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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

客語「放」及其同類動詞:框架語義與構式之互動 / Piong3 ‘put’ and its Congeners in Hakka: Frames and Constructions

羅婉君, Luo, Wan Jyun Unknown Date (has links)
本論文「客語「放」及其同類動詞:框架語義與構式之互動」以Fillmore (1985)提出的「框架語義」以及Goldberg (1995)等學者提出的「構式語法」觀點為基礎,分析客語「放」字構式呈現的多義現象。客語「放」字涉及「使動事件」:空間位移與狀態變化。本文著重分析「使動結構」與客語「放」字在動賓、動補及句子等構式中語意-句法的互動。同時藉助隱喻與轉喻的強化,說明客語「放」字延伸語意之間的關聯性,並進一步闡述客語「放」字在動賓結構中詞彙化為複合詞的現象。此外,本文亦檢視客語其他放置類動詞:方向同類動詞、工具同類動詞、方式同類動詞,經由審視其詞彙化類型與框架語義之互動,說明其語意內涵與句法上的表現。因此,本論文經由分析詞彙化類型與探討事件架構中參與角色的展現與否,說明客語放置類動詞語意與句法間的相互關係。 / English verbs describing putting, a prototypical exemplar of a caused-motion activity, have been pervasively found to be the first acquired and the most frequently used verbs in many languages. Their semantic compatibility with various syntactic structures reinforces the association between verbal meanings and the constructions, giving rise to a grouping of related but distinct senses (Goldberg et al. 2004). Piong3 (放) ‘to put’ in Hakka is abundant in semantics. The basic meaning of piong3 designates a common pattern of human experience: An animate entity exerts manual force upon a physical object and causes the object to move. Adopting Goldberg’s (1995) Constructions and Fillmore’s (1985) Frame Semantics, this study aims to account for the meaning relatedness latent in piong3 and explicate the shades of meaning rooted in the set of its congeners with different degree of family resemblance. It is argued that the delicate nuances denoted by piong3 are derived from the interaction between frames and constructions while the extended meanings of piong3 are linked to its typical use through various metaphors and metonymies such as CONTAINER, EVENT STRUCTURE, CHANGE OF STATE AS CHANGE OF LOCATION metaphors and ACTION FOR RESULT metonymy. Furthermore, with regard to congeners of piong3 in Hakka, it is maintained that differences in profiling and lexicalization patterns capture the primary difference between piong3 and its congeners. Specifically, piong3 does not lexicalize other semantic elements (i.e. path, means, manner, result, and etc.) into its lexical meaning whereas its congeners explicitly do so, in that three subtypes of the congeners can be identified: directional congeners, means congeners, and manner congeners.
12

「上」的中日對照研究 -從認知語言學的觀點-

林維瑄, Lin, Wei hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
在中日文裡要表達某個物體的上方空間時,都會使用「上」這個字。因此中國人學日文或是日本人學中文時,往往會認為中日文的「上」是完全的對應。但仔細觀察中日文中關於「上」的例子,我們可發現很多實例並非呈現一對一的對應關係。本論文主要目的在以中日對照研究的立場,應用認知語言學的形象圖式及形象圖式轉換與隱喻和轉喻理論解釋中日文「上」的多義和語義延伸的現象,並描繪出中日文「上」的語義網絡。 本論文共分成五章。第一章,概述研究動機和方法及研究範圍。第二章,藉由形象圖式理論分析中文「上」的基本空間意義及延伸的意義。第三章,藉由形象圖式理論分析日文「上」的基本空間意義及延伸的意義。第四章,比較中日文「上」的共通點及相異點,並透過圖表來清楚呈現出其對應關係。第五章,本論文的總結,繪出中日文「上」的語義網絡,並提出本論文今後研究的課題。 【關鍵字】:認知語言學、形象圖式、被觀察者、參考體、語義延伸、隱喻、轉喻、文法化 / 中国語と日本語で〈ある物体の上部・上方〉といった空間を表現する際、中国語でも日本語でも同じ「上」という漢字を用いる。このため、日本語を学ぶ中国語母語話者、また中国語を学ぶ日本語母語話者が、日本語の「Nの上」と中国語の「N+上」を一義的に対応させて使用してしまうケースが多い。しかし、実際の用例を見ると「Nの上」と「N+上」が一義的に対応しない場合が多数存在する。そこで、本稿では「上」を取り上げ、認知言語学の考え方を導入して、日中対照研究の立場から、その共通点・相違点を比較し、日中両語の対応関係を明らかにすることを目的とする。また、認知言語学の意味拡張の概念を用い、その意味・用法がどのような認知プロセスを経て生まれたものであるのかを図示で解明してみたい。  本稿は五つの章からなる。第1章は序論である。第2章では、中国語のプロトタイプ的意味とその拡張された意味を論じる。第3章では、日本語のプロトタイプ的意味とその拡張された意味を論じる。第4章では、対照研究を通じて、日本語と中国語の対応関係を論じる。第5章は、分析した結果をまとめ、今後の研究の方向と課題を述べる。 【キーワード】:認知言語学、イメージ・スキーマ、トラジェクター、ランドマーク、意味拡張、メタファー、メトニミー、文法化
13

