Homophobia in men may be, in part, due to reaction formation rooted in unacceptable same-sex attraction. Previous studies have not confirmed a covert same-sex attraction in homophobic men, which is necessary for a reaction formation theory of homophobia. This study sought to reveal possible covert same-sex attraction in homophobic men. In this study, heterosexual and homosexual male erotic images were presented in a passive S1/S2 stimulus prediction design to 48 self-identified heterosexual participants, grouped by homophobia. Three event-related potential responses related to valenced emotional processing were examined: the medial frontal negativity (MFN), the late positive potential (LPP), and the positive frontal slow wave (FSW). While homophobic men have a larger FSW in response to erotics across the board, F(1,46) = 3.88, p = .055, no significant interactions between homophobia and image content were found. As such, homophobic men may have more interest in erotic images in general, but this study does not demonstrate that homophobic men find homosexual erotics appetitive.

The current study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how motivational salience in the form of expectation violation influences spatial attention. The medial frontal negativity (MFN) ERP indexes expected value, being negative to unexpected punishments and positive to unexpected rewards. The P1 and N1 ERPs index spatial attention, being larger to stimuli in attended locations. This design attached motivational value to locations by making one visual hemifield economically rewarding (greater probability of a rewarding outcome) and the other punishing (greater probability of a punishing outcome). Keypresses to a dot probe following a reward-signifying stimulus were awarded money if correct, and penalized following a punishment-signifying stimulus if incorrect. We predicted that salience would be attached to visual hemifield, thus the MFN would be most negative to punishing outcomes in the rewarding hemifield and most positive to rewarding outcomes in the punishing hemifield. We also predicted that attention would be allocated to a location where expectation was violated, thus the P1 and N1 ERPs would be larger and RTs (reaction times) faster to dot probes appearing in the same side as an outcome that violated expected value. In a sample of 36 participants, there were no significant effects on the MFN, although the means were in the predicted direction, suggesting a lack of power. Contrary to our hypothesis, keypresses were slower, P1 smaller, and N1 larger to probes opposite the location where an expectation violation occurred. This suggested that expectation violation did not direct attention to a particular location, but produced general interference.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-27T22:29:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HenrySG_DISSERT.pdf: 34025203 bytes, checksum: 2defdce123ba16681be74520906f9baf (MD5) / Rejected by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br), reason: Corrigir referência on 2017-07-03T12:20:54Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T16:10:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HenrySG_DISSERT.pdf: 34025203 bytes, checksum: 2defdce123ba16681be74520906f9baf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T16:56:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HenrySG_DISSERT.pdf: 34025203 bytes, checksum: 2defdce123ba16681be74520906f9baf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T16:59:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 HenrySG_DISSERT.pdf: 34025203 bytes, checksum: 2defdce123ba16681be74520906f9baf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T17:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HenrySG_DISSERT.pdf: 34025203 bytes, checksum: 2defdce123ba16681be74520906f9baf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / This paper presents a methodology that includes the structure and the care needed to design and implement a Single Frequency Network (SFN), with the benefits of energy conservation, transmitted power, and optimization of coverage area. It shows the network synchronization options and how to adjust the converged signal coverage areas within a region, showing clearly that this technology is a good and safe technological investment option. It also contains a history of one of the greatest technological developments that has occurred, indicating their form and difficulty in analog times. In the theoretical review are evidenced the technical limitations and the actions towards building a new, modern and robust digital transmission technology / Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia que contempla a estrutura e cuidados necessários para projetar e implantar uma Single Frequency Network (SFN), apresentando os benefícios da racionalização de energia, potência transmitida, e otimização das áreas de cobertura. Apresenta as opções de sincronismo de rede bem como ajustar as regiões de cobertura de sinais convergentes a uma mesma região, mostrando com clareza que a tecnologia é uma boa e segura opção de investimento tecnológico. Também contém um histórico de um dos maiores desenvolvimentos tecnológicos já ocorridos, indicando sua forma e dificuldades em épocas analógicas. Na revisão teórica são é evidenciado o porquê das limitações técnicas até então existentes bem como as ações rumo a construção de uma nova, moderna e robusta tecnologia de transmissão digital / 2017-06-27

