台灣是一個多個族群融合的社會，同時也匯集多種語言，除了被稱為國語的北京話之外，還有台語、客語、原住民語等，這些語言相互影響之下，必定對語言本身產生了變化。 本論文主要針對台灣華語中的「有字句」句法結構進行探討，根據在台灣所收集的實際語料，歸納出該句式的語義特徵以及句法搭配方式。截至目前為止，研究「有」的學者相當多，但各有各的分析，本論文以時間系統的角度來看「有字句」，針對「有字句」與其後的動詞搭配後的語義互動及限制來做討論，最後也從「有字句」以及時體動詞搭配的現象來進行分析。 據本論文的分析來看，「有字句」與其後動詞本身所帶有的時間概念有關係，「有字句」不僅能與帶有「+終止」義的動詞配合，同時還能與持有「+持續」義的動詞（包含狀態動詞）一起搭配，這同時也推翻了「有字句」其實等同於「了」的看法。 另外，台灣華語中「有字句」也能與「了」、「過」、「在」一起使用，這樣的句式代表的語義也在我們的討論之中。 隨著台灣華語使用的程度加深加廣，或多或少都不能避免使用這些句式，本論文將台灣華語中常見的「有字句」結構列入討論，希望為正在變化中的語言提供一個思考、討論的方向，並期待能將「有字句」的語法、語義結構研究的更為透徹、詳細。

本研究針對澎湖縣馬公市三十四位國小五年級學童，進行五週標註系統輔助不同模糊容忍度學童進行英語閱讀學習的課程，旨在透過標註系統探討不同模糊容忍度之國小學童，在標註系統使用表現上的差異，以及使用標註後標註行為與閱讀成效的改變。 本研究蒐集了量化與質性的資料，量化的資料方面，以第二語言模糊容忍度量表、全國兒童暨青少年英語分級檢定之文章與測驗，與政大圖資所「數位圖書館暨數位學習實驗室」所開發的Glias閱讀標註系統為工具，獲得教學實驗資料進行統計分析；質性資料方面，係透過課堂討論學習單與半結構式訪談，獲得資料並進行分析。茲將主要研究發現分述如下： 一、標註系統有助於提升學習者的英語閱讀成績，特別有助於模糊容忍度低的學習者。 二、透過開放式標註，不同模糊容忍度學習者在部分類型標註與總標註數量上都顯著地減少，尤其是模糊容忍度中與低的學習者。 三、透過開放式標註，整體學生在個人意見的標註數量上顯著地增加。 四、不同模糊容忍度的學習者在開放式標註系統的標註字數與被投票數的表現上有所差異，但經過兩次開放式標註系統的使用後則無顯著差異。 五、不同模糊容忍度的學習者最喜歡建立也覺得最有用的都是解釋類型的標註，但不同模糊容忍度的學習者喜歡的理由各異。 六、模糊容忍度不同的學習者瀏覽時最喜愛的標註類型不同。 七、在兩次開放式標註下，不再是標註數量或標註字數多，分數才高。 八、重點提醒的標註寫得越好的學習者，其英語閱讀測驗成績越高。 九、模糊容忍度各組中進步最多者都善加應用標註系統的優勢。 十、多數學生對開放式標註系統輔助英語閱讀持肯定態度。 基於上述研究結果，本研究亦針對實務教學者與後續研究提出相關建議。 / This research focused on studying 34 elementary grade 5 students at Magong City, Penghu County and proceed five weeks of classes on students’ with different tolerance of ambiguity in English reading study through the assistance of annotation system. The purpose is to learn the differences on the students studying performance through the assistance of annotation system on students with different tolerance of ambiguity and the changes of reading result and annotating behavior after using the annotation system. This research collected a lot of quantitative and qualitative data, in terms of quantitative data, there are second language tolerance of ambiguity scale chart, the general English proficiency tests’ articles and tests for children and teenagers, and the statistical analysis gathered using the Glias reading annotation system tool developed by NCCU Graduate Institute of Library, Information and Archival Studies’ “digital library and digital learning laboratory.”; in terms of qualitative data are data and statistics gathered through class discussion and semi-structured interviews. A summary of the key findings are: 1. Annotation system effectively increases the English reading scores for students especially with low tolerance of ambiguity. 2. Through open annotation labeling, different students with different tolerance of ambiguity effectively reduced some types and the total numbers of annotation labeling, especially for students with medium and low tolerance of ambiguity. 3. Through open annotation labeling, the number of labeling in students personal opinion have increased. 4. Students with different level of tolerance of ambiguity have different performance in terms of the number of open annotation labeling system and the number of system that were voted, but after using open annotation system for two times, there were little differences. 