民間預兆在現代俄語話語中的語義與語用功能分析 / Folk Omens in the Modern Russian Discourse: Semantic, Functional, and Pragmatic Aspects

王薇媛, Wang, Wei Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
「預兆」即為民間創作微體裁,作為語言中的固定格言,同時也是具勸諭性的完整句。它的存在相當根深柢固,因為人人皆有將時、事、已知與未知連結起來的心理需求,並希望獲知未來訊息、根據預測修正自己的行為。 近年來,民間創作微體裁引起俄羅斯與各國學者的興趣,並受到各流派的研究。大部份的民間創作體裁已逐漸消亡,其中包括壯士歌、童話與歷史歌曲等。但是作為話語體裁的民間預兆不同於上述創作,在現代俄羅斯語言文化學的地位仍極為穩固,Primeta.yaxy.ru、Primety.net等相關網站即可間接證明該論點。 本論文旨在研究民間預兆於俄語國家語料庫(НКРЯ)十八世紀末至二十一世紀初文學及政論作品中的語義與語用功能。學者的首要研究著重在天氣徵兆、與天氣息息相關的禮俗、產業、日子以及其他主題性的預兆。對與物品相關,且含有「錢」、「房屋、器具」、「食物」、「衣服、鞋、配飾」等意義關鍵成分的預兆研究相對少很多。因此,對它們的研究便顯得更加重要。
14

詞性及語意限制對詞彙歧義解困的影響:中文歧義詞處理的眼動研究 / The influence of syntactic category and semantic constraints on lexical ambiguity resolution: An eye-movement study of processing Chinese homographs

