縱觀世界各國基金發展的歷史，絕大多數最初都是以發展封閉型基金為主，待累積了一定的經驗後，逐漸過渡到封閉型基金和開放型基金並重，最終實現開放型基金占主導地位。因此，從某種意義上來說，基金發展史就是從封閉型基金走向開放型基金的歷史。目前中國大陸基金產業正面臨著這樣的一個轉型問題，尤其是在2007年上半年，不少封閉型基金紛紛到期，「封轉開」程式也紛紛開始啟動，如何在這樣一個時程，以有效的轉型機制成功的帶動起中國大陸基金產業邁入更繁盛的景況？中國大陸是否可以從其他國家的轉型模式吸取經驗，從而應用在其基金市場上？以及，台灣基金產業是否也可以提供相關的經驗分享？本文對這些問題皆進行了相關的分析及探討，也希望能從中獲得有益於台灣基金產業發展的不同看法或結論。

本研究主要目的，除了在於瞭解台灣地區國中校長轉型領導、交易領導、教師人格開放型/封閉型與知覺學習型組織的現況外，進一步探討：1.國中校長轉型領導、交易領導、教師開放型/封閉型人格與學習型組織之間的關係。2.教師開放型/封閉型人格在知覺校長領導模式之間的關係。3.分析國中校長轉型領導、教師開放型/封閉型人格在學習型組織上的交互影響。4.分析國中校長交易領導、教師開放型/封閉型人格在學習型組織上的交互影響。5.探討國中教師背景變項對知覺學習型組織之關係。 本研究係以台灣地區國中教師為對象，採用分層立意抽樣方式，共抽取29所國民中學701位教師，所得有效樣本517人。研究工具為校長轉型領導量表、交易領導量表、武斷性量表、學習型組織知覺量表進行調查研究。統計分析主要使用多變項變異數分析、單因子變異數分析、獨立樣本變異數分析及其它描述性統計。 本研究的主要結論如下： 一、台灣地區國中教師知覺轉型領導/交易領導、教師開放型/封閉型人格與知覺學習型組織現況。 二、國中校長運用轉型領導程度的不同，會影響教師知覺學習型組織的特徵。 三、國中校長交易領導的運用，對教師知覺學習型組織有著不同的影響。 四、封閉型教師比開放型教師知覺到較多學習型組織部分層面。 五、國中校長轉型領導運用、教師開放型/封閉型人格對教師知覺學習型組織，僅部分層面有交互作用。 六、國中校長交易領導、教師開放型/封閉型人格，在知覺學習型組織上，有部分交互作用。 七、國中校長運用交易領導對於封閉型教師影響力較大。 八、教師背景變項對其知覺學習型組織有顯著差異影響。 本研究針對上述研究主要結果加以討論，以提出對有關人員及未來研究之建議： 一、推動學習型社會，教育行政當局除進行宣導外，也應設計具體實施計劃，並實際推行到教育基層單位。 二、持續性舉辦學習型組織研習，提供教師研習之機會。 三、提供校長專門的進修研習管道，設計校長領導成長課程。 四、校長應多運用轉型領導之各層面，以利教師知覺學習型組織。 五、校長應妥善運用交易領導各層面，以增進教師對學習型組織的知覺。 六、校長應認知教師不同開放型/封閉型人格在知覺其領導的影響。 七、校長應多鼓勵女性教師、資淺、未接任行政工作之教師，多參與學校事務的運作。 八、教師應多參與學校事務。 九、對未來研究建議：研究方法可擴大使用問卷以外的方式，研究變項可進一步探討其它影響學習型組織之因素，研究工具應盡量設計符合國情使用。 / This research is aimed mainly to help understand the status quo of such issues in Taiwan as the transformational leadership of junior high school principals, the transactional leadership, teacher’s openness personality and closeness personality, and the learning organization. My further emphasis is therefore put on: 1. the relations between the transformational leadership of junior high school principals, the transactional leadership, teacher’s openness personality and closeness personality, and the learning organization, 2. the relations between the teacher’s openness personality/closeness personality and the principal’s cognitive leadership mode, 3. the analysis of the interactive effects of the transformational leadership of junior high school principals and teacher’s openness personality and closeness personality on the learning organization, 4. the analysis of the transactional leadership of junior high school principals and teacher’s openness personality and closeness personality on learning organization, and 5. the study on the relations between junior high school teacher’s background variables and the learning organization. This research sampled the teachers in Taiwan by means of purposive sampling and 517 effective samples were received and analyzed from questionnaires delivered to 701 teachers from 20 junior high schools. The research tools used in this paper were the principal transformational leadership scale, the transactional leadership scale, the dogmation scale, and the learning organization scale according to which this research is conducted. The statistic analysis was made mainly according to multi-variables analysis, single variable analysis, independently sampling variables as well as other descriptive statistical tools. This paper is concluded as: 1. that the status quo of junior high school teacher’s transformational leadership / transactional leadership and teacher’s openness personality / closeness personality, and the learning organization is provided and analyzed, 2. that a junior high school principal, by employing different degrees of transformational leadership, may impose an effect on the characteristics of teacher’s learning organization, 3. that a junior high school principal, in terms of employing transactional leadership, may impose an effect on the characteristics of teacher’s learning organization, 4. a teacher with closeness personality recognizes more details and facts with respect to the learning organization than a teacher with openness personality, 5. that the transformational