5. Students with different level of tolerance of ambiguity like to establish and also think the most useful annotation labeling is the explanation types, but their reason for liking the system varies. 6. The favrorite browsing type of annotation labeling for students with different level of tolerance of ambiguity varies. 7. After two open annotation labeling, the score doesn’t increase when there are more annotation labeling. 8. The better annotation labeling for the main point is related to the higher score on the English reading test. 9. In different groups of students of different level of tolerance of ambiguity, the students that improve the most are students who know how to use the annotation system to its advantage. 10. Most students agreed that open annotation system is effective in assisting reading English articles. In conclusion, this research will also propose related suggestions to practice educators and the follow-up studies.

本論文提出了一個適用於中文史料文本主題分析方法,主要是根據標記式隱含狄利克雷分布(Labeled Latent Dirichlet Allocation,LLDA) 演算法,使其可以透過人工標記的中文文本找出特定主題的相關詞彙。在我們提出的演算法中,我們加上主題種子字詞(Seed Words) 資訊,以增強 LDA 群聚過後的結果,使群聚過後的詞彙與主題的關聯度能夠獲得提昇。近年來,隨著網際網路的普及以及資訊檢索的蓬勃發展,同時由於數位典藏的資料成長,越來越多的實體書藉被編輯成數位版本並且加上後設資料(Metadata),在取得這些富有價值的 歷史文本資料後,如何利用文字探勘技術(Text Mining)在這些資料上變成一項重要的研究議題。其中,如何從大量文本史料中辨識出文章主題更是許多學者感興趣的方向,而 LDA 主題模型則是在文字探勘領域中非常經典的方法。在此研究中我們發現傳統 LDA 對於群聚後的主題描述存在些許問題,包括主題類別的高隨機性以及個別主題的低易讀性,使得後續的解讀工作變得十分困難,因此我們採用了由 LDA 衍生出的標記式主題模型 Labeled LDA 演算法,限定能夠產生的主題類別以降低期隨機性,此外我們還加入了考量中文字詞的長度以及自定義的相關種子字詞等改進,使群聚出的主題詞彙能夠與主題更加相關,更加容易描述。實驗部分,我們利用改良後的演算法提取出主題詞彙,並進行人工標記,接著將標記的結果作為正確解答來計算平均準度均值(Mean Average Precision,MAP)等資訊檢索之評估方法作為評估,結果證實以長字詞以及種子字詞為考量所群聚出的結果皆優於傳統主題模型所群聚出的結果;此外,我們也將最終的結果與 TF-IDF 權重計算後的字詞進行比較,並由實驗結果可見其兩者之間的差異性。 / This paper proposes an enhanced topic model based on Labeled Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LLDA) for Chinese historical corpora to discover words related to specific topics. To enhance the traditional LDA performance and to increase the readability of its clustered words, we attempt to use the infor- mation of seed words and the Chinese word length into the traditional LDA algorithm. In this study, we find that the traditional LDA exists some prob- lems about topic descriptions after clustering. We therefore apply the Labeled LDA algorithm, which is derived from traditional LDA, with the proposed improvements of considering the lengths of the words and related seed words. In our experiments, Mean Average Precision (MAP) is used to evaluate our experiment results based on the topics words labeled manually by historical experts. The experimental results shows that the proposed method of consid- ering both Chinese word length information and seed words is better than the traditional LDA method. In addition, we compare the proposed results with the TF-IDF weighting scheme, and the proposed method also outperforms the TF-IDF method significantly.