陳柏亨, Chen, Po Heng Unknown Date (has links)
兩種語句處理模型曾被提出以解釋閱讀句子時語法及語意資訊的互動。句法優先模型(syntax-first models)認為詞性判斷必定先於語意分析,而制約滿足模型(constraint-satisfaction models)則認為不同的資訊在語句理解的過程中會同時被處理。本研究檢驗兩種語句處理模型能否解釋語句中的詞彙歧義解困(lexical ambiguity resolution)。 許多眼動研究曾發現詞彙歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應(subordinate bias effect),顯示語意偏向次要語義的語境能加速激發歧義詞的次要語義並且產生語義競爭。然而,語境的語法在詞彙歧義解困中扮演的角色並不清楚。因而,不同語義分屬不同詞性的詞性歧義詞便提供我們一個媒介以檢驗詞彙歧義解困中詞性及語意限制的互動。 本研究的目的有二:(一) 檢驗詞性限制能否決定中文詞性歧義詞的語義解困;(二) 檢驗中文歧義詞語義的詞性是否會影響次要語義偏向效應。實驗一我們將四種不同類型的中文非均勢同形異義詞置於語法及語意皆為次要語義偏向的句子裡;實驗二則將四種不同類型的中文非均勢同形異義詞置於語法為次要語義偏向但語意中立的句子裡。受試者閱讀句子時的眼動表現會即時被記錄。 實驗一的結果發現:(一) 四類型歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應只反映在目標詞後區域的二次閱讀指標上;(二) 就效果量而言,NV歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應在目標詞及目標詞後兩個區域都比VN歧義詞來得大。實驗二的結果則發現:(一) VN歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應從目標詞區的首次閱讀指標就出現,並且持續至目標詞及目標詞後兩個區域的二次閱讀指標;(二) 另外三類型歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應直到所有分析區域的二次閱讀指標才反映出來;(三) NV歧義詞的次要語義偏向效應比VN歧義詞出現得更晚也更不明顯。整體而言,本研究的結果顯示詞性限制並不是影響中文詞性歧義詞語義解困的唯一因素。此結果支持制約滿足模型,並反對句法優先模型的預測。 / Two primary sentence processing models have been proposed to account for the interaction between syntactic and semantic information in reading sentences: Syntax-first models assume that syntactic-category assignment must precede semantic analysis, while constraint-satisfaction models propose that information from different sources is processed and weighed at the same time during sentence comprehension. The present study examined whether these sentence processing models, which assume different contribution of syntactic category and semantic context, can explain the resolution of lexical ambiguity in sentences. Several eye movement studies have demonstrated the subordinate bias effect (SBE) for lexical-semantic ambiguous words (i.e., NN/VV homographs), indicating that a subordinate-biased semantic context can boost the activation of the subordinate meaning of ambiguous words and causes meaning competition (Duffy, Morris, & Rayner, 1988). However, the role of syntactic context in lexical ambiguity resolution is less clear. Syntactic category ambiguous words (i.e., SCA words; VN/NV homographs), whose alternative meanings differ in syntactic category (e.g., watch in English), serve as a means of examining the interaction between syntactic category and semantic constraints during lexical ambiguity resolution. The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine whether the syntactic category constraint can determine the semantic resolution of Chinese SCA words, and (b) to investigate whether syntactic category of alternative meanings of Chinese homographs can influence the SBE during lexical ambiguity resolution. Four types of Chinese biased homographs (NN, VV, VN, and NV) were embedded into syntactically and semantically subordinate-biased sentences (Experiment 1) and into syntactically subordinate-biased but semantically neutral sentences (Experiment 2). Participants’ eye movements were recorded as they read each sentence. In Experiment 1, the results showed: (1) The SBE for the four types of homographs was significant only in the second-pass reading on the post-target words. (2) Numerically, the NV homographs revealed a larger effect size of SBE than VN homographs on both target and post-target words. In Experiment 2, the results showed: (1) The SBE for VN appeared from the first-pass reading on the target words and lasted to the second-pass reading on the target and post-target words. (2) The SBE for the other types of homographs did not occur until the second-pass reading in all analyzed regions. (3) The SBE for NV occurred much later and less obviously than that for VN. In general, our findings support the constraint-satisfaction models and reject the prediction of the syntax-first models, suggesting that the syntactic category constraint is not the only factor influencing the semantic resolution of SCA words.
15