In 1989, the Tiananmen Square massacre shocked the world. Under the heavy pressure from Congress and the public opinion, the government of the United States, which regarded human rights as one of its most cherished values, was forced to reexamine its relations with the PRC and to pay more attention to the PRC¡¦s human rights issues. However, the Cliton administration chose to de-link the human rights issue from its consideration whether to give the PRC the MFN status. To Beijing, the human rights issue is only a tool in Washington¡¦s foreign policy. China regards human rights as its domestic affairs. It had always questioned Washington¡¦s purpose and motivation to intervene mainland China¡¦s domestic affairs. This thesis studies the factor of human rights in the U.S.-China relations. U.S. Congress used MFN as an annual check about China¡¦s human rights situation. Before 2000, U.S. Congress members had long time questioned the administration that grantee PNTR would lead to the destruction of China¡¦s motivation about human right improvement. The author intends to review the ¡§Human Right Report¡¨ in the period of Cliton¡¦s administration, trade relations, UN human right debate and bills. Besides, the progress of China¡¦s human rights situation will be evaluated in the thesis. Through the review of the human right factor in the Sino-US relations, we can find that how the strategy of human right been used by U.S. government. However, the human right issue still is one of the important factors which could affect the future Sino-US relations.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Gaudencio do Rego.pdf: 1139897 bytes, checksum: b56f45681ad1b3adb1fbebc620c7562a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Games are useful tools to simulate social interactions of cooperation or competition and can be applied in conjunction with behavioral and electrophysiological techniques, such as Event Related Potentials (ERP) analysis. The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a well-studied game which can be used to investigate how individuals react to injustice. An initial value is divided between a proponent, who suggests a division rate of this value, and a respondent, who may accept or reject it. If the respondent accepts, both players gain the proposed value, and if he or she rejects, they gain nothing. The behavioral and electrophysiological results have demonstrated typical reactions in the game. The Medial Frontal Negativity (MFN), a component associated with the automatic processing of negative social feedback, and the P300, associated with attention and memory process, are two components commonly observed during UG. While the interaction between volunteers and proponents with typical development is well described, the interaction between volunteers and proponents with Down syndrome is still unknown. This research aimed to investigate differences in the behavioral data, MFN and P300 in participants playing the UG with a typical proposer and Down proposer. 32 subjects participated in the experiment. Scales of social desirability, moral identity, self-esteem and an implicit association test about Down syndrome were applied. The results showed similar behavioral patterns among proponents and previous data described in the literature. Regarding ERPs, the MFN was not detected and there was greater amplitude of P200 component for proposals of the Down. There was also greater amplitude of P300 for fair proposals of the typical proponent compared to the fair proposals of the Down, and of these two compared to unfair proposals of both. The amplitude of the P300 for proposals of typical was negatively correlated with self-esteem scores. Together, the results suggest that the presence of a player with Down syndrome might influence the perception and expectation of the participants about the game, and this effect could be extended to the interaction with the typical proponent. The absence of MFN suggests that participants do not perceived the unfair proposals as a social negative outcome and P300 suggests that the interaction with the typical proposer was more relevant to the participants. Moreover, this relevance was modulated due to personal characteristics of self-esteem. Further studies are suggested in this area to confirm the hypotheses suggested in the present research. / Os jogos simulam situações sociais relativamente simples de cooperação ou competição e podem ser aplicados conjuntamente às técnicas de pesquisa comportamentais e eletrofisiológicas como a análise de potenciais relacionados a eventos (ERP). Um jogo muito estudado é o Ultimatum Game (UG), que pode ser utilizado para investigar como indivíduos reagem à injustiça. Um valor inicial é dividido entre um propositor, que sugere uma divisão do valor, e um respondente que pode aceitar ou rejeitar. Caso este aceite os dois ganham o valor proposto, caso rejeite ninguém ganha. Os resultados comportamentais e eletrofisiológicos têm demonstrado reações comuns no jogo. Os ERPs mais comuns é o MFN, associado ao processamento automático de feedbacks sociais negativos, e o P300, associado a processos atencionais e de memorização. Enquanto a interação entre sujeitos de pesquisa com propositores de desenvolvimento típico já é bem conhecida, o efeito desta interação com propositores com síndrome de Down ainda é desconhecido. O presente buscou investigar diferenças no padrão comportamental, de MFN e P300 em participantes jogando UG com propositor típico e com Down. 32 sujeitos participaram do experimento. Foram aplicadas escalas de desejabilidade social, identidade moral, de autoestima e um teste de atitudes implícitas frente às pessoas com Down. Os resultados demonstraram padrões comportamentais semelhantes entres os propositores e a literatura. Quanto aos ERPs, o MFN não foi detectado e houve presença de componente P200 para propostas de Down. Houve também maior amplitude de P300 para propostas justas do típico em comparação as justas do Down e destes dois em comparação às propostas injustas de ambos. A amplitude do P300 para propostas do típico apresentaram correlação negativa com escalas de autoestima. Os resultados sugerem que a presença de um jogador com síndrome de Down influenciou a percepção e expectativa dos participantes quanto ao jogo, e que este efeito pode ter se estendido para a interação com o propositor típico. A ausência de MFN sugere que não houve processamento das propostas injustas como respostas sociais negativas e o P300 sugere que a interação com o propositor foi de maior relevância para os participantes. Além disto, esta relevância foi modulada em razão de características pessoais de autoestima. São sugeridos novos estudos no tema para confirmar as hipóteses aqui apresentadas.

