之參考。
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語義與連結促發作用對中文字彙辨識的影響高千惠, Kao, Chien-Hui Unknown Date (has links)
文字的意義是怎樣的儲存於我們的記憶?又是透過怎樣的方式來了解文字中的意義呢?本研究藉由語義促發效果的探討,一方面檢視語義與連結促發作用對字彙辨識的影響,另一方面提供中文的辨識歷程及記憶表徵方面的訊息。
本研究在三個相關的實驗中,藉著操弄了各種獨變項來回答上述的問題,第一個獨變項是促發項與目標項的關係;例如,促發項與目標項配對不但會形成(1)雙字詞,且彼此具有相似的意義(如,酣—睡),(2)雙字詞,但彼此具有不同的意義(如,餅—乾),(3)促發項與目標項之間具有相似的意義成分,但不會形成雙字詞(如,扔—丟),以及(4)促發項與目標項之間沒有意義上的關聯。本研究操弄的第二個獨變項是相關配對佔所有刺激的百分比(50%與25%),第三個獨變項則是促發項與目標項之間的聯想強度(高聯想與低聯想)。
綜觀本三個實驗的結果發現(1)當促發項與目標項具有意義上的關聯時,有加速文字辨識的歷程,(2)在高相關配對百分比的情境中,不論高、低聯想強度,意義關聯的刺激配對有顯著的促發效果,(3)在低相關配對百分比的情境中,刺激配對形成雙字詞,但彼此具有不同的意義,則高、低聯想強度都有顯著的促發效果;至於刺激配對形成雙字詞,且彼此具有相似的意義以及刺激配對具有相似的意義成分,但不會形成雙字詞時,則只有高聯想強度有顯著的促發效果,但低聯想強度沒有顯著的促發效果。
這樣的結果顯示在字彙判斷作業中,當促發項與目標項只有意義相似性的成分時,並無法加速受試者對文字的辨識。至於當促發項與目標項形成雙字詞,但彼此具有不同的意義時,並不同於其他的刺激配對,其促發效果可能是藉由組合線索,觸及字彙層次的連結訊息,因而加快文字的辨識速度。
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基於語料庫方法辨析漢語動補結構「用X 」及「弄X」之使用情況 / A Corpus-based Study of Mandarin Verbs Yong and Nong in Verb-complement Structure楊雅筑 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討漢語動補結構在語料庫中的使用情況,透過語料庫研究方法,辨析動詞「用X」及「弄X」與動補結構的關係,並探究動補結構中「用X」及「弄X」相互替代的使用現象,最後由詞彙語意及語義韻律的角度提出說明。
本研究利用中文詞彙網路(Chinese Wordnet)、《平衡語料庫》(Sinica Corpus 4.0)以及《批踢踢語料庫》(PTT Corpus),觀察語料庫中動詞「用」、動詞「弄」、動補結構「用X」及動補結構「弄X」的語料分布,以及語料與動詞義項的互動情況。研究發現,在語料庫中,動詞「用」的主要語義是「利用特定對象的特定功能」,而動詞「弄」的主要語義則是以「造成特定結果」和「代動詞,做」,且在語料庫中,「用X」結構的分布集中、「弄X」分布廣泛。研究亦發現,《平衡語料庫》中的動補結構語料相對來說較《批踢踢語料庫》中的語料組合穩定,此一現象是由於不同語料庫中的語料結合緊密程度不同所致。
藉由動詞代換檢測及動詞義項的比對,可知在動結式動補結構這個特定的環境下,動詞「用」和「弄」顯示了與近義詞相似的特質,甚至展現出詞彙語意關係中的上下位(hyponymy)或者蘊含關係(entailment)。研究最後透過觀察「用X」和「弄X」動補結構的語義韻律,探究動詞「用」和「弄」在動詞義項以外的異同之處,並發現語料庫中的動補結構「用X」及「弄X」在語義韻律的分布上有相似的表現。 / This paper aims to explore the cause of the mutual substitution of verbs yòng(用) and nòng(弄) in verb-complement structure in Taiwan Mandarin. The study adopts a semantic corpus-based approach to examine this phenomenon.
To find out the resemblance of meanings shared by the verbs yòng and nòng, this study first retrieved their senses by using Chinese Wordnet and analyzed the sentences from the Sinica Corpus. Three hundred instances of yòng and 240 instances for nòng were analyzed and classified according to their corresponding verb senses. The results showed that yòng and nòng both contain the concept of “utilize certain tool/method/means to fulfill particular purposes”, proving that they could possibly form a synonymous set of verb.
The analysis then focused on the behavior of the verbs in verb-complement structures. The verb-complement structures of yòng and nòng from the Sinica Corpus and the PTT Corpus were further inspected: 14 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (179 instances) and 32 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (157 instances) were found in Sinica Corpus, while 21 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (82 instances) and 97 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (781 instances) were found in the PTT Corpus. The distributions showed that the verb-complement structures in Sinica Corpus were relatively more stable than those in the PTT Corpus, and the phenomenon was inferred to be caused by the distinct degree of the structure combination.
In order to examine the possibility of the mutual substitution of yòng and nòng, a verb-substitution test was conducted. The results were further examined by comparing with the verb-complement structures found in the PTT Corpus. In addition, introspective survey of native speakers of Mandarin was also added to re-confirm the substitution test result. Lastly, the verb senses and the semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures were also analyzed. The study showed that the verbs yòng and nòng have shared senses when they appear in resultive verb-complement structures, and the mutual substitution patterns were also discovered. As for the analysis of semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures, the result showed that yòng-complement and nòng-complement have identical distribution tendency: structures with neutral semantic prosody occupied the greatest proportion, followed by the negative ones and the positive ones, which also proved the synonymous relationship between the verbs yòng and nòng in the verb-complement structures.
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社論的論證結構分析 / The Analysis of Argument Structures in Editorials朱灼文, Chu, Chuo-wen Unknown Date (has links)
本論文以兩篇結論對立的社論為個案,藉由形式語義學設計出將論說性篇章刻畫成一階謂詞邏輯符號的論述分析程序,使自然語言中對真實宣稱或正當宣稱的爭論還原成真值語義和論證形式有效性的判斷,從而具體地挽救被歧見所破壞的溝通行動。設計過程初擬了處理語篇命題結構、複合語句成分、回指關係、量號轄域歧義、因果語句、隱性前提推論、和引述結構的實用方案。 / By the means of formal semantics, this thesis used two opposite editorials as cases to design a discourse analysis procedure which translates expository-argumentative texts into formulae of first-order predicate logic. The procedure reduces disputes in natual language about truth or rightness claims into judgements on truth values and validities of argument forms, thus the communicative actions disabled by quarrels can be practically redempted. The designing drafted feasible treatments for propositional structures of discourses, compound sentential constituents, anaphoras, quantifier scope ambiguities, cause-and-effect statements, inferences for absent premises, and quotation structures.
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