leadership, used by a junior high school principal, and the teacher’s openness or closeness personality have an interactive effect on the learning organization, but only to a limited degree, 6. that the transformational leadership used by a junior high school principal and the teacher’s openness or closeness personality have a partially interactive effect on the learning organization, 7. that the transformational leadership used by a junior high school principal have more influence on the teachers with closeness personality, and 8. that the background variables of a teacher have a significant influence on his/her learning organization. This research mainly discusses the results aforementioned and proffers recommendations with respect to the personnel concerned and those who would like to conduct any future research. These recommendations are summarized as: 1. that the education authorities should give an impetus to a learning-typed society by declaring and promoting their policies as well as by designing concrete plans which are aimed to be implemented throughout all educational units, including those at basic level, 2. that symposia characterizing research and study on the learning organization should be held on a regular basis, which may offer teachers an opportunity for further research and study, 3. that a channel of R&S should be established, mainly targeting principals, and the courses should be designed to promote their growth, 4. that a principal should make use of transformational leadership extensively in order to help his teachers ameliorate their recognition of the learning organization, 5. that a principal should make use of transactional leadership extensively in order to help his teachers ameliorate their recognition of the learning organization, 6. that a principal should recognize that a teacher’s openness personality or closeness personality has its impact on the learning organization, 7. that a principal should encourage female teachers, junior teachers, and teachers who do not take on administrative work to participate in the operations of school affairs. 8. that teachers themselves should take part in the de facto operations of school affairs in a wide basis, and 9. that thereupon and with respect to future study that a research method could be applied in ways other than questionnaires, that other research variables could be further included to discover other parameters that might influence the learning organization, and that research tools should be designed to suit local conditions where the researchers are.

在現代商業經營的環境中，物流系統已成為競爭的焦點，產品或原料送交到顧客手中，物流成本占了物品銷售成本的相當比例。而一個物流中心需要各項軟硬體的配合，有一定的營運規模經濟。物流共同化係著眼於經濟性及效率性的考量，在物流業者資源整合下，擴大物流營運規模，提升效率，提供企業專業物流服務，降低企業物流成本，以因應市場的競爭。本研究主要是以物流公司為主體，探討不同類型的物流公司在執行物流共同化時所採行的作業模式及策略形成原因。並藉由參考日本物流共同化作業模式，比較國內物流業者物流共同化的作業方式，探討物流共同化在國內未來發展的模式。 本研究以通路類型，作業型態二項變數將物流公司予以分類，探討不同類型的物流公司，因其核心資源不同，在進行物流共同化時，作業模式與策略的差異性及策略背後隱藏的含意。本研究屬探索性研究，採多個案的研究方法。依據個案所取得的資料經整理歸納，將物流公司分成三類：開放型物流公司--沒有商流活動，提供客戶專業物流服務，客戶不限定只有體系內企業、封閉型物流公司--有形式商流活動，只替體系內企業處理物流工作、混合型物公司--有實質商流，但服務對象同時包括體系內與體系外的企業。 本研究發現不論物流公司的通路功能性質為何，各類型物流公司實施物流共同化的目標是都冀以擴大物流作業的經濟規模，降低物流處理成本，提昇物流效率。開放型物流公司藉由物流共同化取得在物流產業中的競爭優勢。封閉型物流公司希望藉物流共同化提昇通路權力，而混合型物流公司希望增加公司所代理或批發商品的通路談判力。 在作業型態對物流公司實施物流共同化的影響方面，物流公司為整體產品供應鍊中之一環，物流公司與合作伙伴（從事供應鍊其他價值活動的成員），保持加值合夥關係，則在物流共同化的作業型態、客戶選擇上較具彈性。物流公司與供應鍊成員有垂直整合關係，因需要配合通路系統整體目標，在物流共同化的作業型態及客戶選擇上較沒有彈性。 物流公司因所擁有的核心資源不同，對欲採用物流共同化的作業模式亦不同。運輸型物流公司傾向於運輸共同型物流。倉儲型物公司共同化多朝共同保管、共同配送發展。通路型物流公司全機能型的共同化作業，是最易發揮其核心能力作業方式。 不同類型物流公司在發展物流共同化時，開放型物流公司，因在通路上與客戶間無利害關係的存在，在產品物流處理上不受上下游包影響，可彈性的安排，是國內共同化推動的主力。封閉型物流公司發展物流共同化須配合關係企業整體目標，而混合型物流公司因本身有實質商流，在客戶的選擇上較注重產品與通路的互補性，這兩類物流公司對物流共同化都是配合本身通路功能定位選擇性實施。 最後就這次的研究範圍，在對業者的建議方面，物流共同化在日本已有三十年以上的歷史，有多種形態的協同組合。在國內雖然物流公司已開始有物流共同化的觀念，但多以一家物流公司為主體，還未見到本研究中所引用日本個案之跨組織的物流共同化形態（城南公司）。在整個產業競爭愈來愈激烈情況下，加上未來我國加入WTO，如外國物流業者挾著大量資金與技術進入我國物流市場，會對我國物流業者造成很大的威脅。物流業者之間應以資源互相配合，經由物流共同化透過資源共享，擴大產業規模，降低物流處理成本，提昇整個物流產業水準，以因應未來國際間產業的競爭。