Ma thèse porte sur la configuration dynamique de réseaux de communication radio vérifiant un certain nombre de contraintes (ou objectifs) et l'utilisation, si possible optimale, de l'ensemble des fréquences disponibles à un instant donné. C'est un problème NP-difficile dont l'enjeu économique est important pour l'entreprise TDF. J'ai construit et mis en œuvre des méta-heuristiques hybrides originales pour résoudre ce type de problème et assurer la meilleure qualité de service (QoS) possible. Les fréquences étant une denrée rare et chère, on peut se demander si, pendant un certain temps, une seule fréquence ne suffirait pas pour couvrir les besoins d'un secteur géographique donné. Ceci permettrait d'utiliser les autres fréquences pour d'autres applications. C'est le principe de base des réseaux SFN (Single Frequency Network) qui nécessitent l'optimisation des délais de transmission, le regroupement de certains émetteurs pour construire un tel réseau et le choix de la fréquence à allouer. Du point de vue informatique, il s'agit de réaliser simultanément plusieurs optimisations. La structure d'un réseau SFN doit être ajustable au cours du temps. J'ai développé un logiciel qui réalise ces opérations, à savoir : - sélection des émetteurs pour construire des réseaux (i.e. plaques) SFN, - optimisation des écarts de transmission dans chaque SFN, - choix de la meilleure fréquence possible pour chaque SFN. Les performances de ces algorithmes sont comparées avec la QoS des plans de fréquences utilisés en France et des pays voisins. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants. / The purpose of my thesis is the dynamic construction of radio communication networks subject to multiple constraints and the optimal (if possible) use of the set of available frequencies at time t. This is an NP-Hard problem with important economical issues. I have designed and used original hybrid meta-heuristics for solving this kind of problems and providing the best possible QoS. Frequencies are rare and expansive therefore we can ask if a single frequency would not be enough, for a while, in order to cover the needs of a given geographical area. This would allow the use of the remaining frequencies for other applications. This is the principle of Single Frequency Networks (SFN) which necessitate the simultaneous optimization of transmission delays, of the allocated frequency and of their design. I have designed an original and e_cient software which performs these operations. We give experimental results for real benchmarks provided by TDF.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre global de la restauration des cours d’eau pollués par une intensification des mécanismes d’autoépuration, en particulier la dégradation de la matière organique et de l’azote. L’objectif principal de cette étude est d’évaluer et modéliser la capacité de transfert d’oxygène air-eau par les principaux ouvrages hydrauliques à savoir les cascades en marches d’escalier et les chutes d’eau. Les expériences d’aération menées dans un pilote de laboratoire modulable, servant à la fois de cascade et de chute d’eau, ont permis d’évaluer le potentiel d’aération de ces structures, ainsi que d’étudier les effets des paramètres géométriques et opératoires. En première approche, une corrélation semi-empirique globale de calcul d’efficacité d’aération dans les cascades, avec un large spectre de validité, a été élaborée, en fonction du débit, nombre de marches et pente de la cascade, sur la base de nos mesures expérimentales et des données collectées dans les publications. La même démarche a été suivie pour élaborer une corrélation semi-empirique permettant une estimation de l’efficacité d’aération dans les chutes d’eau en fonction de la hauteur de chute, le niveau d’eau en aval et le débit d’écoulement. Afin de rendre compte des caractéristiques du phénomène de transfert dans les cascades d’eau (aire interfaciale d’échange air-eau et volume d’eau), des expériences de traçage ont été