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GATT 關稅減讓談判之研究 / GATT Tariff concession negotiation杜芳秋, Dou,Fong Chiou Unknown Date (has links)
關稅貿易總協定 (General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade,簡稱
GATT ),為國際間規範與對外貿易之重要協定,其締約國迄今已有一一0
國左右,而其整個貿易量亦超過全球貿易量之90% 。換言之,GATT於今日
國際貿易中心所佔之地位,實不容忽視。關稅減讓為GATT的重要原則之一
。GATT自成立以來,為達成關稅減讓旨,前後歷經四時餘年,共舉行過八
次回合談判,其成果為將二次世界大戰後高達百分之四十的平均實質關稅
稅率,降至百分之四。本論文主旨在研究GATT本身對關稅之規範,包含:
關稅減讓之分類(一般關稅減讓談判、加入關稅減讓談判、再談判) ;關
稅減讓之模式 (提出要求再商討逐項減讓方式、線型公式、調和公式);
關稅減讓之原則(互惠原則、最惠國原則、多邊貿易談判原則、安定性與
彈性之賦予 );關稅減讓之條文分析(GATT一般規定第二條:關稅減讓表
、第二八條:再談判、第二八條之一:一般關稅談判、第三三條:加入談
判) 。烏拉圭回合為GATT最近一次所舉辦之多邊貿易談判,而依據GATT秘
書處於1994年 4月對烏拉圭回合之關稅減讓談判的最終結果報告為:工業
品關稅受約束程度為99% ,農業品在將非關稅措施轉為關稅化後,其關稅
受約束程度為100%,零對零關稅後免稅比率由20% 上升至43% 。我國乃經
濟強國,但仍未躋升於GATT的行列中,故於1990年1 月1 日申請加入GATT
。然而,入關後我國首先將面臨關稅減讓之窘境,因為關稅減讓勢必使國
內產業受到衝擊。政府日後必須提出完整的進口救濟以幫助廠商渡過難關
,以共進未來國際經濟舞臺。
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WTO資訊科技協定(ITA)之研究:科技發展下ITA產品範圍的爭議與解決 / Information technology agreement (ITA) of the WTO: Product coverage, dispute settlement and technological development曾顯照, Tseng, Hsien Chao Unknown Date (has links)
WTO「資訊科技協定」(ITA)於1996年底通過後成效彰顯,為多邊貿易體系部門別自由化方案之典範。然而當前快速的科技發展帶動新興資訊科技產品持續問世,以致該等產品究否屬於ITA通過當時所規範零關稅之產品範圍產生爭議,問題殊值深究。ITA生效以來首宗爭端解決個案即屬適例。按該案係我國、美國與日本於2008年間共同指控歐盟在機上盒、多功能事務機與液晶顯示器等三項資訊科技產品之課稅措施,違反WTO關稅減讓之規範。WTO爭端解決機制如何就科技發展實況解讀ITA產品範圍,對於ITA未來的執行成效具關鍵地位。
有關前揭個案之WTO適法性研究,本文認為WCO/HS公約稅則歸列見解可為參據,另可依據維也納條約法公約(VCLT)第31條與32條之解釋規則,考量全部或是多數會員對於系爭產品關稅待遇的「共同意願」。具體而言,基於VCLT第31條揭示的「本文內容」、「目的與宗旨」、「上下文脈絡」、「後續實務措施」與「相關國際法規範」等,通盤考量解讀歐盟關稅減讓表意涵,倘據此解讀後仍舊模糊難定,則依據VCLT第32條揭示的「條約協定的相關準備工作」與「完成當時的情境」等為輔助判斷。
鑑於此類爭議將演變為體制性問題,本文提出二項建議方案。第一,採行ITA委員會通知處理機制尋求通案解決,討論過程納入貨品貿易規範在其他領域敘及之「同類產品」的認定要素,基於創新產品變動並參照當前科技發展等市場實務進行考量,合理擴張ITA產品範圍。第二,爭取在當前杜哈回合談判通過相關部門別自由化方案擴大ITA產品範圍,建構零或低關稅的資訊科技產品貿易環境,其落實將有助於全球資訊科技產業之發展,亦可強化多邊貿易體系之整體運作。 / Information Technology Agreement (hereinafter ITA) has made significant contribution to the free trade in IT products since its conclusion at the end of 1996. It has been recognized as a successful model of sectorial trade liberalization in the WTO multilateral trading system. However, with the rapid advent of new technology, challenges arising from the determination of tariff treatment on newly innovated IT products become outstanding. Indeed, whether those innovated products are subject to the duty-free treatment of ITA merits intensive considerations. As demonstrated in the first dispute specifically on the prodcut coverage of ITA, where Taiwan, United States and Japan filed against the European Communities in 2008 for three IT products, i.e. set-top box, multi-functional office machine and LCD monitor, how the disptue settlement institutions respond to the applicability of the ITA in the context of techonogical develpment would be critical to the effectiveness of future ITA.
In this study, the author argues that relevant factors to be taken into account by the panel adjudicating the ITA dispute include the tariff classification principle embodied in the Harmonized System Convention of the WCO, as well as the “common intention” of all or a great majority of ITA participants pursuant to Article 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). Specifically, an examination of the EC’s commitments under schedules of tariff concession by virtue of text (ordinary meaning), object and purpose, context, subsequent practice and relevant rules of international law as stipulated in Article 31 of the VCLT are of importance. Furthermore, looking at elements as to preparatory work and circumstances of the conclusion of the EC’s schedule in accordance with Article 32 of the VCLT is also relevant.
On systemic issues, the author proposes two solutions. First, the inclusion of a new notification mechanism into the ITA Committee could be feasilbe. By adopting the concept of “like products” applicable to other fields of trade in goods, the ITA’s product coverage can be reasonably expanded on the basis of the modification of innovated products and advent of modern technology in the market. Second, achieving the consensus on sectorial liberalization of expanded IT products under on-going Doha Round would contribute to establish zero (or low) tariff environment for IT products, which would benefit not only to the global IT industry but also to the multilateral trading system as a whole.
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中共加入關稅暨貿易總協定問題之研究 / A Study on Mainland China's Participation in GATT金中燮, Kim, Jung-Sup Unknown Date (has links)
關貿總協於一九四八年成立以來、已成為規範世界貿易最重要的 協定。而中共為全球第十五大貿易國、因此自然不應被排除在外 中共之情況特殊、引發一些法律上以及經濟上的問題、使其入蟫藆撬繺祭蛂C共入會案之法律問題主要來自其「恢復原會籍」之要求。此一起祖父條款、入會費、與排除條款之適用上的問題。另外、中籍亦對香港、澳門之會籍有重大影響。經濟問題則是起因於中共之非市場經濟體制以及其要求享受開家之優惠。雖然中共以進行大幅的經濟改革、但主要締約國仍經濟制度不夠自由。另外、由於中共龐大的出口潛力、使各締願給予其開發中國家所享有的優惠。於中共加入關貿總協對雙方皆有正面意義、因此預料兩方面都度的妥協以求問題之解決。實上、中共已經以「新加入」的方式與關貿總協展開談判、因恢復會籍」之要求並無任何實質意義、至於入會條件方面、關同意中共可以以關稅減讓的方式入會、但中共卻無法避免歧視限制以及特別防衛條款。
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