Wrapper在資訊整合系統中擔任各類異質資訊來源的轉譯器，它將某特定資訊來源資訊的結構與格式轉譯為資訊整合系統能統一識別處理的共通資料型態。 　本研究在以Web為資訊資源的資訊整合系統架構之下，根據XML開放、簡易、易於擴充並適合Web應用的特性，提出了一種以XML基礎的HTML Wrapper建置方法，此方法主要是應用XML語言定義HTML Wrapping描述語言（Descriptive HTML-Wrapping Language，DHWL），Wrapper根據DHWL Script的指示，自動執行網頁瀏覽、資料定位與讀取、資料格式轉換之作業。它擷取結構鬆散、語意不明HTML格式的網頁資訊，將其轉換成結構嚴整、具自我描述性質的XML格式輸出。 　此Wrapper建置方法的特點是當網站的結構或網頁的內容更動時，HTML Wrapper開發者只須變更DHML的設計，而不須重新更動與編譯Wrapper程式碼。這種設計將資料來源的位置、內容、關聯（以DHML描述）與資料來源的資料收集處理邏輯（HTML Wrapper所負責的部分）分開，使Wrapper具通用性質，並降低開發與維護的時間和成本。 　本研究根據此建置方法實作一Wrapper系統，應用在網路銀行個人帳戶的資訊彙整上，以檢驗此方法的可行性與效果。網路銀行個人帳戶的資訊彙整（Account Aggregation），即是指匯集消費者在各家網路銀行所開設各種帳戶的往來金融資訊，使消費者能統籌管理、規劃自己各種帳戶的金錢收支，應用此系統建置帳戶彙整服務，不須花費龐大資源整合各家銀行網站後端資訊系統與作業程序，而能藉由Wrapper整合消費者在各家銀行帳戶往來資訊。

XBRL是以延伸性標記語言（eXtensible Markup Language, XML）為基礎，針對商業報告所發展之新標記語言。XBRL主要應用於財務資訊、報表與資料分析等領域，促進企業財務報導在資訊傳遞和分析比較上的及時性與易取得性，以提升其資訊透明度，並減少企業之資訊提供成本，以及資訊需求者之使用成本，並藉由國際標準之訂定，建構全球企業資訊供應鏈。 本研究探討我國上市(櫃)公司提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之決策是否會受到股權結構與公司特性等因素所影響。實證分析結果顯示，就股權結構變數而言，機構投資人持股比率與提早採用XBRL格式間呈現顯著正相關，顯示機構投資人持股比率高，會提高企業提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之可能性；但股權分散度對於企業是否提早採用之決策並不存在關聯性。 就公司特性變數而言，公司規模、市場別及是否發生虧損與提早採用XBRL格式間皆呈現顯著負向關係，表示公司資產規模小、上櫃公司，以及未發生虧損的企業，較可能提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告。換言之，資產規模大、上市公司或發生虧損之公司均不傾向於提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告。至於是否屬於高代理成本公司及是否須編製合併報表則與提早採用XBRL格式申報財務報告之決策，無顯著影響。 / XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) is a business reporting language based on the eXtensible Markup Language. One of the key attributes of XBRL is an explicit semantic and machine-readable format for varieties of information found in business reporting in general and in financial statements in particular. It is suggested that the use of XBRL helps reduce the costs associated with obtaining and analyzing information from businesses by addressing and eliminating incompatible reporting formats. The benefits also include the enhancement of information transparency and a more effective and efficient information value chain. Using a sample of companies listed in Taiwan Securities Exchange (TWSE) and Gretai Securities Market (GSM), this study investigates the determinants of an early adoption of XBRL in filing annual financial reports from aspects of ownership structure and firm characteristics. With respect to the ownership structure variables, the empirical results show that the higher percentage of shareholding by the institutional investor, the greater the probability for firms to adopt XBRL earlier. However, the study cannot find the evidence that the degree of diversification of ownership is significantly related to the early adoption of XBRL in filing annual reports. With respect to variables of firm characteristics, the research findings indicate that small companies, companies listed in GSM, and profitable companies tend to adopt XBRL for financial reporting earlier. The study cannot find significant association between variables proxied for agency costs and firm complexity and the early adoption of XBRL.