從「平等的關懷與尊重」論司法裁判實踐公平正義之可能性

林芳丞 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文之主要論旨,在於探討公平正義是否可能在裁判之過程中獲得實現。筆者主要透過德沃金的法理論以及平等理論作為討論的出發點。筆者首先對於德沃金的理論進行相關的分析與討論。德沃金的法理論主要可區分為四個部分,包括:語義階段,法理階段,原理階段,以及裁判階段。在語義階段,德沃金指出,法律的概念,必須要作為一個詮釋性概念;在法理階段,德沃金將法律的概念當成一種政治價值的概念。德沃金認為,法律的概念所表彰的政治價值,便是「合法性價值」,亦即「法治」。進一步,德沃金指出,對於「合法性價值」與「法律的概念」的最佳理解,便是「整全性」。筆者認為,「整全性」是一個連接德沃金的「法理論」以及「平等理論」的關鍵概念。在《法律帝國》一書當中,德沃金主張:裁判的整全性,要求法官適用由公平與正義原則所推導出來的法律。這樣的主張,將我們帶向德沃金的平等理論。 德沃金的平等理論可以區分為兩個層面,一為討論關於分配正義的資源平等理論,另一為關乎政治權力分配的政治平等理論。這兩個概念,提供了司法裁判實踐公平正義的可能性。資源平等理論提供了相關的判準,可以使法院在裁判具體個案時得以援引,以判斷公民所擁有的具體權利,以及政府是否違反了在平等關懷下所需踐行的平等保護原則,而導致侵害人民的權利。同時,政治平等理論則為民主制度下的司法審查,提供其理論基礎。 最後,德沃金指出,關於裁判如何適用法律於具體個案的裁判過程,其與上述三階段有密切的關聯性。德沃金認為,在此一階段中,他與法實證主義者最大的不同,便是在於對於法官的裁量權的理解。德沃金認為,在其法理論體系當中,法官對裁量權的行使,是一種法律義務,而非如法實證主義者所稱,是一種道德責任。 不可避免的,對於德沃金的理論,存在有許多的反對意見。在此筆者援引了Joseph Raz以及Samuel Schaffler的論文,對德沃金的理論進行檢試。Raz指出,德沃金的理論本身,與其所主張的融貫並未有直接的關係,同時,德沃金的理論,忽略了權威在現代國家中所扮演的角色。Schaffler則指出,德沃金過份的強調經濟平等,因而致政治或社會平等遭到忽視。此外,Schaffler認為,德沃金的資源平等理論裡,欠缺對於境況與志向的區分標準。最後,Schaffler則是提到,德沃金的資源平等理論,隱藏著存在階級社會的可能性。 的確,Joseph Raz以及Samuel Schaffler的論文提供了反思性的觀點,不過,筆者認為,他們所提出的問題,無法成功的全然拒絕德沃金的理論。筆者認為,德沃金的法理論,成功的融合了「法治」以及「正義」與「公平」,因此,其理論也確實為司法裁判實踐公平正義的理念,提供了可能了路徑。 關鍵字:公平、正義、語義階段,法理階段,原理階段,裁判階段、法理論、平等、整全性、融貫、平等關懷 / The main issue of my thesis focuses on whether realization of the ideal of justice and fairness in adjudication is possible. I discuss this main issue by means of Dworkin’s legal theory and his theory of equality. First of all, I start my discussion with analysis of Dworkin’s legal theory, which includes four stages: the semantic stage, the jurisprudential stage, the doctrinal stage, and the adjudicative stage. In semantic stage, Dworkin points out that the concept of law should be interpretive concept. In jurisprudential stage, he deems the concept of law as a concept of political values, and what the value presented by concept of law is the value of legality. Furthermore, he considers the best concept of the value of the legality, so as the best conception of law, is integrity. I believe this is the key concept which connects Dworkin’s legal theory with theory of equality. In Law’s Empire, Dworkin said that integrity in adjudication asks judges apply the laws which come from the principle of justice and fairness. This leads us to Dworkin’s theory of equality. Dworkin presents his theory of Equality with two dimensions. One is equality of resources, which could be narrowly seen as a theory about distributive justice. The other is political equality concerning the distribution of political power. These two dimensions of his theory of equality offer the possibility of realizing the justice and fairness in adjudication. The theory of equality of resources offers the guidelines for courts to follow when deciding if citizens have some sort of concrete rights, and if government violates the equal protection of citizen’s rights that demanded by the ideal of equal concern. According to political equality, it offers the basis of judicial review in democracy. Finally, Dworkin points out that how judges apply laws to concrete case is something related to those three stages as mentioned above. Dworkin distinguishes himself from the legal positivists, such as Hans Kelsen and H.L.A. Hart. The different between Dworkin and legal positivists is discretion power of judges. In his theory, it is judge’s legal obligation rather than moral responsibility as positivists regard. Inevitably, there are some critics to Dworkin’s theory of equality. Here I cited the research of Joseph Raz and Samuel Schaffler to exam Dworkin’s theory. Their articles offer reflective points of view to me. Joseph Raz criticizes Dworkin’s theory as something irrelative to the coherence that Dworkin himself requests. He further criticizes that Dworkin’s theory of adjudication ignores the role of authority in modern state. Samuel Scheffler criticizes that Dworkin’s theory of equality ignores the importance of political and social equality. Besides, how to distinguish circumstance and ambition is not clear enough in Dworkin’s theory. Furthermore, Scheffler considers that Dworkin’s theory of equality may allow a heirachy administration exists. Although they point out some defects, I do not think they did fulfill significant challenges to Dworkin’s theory. After all, I consider that Dworkin’s legal theories build up a perfect framework for realizing the value of legality, which can also be referred as the rule of law. Most importantly, his legal theories are coherent the other moral values and convictions of ethics. I think Dworkin’s theories of law and equality may offer the best possibility to realize the ideal of justice and fairness in adjudication. Key Words: justice, fairness, the semantic stage, the jurisprudential stage, the doctrinal stage, the adjudicative stage, integrity, coherence, legal theory, equality, equal concern
16

詞彙歧義解困的次要語義偏向效應再視:中文多義詞的眼動研究證據 / Revisiting the subordinate bias effect of lexical ambiguity resolution: evidence from eye movements in reading Chinese