電信服務日新月異，電信技術與標準推陳出新，在眾多技術與標準中，選擇一種可以獲得用戶支持，並且滿足潛在市場需求的技術標準，在世代交替與技術標準轉換之際，選擇適合的技術標準，以建構用戶基礎與技術優勢，將是投資龐大之電信公司營運成功與否的關鍵因素。 過去曾經風光的封閉型電信標準，如日本的NTT DoCoMo的PDC與其iMode標準，終究因為不能滿足新的競爭與市場需求，並且電信服務價值鏈日漸繁複的趨勢，終就還是走入歷史；近年封閉與非主流的低功率行動電話PHS標準被中國與其他國家捨棄，目前唯一經營PHS的日本Willcom電信公司與台灣的A公司也都紛紛進入財務重整，全球PHS用戶曾經達到一億之盛況，卻因為中國大陸的電信政策影響，讓曾經風光，俗稱小靈通的PHS因此消失。 PDC和PHS都是被認為是曾經領先當代的封閉型技術標準，也都是日本電信公司自主研發的先進行動通信技術，但是NTT DoCoMo只經營了三年PHS，即終止PHS服務，而Willcom電信公司(DDI Pocket前身)則選擇持續發展PHS技術；曾經封閉的PHS技術領先其他電信標準，最後卻遭到淘汰；對照蘋果公司的iOS作業系統與iTunes服務，一樣是封閉型系統，Apple卻仍是屹立不搖；未來是否可以持續保持，封閉型的標準是否可以成功，擁有廣大市場，主導整個服務鏈，頗值得深入探討。 全球各國對於電信技術與標準的管理，已逐漸採行技術中立的政策，對於技術與標準的選擇，政府政策因素的影響對企業選擇標準因素限制，已逐漸降低；本研究將以台灣A公司經營PHS為例，對照中國與日本的PHS電信業者，探討與分析電信公司選擇封閉型、非主流電信標準之成功可行性。 / Telecommunication Services have been changed rapidly recently; technologies and standards are also replaced to next generation every few years period. There are technology standards; right selection of standard is to fulfill requirements and obtain market is important. There were successful closed type telecom standards, like PDC of NTT DoCoMo in the 2G era. But finally it had been replaced by 3G, its next generation technology. The standard of telecom trend is toward an open type telecom standard. It is due to the complication of value chain of telecom services and global interfaces requirements. The closed type of technology standard is gradually abandoned. The PHS technology has been developed and adopted by leading technology telecom service provider, Willcom Japan, Telecom Company A in Taiwan announced PHS to be upgraded to XGP for a 100Mbps high speed mobile data network to compete with dominant and worldwide adopted a 4 G LTE mobile standard. But both companies went bankruptcy recently. The subscribers of PHS had been reached to his peak at 100 millions, the government policy has caused PHS in China clear away in a day. PDC and PHS are all considered as closed type technology standards. They were all invented by Japanese Telecom Operators. NTT had been operated and provided PHS service only for 3 years. The PHS leading operator, Willcom (previously DDI Pocket) is all the way providing services with PHS upgraded technology. But The Company is still facing financial difficulty and numbers of subscribers decreased dramatically. In Comparison with Apple Inc. who developed the closed type iOS and iTunes standards, are still leading mobile handset and applications markets. Apple’s service and product now become market dominant. Will Apple’s closed technologies maintenance for future successful? It is worth to be studied and look into details and referred with the PHS technology development as closed type standards. The natural to technology and standard is a trend globally from the government management policy. The governing policy has less effect on the technology and standard selection. The study is based on the case of A company using PHS technology to analyze Selection of close type standard or non dominant telecom standard will it be possible to be successful ? Willcom has announced to adopt XGP, the next generation PHS technology. Can we foresee the failure or it will arise from the dead? The study based on literature and cases analysis to analyze telecommunication, especially mobile communications operators. Successful factors of selection Telecommunication standards based on telecom service value chains, technology dependence, advantages and disadvantages of closed and open type’s standards. The thesis hopes to answer why A company’s failure and recommendation of successful factors when selection a closed type technology standard. The thesis is also to analyze the failure of A company in selection PHS technology which is closed type and reference of literature and other thesis to see the technology standard trend and hope to provide valuable reference for Telecommunication operators or related service providers in the future.