「人類基因解碼計畫」在二００三年告一段落，隨著後基因體時代的來臨，「個人化醫療(Personalized medicine)」不再是遙不可及的夢想。一場醫療革命正式揭開序幕，「個人化醫療」代表著新的挑戰與機會，它將會改寫生醫產業的定義。 個人化醫療是一種破壞性創新，在面對以消費者為中心的個人化醫療市場，生醫產業將需要導入新的商業模式，才能在快速成長的個人化醫療市場保有競爭力。檢測與疾病有關生物標記(Biomarker)的分子診斷(Molecular Diagnostics-Test)，是新興個人化醫療市場中的早期贏家。本研究將專注於此類公司創新商業模式關鍵成功因素的探討。 本研究選擇參考Johnson (2008)等人所提出的建立商業模式的四個關鍵步驟為主要研究架構，探討個案公司Genomic Health, Inc.在個人化醫療思維下，如何提出有別於傳統診斷產業的創新商業模式。研究結果發現：Genomic Health公司所提供的產品及服務，可同時提供病人、醫生、付費者(政府或醫療保險公司)全方位解決方案；這些都是單傳統體外診斷所沒有提供的創新價值。Genomic Health公司一開始就決定開發能提供豐富資訊的高附加價值檢測服務；建立差異化的策略，探索與傳統體外診斷產業截然不同的市場，是該公司能在過去幾年維持高獲利成長的主要原因。

本研究旨在探討漢語母子對話中兒童「然後」的使用與其功能。研究語料來自於八位年齡介於兩歲七個月到五歲四個月的兒童，並分成兩組：年紀較小之兒童(平均兩歲十一個月)與年紀較大之兒童(平均四歲十個月)。本研究主要根據Su (1998)的分類，把兒童「然後」分為連接詞(connective)及言談標記(discourse marker)的使用。連接詞的使用有時間性(temporal)、遞增性(additive)、因果性(causal)及轉折性(contrast)四項功能。言談標記的使用有填補語(verbal filler)、主題接續(topic succession)及主題再開(resumptive opener)三項功能。研究結果顯示年紀較大之組的兒童使用「然後」的次數較多。隨著兒童年齡增長，言談標記使用的增加比連接詞的增加還多。「然後」當連接詞時，時間性功能使用得最多。與Yeh (2011)「然後」在敘述文中的研究比較，其顯示出「然後」在敘述文中出現得比在對話中還多。另外，時間性功能隨著年紀減少，而遞增性及因果性隨著年齡增加，可用Winskel (2003)的「概念複雜性」(conceptual complexity)來解釋。「然後」當言談標記時，兒童填補語使用得最多，其隨著年紀增加而減少使用。主題再開兩組都使用得少，而主題接續只出現在年紀較大之組別。總結，兒童在「然後」的使用上有發展上的不同。 / The study investigated Mandarin-speaking children’s different use of ranhou at different ages in mother-child conversations. Eight subjects aged from 2;7 to 5;4 were divided into two groups; a younger group (mean age: 2;11) and an older group (mean age: 4;10). In this study, the children’s use of ranhou was categorized into connective use and discourse marker use, mainly based on Su’s (1998) classification. The connective use of ranhou includes temporal, additive, causal, and contrast functions. The discourse marker use of ranhou contains verbal filler, topic succession, and resumptive opener functions. The results showed that older children used more tokens of ranhou than younger children. As children got older, the discourse marker use of ranhou increased much more than the connective use of ranhou. In the connective use of ranhou, temporal ranhou was the most frequent function. Compared with Yeh’s (2011) study of ranhou in narratives, it may be suggested that ranhou occurs more in narratives and less in conversations. Additionally, the temporal function decreased with age whereas the additive and causal functions increased with age, which could be explained by Winskel’s (2003) conceptual complexity. In the discourse marker use of ranhou, the verbal filler function was used the most and decreased with age. The tokens of the resumptive opener function were few in both groups, and the topic succession function only occurred in the older group. To conclude, the results suggest that there is a developmental difference in children’s use of ranhou.