associées aux expériences d’aération ce qui a permis de mesurer le volume d’eau et de corréler le coefficient de transfert volumique d’oxygène kLa avec les différents paramètres intervenant dans les mécanismes d’aération. L’aire spécifique interfaciale a été simulée numériquement via l’approche VOF en fonction des conditions opératoires et géométriques. Une équation prédictive de calcul du coefficient de transfert du film liquide kL en fonction des paramètres d’influence a été obtenue à l’issu de l’ensemble des simulations et des mesures d’aération expérimentales / This work represents a part of polluted watercourses restoration by intensification of self-purification mechanisms essentially the degradation of organic matter and nitrogen. The main objective is to evaluate and model the air-water oxygen transfer by major hydraulic structures, namely stepped cascades and waterfalls. Aeration experiments conducted in a geometrically adjustable laboratory pilot, serving as stepped cascade and waterfall were used to assess the aeration potential of these structures as well as to study the geometrical an operating parameters effects. In a first approach, a global semi-empirical correlation for aeration efficiency calculation in stepped cascades, valid for a wide range of parameters, was developed, depending on water discharge, number of steps and chute slope, basing on our experimental measurements and data collected in publications. The same procedure was followed for developing a semi-empirical correlation to estimate the aeration efficiency of waterfalls in terms of the chute height, downstream water level and flowrate. In order to take into account the oxygen transfer phenomenon characteristics in stepped cascade (water volume and air-water exchange interfacial area), tracer experiments were associated with aeration experiments to allow measuring water volume and correlating the volume oxygen transfer coefficient kLa with the various parameters involved in the aeration mechanism. The interfacial specific area was numerically simulated using VOF approach depending on operating and geometrical parameters. A predictive equation for liquid film transfer coefficient kL calculation based on the parameters of influence was issued from both the simulations and experimental aeration measures

Le travail de cette thèse a pour but de fournir et valider des outils permettant d'étudier et de comprendre les phénomènes mis en jeu lors de l'injection d'un carburant dans un moteur à combustion interne, principalement axé sur l'écoulement intra-injecteur. Ces outils sont numériques et permettent de simuler la formation d'un spray. Une première partie est axée sur la modélisation 0D. Les modèles permettant de prédire des caractéristiques de spray comme son angle, sa pénétration ou encore la longueur du corps liquide, sont comparés à des données expérimentales. Les conclusions sont que la modélisation 0D permet d'obtenir de bons résultats. Par contre une meilleure connaissance de l'influence de la cavitation sur le spray, qui passe par la compréhension de l'écoulement intra-injecteur, pourrait être bénéfique pour la prédiction de ces modèles. Une seconde étude sur l'écoulement intra-injecteur est alors menée en utilisant un modèle à équation barotrope. Une validation de celui-ci est effectuée de façon à vérifier qu'il est capable de prédire correctement l'écoulement dans un injecteur. Le modèle offre de bons résultats et peut être utilisé pour l'étude suivante. Enfin, dans la dernière partie, le modèle de cavitation qui a été validé est utilisé. Une géométrie d'injecteur mono-trou est utilisée avec des pressions comparables à celles utilisées actuellement en automobile. L'étude consiste à étudier l'influence de plusieurs paramètres géométriques sur l'apparition de la cavitation. Le mouvement de l'aiguille est aussi étudié et est comparé, après avoir offert au code la possibilité de maillage mobile, à des résultats in-stationnaires pour plusieurs levées d'aiguille.