盧怡璇, Lu, I Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
過去二十多年來,心理語言學研究關注詞彙歧義解困 (lexical ambiguity resolution)歷程發生時,語義脈絡與多義詞的語義頻率之間的交互作用。許多研究發現,當語境支持非均勢同形異義詞 (unbalanced homograph) 的次要語義時,同形異義詞的凝視時間長於與其有相同字形頻率的單義詞 (unambiguous control),此為次要語義偏向效應 (subordinate bias effect)。根據再排序觸接模型 (reordered-access model),次要語義偏向效應來自於主要語義與次要語義的競爭;相對地,選擇觸接模型 (selective access model)則認為只有與語境相關的語義被激發,因此,次要語義偏向效應是因為提取到一個使用頻率較低的語義。本論文進行兩個眼動實驗。實驗一檢視中文多義詞的次要語義偏向效應以區辨兩種詞彙歧義解困模型分別提出的解釋。本實驗的材料使用了低頻同形異義詞、低頻單義詞、以及高頻單義詞。結果顯示,當使用的單義詞與多義詞字形頻率相同時,在目標詞及後目標詞上(目標詞後一個詞)皆發生了次要語義偏向效應。實驗二利用口語理解─視覺典範中透過受試者理解語音訊息時同步記錄眼動的作業方式來探究次要語義偏向效應是否來自於主要語義的激發。當口語句子中的目標詞被唸出後,會計算出隨著時間增加眼睛落在四個雙字詞的凝視比例。結果發現次要語義因為語境的選擇在聽到目標詞後大約500毫秒時就可被激發,主要語義則在一聽完多義詞後被激發。因此,多義詞的兩個語義在聽到目標詞後大約900至1300毫秒時(相當於在後目標詞時)發生競爭。整體而言,本研究顯示即使語境支持多義詞的次要語義,主要語義依然會被激發。因此,次要語義偏向效應是由兩個語義競爭後所造成的結果,符合再排序觸接模型的解釋。 / Research in psycholinguistics throughout the last two decades has focused on the interaction between linguistic context and meaning dominance during lexical ambiguity resolution. Many studies demonstrated the subordinate bias effect when the preceding context biased for the subordinate meaning (i.e. infrequent meaning) of an unbalanced homograph. According to the reordered access model, the SBE is due to competition between the dominant and subordinate meanings. On the contrary, the selective access model assumes only the context-relevant meaning is activated and the SBE is a result of access to a low frequent meaning. Two eye tracking experiments of sentence reading and sentence listening were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the SBE of Chinese homographs to differentiate the two accounts. We utilized low frequency homographs along with their matched low and high-frequency unambiguous words. The results showed the SBE emerging in fixation durations of the target region and post-target region (i.e. next two words of the target), when unambiguous controls were matched to the word-form frequency of ambiguous words. Experiment 2 used visual world paradigm to explore temporal dynamics of dominant meaning activation responsible for the SBE in an instructional eyetracking-during-listening task. Fixation probabilities on four disyllabic printed words were analyzed during a time period after a target word was uttered in a spoken sentence. The results supported the reordered access model. The subordinate meaning was activated by contextual information at about 500 ms after the onset of acoustic homograph at the time when context penetrated to make its favored meaning available. Soon after the offset of homograph, the dominant meaning became active. Both meanings associated with the homograph were activated during the time windows of 901 ms to 1300 ms, which approximately corresponding to the acoustic onset of post target. In sum, our studies demonstrate that the dominant meaning is activated even when the contextual information biases to the subordinate meaning of a homograph. The subordinate bias effect is the result of competition from two meanings, conforming to the reordered access model.
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《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯與語義研究 / Alogical and Semantic Study of negatives in Zutangji