本篇論文檢視台灣華語為母語之正常幼童以及構音異常幼童之滑音[j],[w], [ɥ]發展與產製表現，採長期觀察之方式，詳細描述正常幼兒滑音產製之出現及穩定年齡、頻率、正確率和發展順序，並且比較此三滑音於各音節位置之產製表現，進而比較兩組幼童之台灣華語滑音產製及音韻歷程之使用行為。本研究以標記理論及位置層級理論來檢驗幼兒滑音之發展與表現。 本研究總共觀察了四位幼童，將其分為兩組，第一組為兩位正常幼童，年齡在九個月至二十八個月和十個月至二十九個月，為期十九個月的觀察，另一組為兩位構音異常幼童，年齡在三歲十個月至四歲三個月和四歲三個月至四歲九個月，為期六個月的觀察。每兩週收錄一次長達一小時之語料，並利用錄製之高規格影音檔做譯寫及分析。 研究結果顯示，正常幼兒之滑音出現順序和穩定順序皆符合標記理論之預測，無標音早於有標音，其滑音產製之穩定度與音節位置相關，音節首位之滑音表現較音節中與音節末之滑音表現來的穩定，這與位置層級理論之推測相符合。構音異常幼童組中發現了有別於正常幼童之特殊取代模式，由較晚習得語音取代較早習得語音，其所產製的語音中會違反華語的音法限制。音韻歷程之表現在兩組幼童中皆偵測到刪除、換位、取代三種模式，其中皆以刪除為主要策略。 / The purpose of the present study is to report the developmental process of three Mandarin glides [w, j, ɥ] in terms of three word positions by examining the age of emergence and stabilization, the order of stabilization, and accuracy rate of thechildren’s production, and further compare the normative data with phonological disorder data in order to explore the possible phonological processes. This study alsoaccounts for the developmental process of glides on the basis of markedness theory and positional prominence hierarchy. A longitudinal study was carried out for the investigation of two normally-developing children, aged between 0;9-2;4 and 0;10-2;4, and two phonologically-disordered children, one of whom is between 4;3 and 4;9, and the other between 3;10 and 4;3. The data were collected at two-week intervals. The results showed that the order of glide emergence and stabilization of the normally-developing group is in accordance with the markedness theory. The unmarked [j], [w] precede marked [ɥ]. Moreover, the stabilization order of the three glides in terms of the three syllable positions was found to reflect the interaction between markedness constraint and positional prominence hierarchy. The unmarked glide in the initial position is the first to stabilize and the marked glide in the non-initial position is the last to stabilize. On the other hand, the children in the phonologically-disordered group were found to consistently replace the presumably earlier-developing glide with a presumably later-developing one, which differs from the process used in the normally-developing group. Furthermore, this group of children produced the combination that violates the phonotactic constraints of Taiwan Mandarin. In addition, there are three phonological processes, including deletion, metathesis, and substitution detected in children’s data. The most commonly used process is deletion in both groups of children.