Le séchage d’organogels, gels composés d’un organogélateur de type acide aminé dissous dans un solvant, conduit à la formation d’aérogels, solides très légers et très poreux. Ces aérogels constituent entre autres de très bons isolants thermiques. La préparation des aérogels nécessitent plusieurs étapes. Ce procédé supercritique est composé de trois étapes : préparation de CO2 supercritique, séchage d’organogel dans l’autoclave en le balayant par un courant de CO2 et séparation de CO2-solvant au sein d’une cascade de trois séparateurs cyclones. Dans cette étude, les deux dernières étapes ont été abordées afin d’optimiser les paramètres du procédé. Les solvants utilisés sont la tétraline et le toluène. La cinétique de séchage au sein de l’autoclave a été étudiée, trois approches différentes ont été explorées : le transport de tétraline dans le CO2 supercritique au sein du gel est gouverné uniquement par le phénomène de diffusion dans les deux premières, il est régi par les phénomènes de diffusion et de convection dans la troisième approche. Les équations de transfert de matière ont été résolues à l’aide de deux logiciels numériques Matlab et ANSYS-Fluent. La troisième approche semble donner les résultats les plus cohérents avec les résultats expérimentaux. La compréhension des raisons du dysfonctionnement des séparateurs cycloniques en aval de l’autoclave pour le cas du toluène a nécessité deux études : une étude hydrodynamique MFN a permis de simuler le transport des fluides au sein du premier séparateur cyclone, à l’aide du logiciel ANSYS-Fluent. Cette étude a montré que le toluène liquide n’était pas entraîné dans la sortie gaz du cyclone, indiquant ainsi que l’hydrodynamique favorise la séparation. Afin d’expliquer ce dysfonctionnement, une étude thermodynamique portant sur les deux solvants, toluène et tétraline a été réalisée. La séparation cyclonique a été considérée comme un simple étage théorique et simulée avec le logiciel PRO/II. Cette étude a bien expliqué les résultats expérimentaux pour les deux solvants et a permis d’optimiser les paramètres du procédé / Drying of organogels, gels composed of an organogelator such as amin acids dissolved in a solvent, leads to the formation of aerogels, very light solids with high porosity. These aerogels are expected to be very good heat insulating materials. Preparation of aerogels includes several steps. This process consists of three steps: preparation of supercritical CO2, drying of the gel in an autoclave with a CO2 flow and CO2-solvent separation carried out in a cascade of three separators. In this study both the last steps were discussed in order to optimize the process parameters. The used solvents are tetralin and toluene. The drying kinetic in the autoclave was studied, three different approaches have been exploited. Tetralin transport in supercritical CO2 within the gel is governed only by the diffusion phenomenon in the first two approaches, although, it is governed by diffusion and convection phenomena in the third approach. The mass transfer equations were solved by two numerical software Matlab and ANSYS-Fluent. It seemed that the third approach gave the most consistent results with experimental results. The understanding of the malfunction reasons of cyclonic separators downstream from the autoclave for the case of toluene required two studies: A CFD hydrodynamic study was used to simulate the fluids transport within the first cyclone separator, using the ANSYS-Fluent software. This study showed that the liquid toluene was not carried over into the gas outlet of the cyclone, indicating that hydrodynamic promotes the separation. For this reason, a thermodynamic study of both solvents, toluene and tetralin was performed. Cyclonic separation was regarded as a simple theoretical stage and simulated with PRO / II software. This study has explained very well the experimental results for both solvents and allowed to optimize the process parameters

With the advancement in the current wireless technology standards such as terrestrial digital video broadcasting systems (DVB-T, DVB-T2, and DVB-H) and the massive usage of the Internet over mobile devices, streaming of television channels in smart phones has become a necessary advancement for mobile users. As, UMTS dominating the entire mobile market globally and with the evolution of LTE, several mobile operators are working on an MBMS framework which will help to launch mobile TV services on respective operators. This paper deals with terrestrial and mobile TV with IP multicasting and broadcasting and is aimed to improve system spectral efficiency.  With the help of IP multicasting, the base station can be able to provide with significantly less spectrum by saving it from the channels which the user is not viewing currently. This case is analysed from several sets, called schemes of resource plan sets. The transmitter scheduling is dealt with by means of a Packet and Resource Plan Scheduling (PARPS) algorithm, and the simulated results are plotted in Matlab which assists in analysing the efficiency in the spectrum management and the coverage probability for the number of transmitters used for each scheme. The schemes are simulated in Matlab for different number of transmitters (2-7) in both the static and random model. The SFN schemes are offering greater coverage probability than MFN schemes, in all cases. Multicasting over Continuous Transmission Dynamic Single Frequency Network (CT-DSFN) offers a 1342% and 582% gain in Multi-user System Spectral Efficiency (MSSE) for 7 transmitters, from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.  For 7 transmitters, Multicasting over CT-DSFN offers a 1213% and 428% gain in System Spectral Efficiency (SSE) from Broadcasting over MFN and Broadcasting over SFN respectively.