張皓得, Chang, Ho-Deug Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文以《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞為研究對象。首先,用演繹法來建立假設,用歸納法(完全歸納法)來驗證其假設。我們所處的現實世界都是由時間和空間構成的,這種世界與時間結合而造成「事」,與空間結合而產生「物」,我們通常合稱為「事物」。基於這種基本觀點,可說語言結構是一種現實世界的表達,因而它如實地或刻意地反映這種現實世界,而且這些看法也可適用於漢語否定詞的體系。由此,筆者主要用演繹法來大膽地假設說漢語的m系否定詞表達「空間性概念」,而p系否定詞表達「時間性概念」。第參、肆、伍和陸章,利用這種假設,剖析《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞而驗證此假設與《祖堂集》的否定詞用法是否吻合。第二,在語言的邏輯結構層次分析上,在本篇論文的第參章裡,用謂詞邏輯研究法分析《祖堂集》裡出現的否定句以解釋早期近代漢語否定詞的邏輯結構與語言結構的同異。第三,用具有普遍性的語言學方法論,如「區別性特徵(distinctive feature) 」、「標記成分(marked member)」、「直接成分分析法(immediate constituent analysis,ICA)」、「互補分布(complementary distribution)」、「有定(definite reference)和無定(indefinite reference)」、「焦點(focus)、新信息(new information)以及舊信息(old information) 」、「義素分析法(seme analysis或componential analysis)」等,在第肆、伍和陸章裡分析探討《祖堂集》否定詞在邏輯語言結構層次或純粹語言結構層次上的語法結構和語義特點。第四,用計量和統計方法來分析《祖堂集》否定詞的分布情況以解釋近代漢語否定詞的面貌和體系。最後,用漢語否定詞的歷時演變來解釋《祖堂集》否定詞的共時結構,並且透過這種解釋來檢討本篇論文的結論是否具有妥當性。就研究步驟來說,先把《祖堂集》全文輸入到電腦,按否定詞類別歸類而分析探討否定詞的邏輯、語法和語義。 本篇文論共分八章,579頁。第壹章敘論,主要論及研究動機、研究目的、研究範圍、研究方法、否定界說、否定範圍和否定焦點。第貳章邏輯結構、語言結構和否定詞,主要討論「邏輯結構與語言結構之間的同異」、「邏輯的同異問題與否定」以及「時空、語言實詞分類和《祖堂集》否定詞分類(m系否定詞和p系否定詞)之間的關係」。第參章《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯意義分析,主要用謂詞邏輯學的方法分析《祖堂集》否定詞之邏輯結構和邏輯意義。第肆章《祖堂集》m系「否定詞」之語義分析(一)-「無」,主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討m系否定詞當中「無」字在邏輯語言層次和純粹語言層次上之邏輯結構、語法結構和語義特點。第伍章《祖堂集》m系「否定詞」之語義分析(二),主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討其他m系否寫詞在純粹語言層次上之語法結構和語義特徵,如「未」、「莫」、「勿」、「沒」、「亡」、「罔」、「靡」和「微」。第陸章《祖堂集》p系「否定詞」之語義分析,主要用語法學和語義學的研究方法探討《祖堂集》的p系否定詞在邏輯語言層次和純粹語言層次上之邏輯意義、語法結構和語義特點,如「不」、「非」、「匪」、「否」和「弗」。本章後面附帶討論「休」字,上古漢語時期它的否定用法不存在,到後來產生於方言之中,因此它不屬於所謂m/p系否定詞。第柒章《祖堂集》中「否定詞」之邏輯和語義特點,主要探討《祖堂集》否定詞在邏輯層次和語言層次上之特點,如「矛盾關係(contradictory relation)、反對關係(contrary relation)與否定詞」、「時空關係與否定詞」、「主客關係與否定詞」、「常變關係、動靜關係與否定詞」、「時間的空間化(量化)」、「空間的時間化」、「客觀現象的意志化」、「肯定與否定的選擇(疑問)」、「測度否定」、「名詞的述語化」、「雙重否定」、「否定詞之互用」等等。第捌章結論,用三張圖表,把《祖堂集》裡出現的所有否定詞系統化,扼要地解釋而究明第壹章敘論中的六條研究目標。最後附有引用及主要參考書目和《祖堂集》否定詞索引。 總之,筆者利用《祖堂集》裡出現的否定詞探討否定詞在符號隱性系統和符號顯性系統上的特徵。由此,筆者發現到幾點新理論,第一、語言研究要區分符號隱性系統和符號顯性系統,才能得到完善的結果。第二、邏輯學的「矛盾(contradiction)」和「反對(contrary)」顯現為語言的否定詞時,在《祖堂集》裡,區別「矛盾」和「反對」的關鍵在於否定詞是否替代其相應的肯定形式。第三、《祖堂集》的漢語否定詞不僅具有一個完整的系統(paradigm),而且從古到今一直維持m系和p系兩組系統,因為m系和p系否定詞分別表示邏輯意義上的空間概念和時間概念。其他純粹語言結構層次上的否定詞用法都是在這種邏輯意義的基礎上衍生出來的,如「時間的量化否定」、「疑問否定」、「測度否定」、「『無』義否定」等等。第四、邏輯學的矛盾概念和反對概念顯現為語言符號時,產生一些問題,因此研究符號顯性系統的否定詞,反對概念還要分成「確定反對(definite contrary)」和「不定反對(indefinite contrary)」。

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