本研究檢視軀體標記假說與意識之關係。研究中使用一修改版愛荷華賭博作業，其中與各副牌所連結的情緒為由閾下呈現的情緒圖片在意識下所引發，而意識上每副牌輸贏的訊息則加以控制。本研究透過此作業以及實驗設計上不同的操弄，結果發現：意識應為軀體標記運作時的必要條件。此外，即使是與作業無關的情緒也可以被當作軀體標記加以被處理。再則，軀體標記的運作可以在具有衝突的作業情境下發生。最後，本研究提出了一個軀體標記運作的可能機制。 / The present study aimed to examine the relation between Somatic Marker (SM) Hypothesis and consciousness. A revised Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was created in which emotions attached to different decks are activated unconsciously by subliminally presenting different emotional pictures. On the other hand, conscious information coming from task outcomes is controlled. Based upon this task, and with some variances in experimental designs, it was found that consciousness might be necessary in SM operation. In addition, even emotions that are irrelevant the ongoing task can be taken as SMs. Furthermore, the SM operation can be taken place when the task or situation is with conflict. A possible mechanism for SM operation is also proposed in the study.

漢語沒有像英文嚴格的時態標記，因此，多數中國學生開始學英文時會有動詞過去式標記上的困難，在表達英語過去時間概念時，中國學生特別依賴時間狀語。為了了解中國學生表達過去時間概念時，時間狀語所扮演的角色，本文藉由觀察高中學生為期一年的作文，探討中國學生時間狀語的使用位置、時間狀語及動詞過去式標記之間的關係、中國學生過去式動詞標記上的困難。藉由以上三個方向的探索，可以更了解學生使用的時間狀語和過去式動詞的標記。 研究結果顯示，中國學生在英文作文中，時間狀語的使用頻率明顯偏高，且使用頻率有隨時間逐漸增高的趨勢，而時間狀語出現的位置，因英語程度不同有別，程度較高的同學，時間狀語出現在句首及句尾的比例相近，無明顯偏好；但是程度偏低的同學，則普遍偏好將時間狀語置於句首，類似漢語時間狀語出現的位置。 時間狀語同時也影響著學生標記過去式動詞的比率，倘若一個限定動詞在同個句子中有對應的時間狀語，則這個限定動詞較有可能標記為過去時態，這樣的現象又以英語程度較低的同學最為明顯。 在動詞過去式標記上，本文發現有過半的同學曾將was/were當成過去式動詞標記，置於限定動詞之前；此外，語料中也發現，有幾位同學會將用過去進行式及過去被動式誤用在過去簡單式之中，這樣的現象，有可能是因為學生認為有was/were即為過去式的標記所致。 透過本文的研究可看出時間狀語對於中國學生標記英語過去時間概念上的重要性，也可看出語言遷移(language transfer)在語言習得中的影響力，期許本文的發現能在英語習得及教學上有所助益。 / / Without tense marker in Mandarin Chinese, most Chinese EFL learners have difficulties in past tense marking in the beginning of learning English. Before marking past tense steadily, Chinese EFL learners tend to depend mainly on temporal adverbials in expressing past time. Temporal adverbials seem to play important roles during the process of acquiring tense marking. The present study tries to observe how Chinese learners use temporal adverbials to express past time and what kinds of difficulties learners have in past tense marking. Furthermore, we attempt to investigate the relation between tense marking and temporal adverbials. By analyzing learners’ composition, we found that Chinese EFL learners have high frequency in using temporal. Most learners are prone to put temporal adverbials in sentence-initial position except for learners with higher proficiency. Besides, learners are more likely to mark past tense co-occurring with temporal adverbials. Morphologically, Chinese EFL learners seem to regard was/were as a past-tense marker and put was/were in front of finite verbs ungrammatically. These findings manifest the importance of temporal adverbials for Chinese EFL learners in expressing past time and provide potential explanations for tense errors.