Resumo: Uma preocupação atual consiste no uso indiscriminado de muitas substâncias sintéticas no controle de pragas na agricultura. Estudos atuais indicam que algumas dessas substâncias podem estar envolvidas em casos de intoxicação de insetos, como as abelhas, que são fundamentais em muitas culturas, devido à atividade de polinização realizada por elas. No Brasil, um dos inseticidas mais usados nas culturas de café, citrus, algodão e cana-de-açúcar é o imidaclopride, que apresenta ação neurotóxica para os insetos. Seus metabólitos circulam por todo o organismo e entram em contato com diversos órgãos. A exposição a doses subletais deste inseticida pode provocar mudanças na fisiologia e no comportamento das abelhas, sendo que tais alterações podem ser mais intensas ou não, dependendo do período de exposição. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da exposição crônica a doses subletais (DL50/100, DL50/50 e DL50/10) do inseticida imidaclopride, no cérebro, ventrículo e túbulo de Malpighi de Apis mellifera africanizada. Para isso os órgãos estudados das abelhas expostas e dos controles foram submetidos a análises morfológica, histoquímicas e imunocitoquímica, após 1, 3, 5, 7 e 10 dias de exposição. No cérebro das abelhas expostas foi possível observar alterações morfológicas, histoquímicas e imunocitoquímicas nos lobos ópticos de todos os grupos expostos, enquanto que nos corpos pedunculados observou-se tais alterações apenas no grupo exposto à DL50/10. Já nos lobos antenais as alterações não foram observadas. No ventrículo das abelhas de todos os grupos expostos ao inseticida, a análise morfológica permitiu observar de uma maneira geral um aumento na quantidade de células eliminadas no lúmen, na quantidade de secreção apócrina eliminada no lúmen e na quantidade de halos pericromatínicos nas células ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The indiscriminate use of synthetic chemicals to control pests in agriculture is not a new concern. Recent studies indicate that some of these substances are involved in cases of poisoning bees, which are fundamental in many cultures due to the activity of pollination. In Brazil, an insecticide widely used on crops of coffee, citrus, cotton and sugar cane, is imidacloprid, which is neurotoxic to insects. However, its metabolites circulate throughout the body and come into contacting with another organs. Exposure to sublethal doses of this insecticides causes changes in physiology and behavior of bees, and these changes can be more intense depending on exposure period. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to sublethal doses (DL50/100, DL50/50 and DL50/10) of imidacloprid in the brain, midgut and the Malpighian tubules of africanized bees (Apis mellifera). For this, the organs of treated and untreated bees were subjected to morphological, histochemical and immunocytochemical techniques, dissecting the bees after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. In the brains of exposed bees it was possible to observe morphological, histochemical and immunocytochemical alterations on optic lobes of all bees, whereas in the mushroom bodies, alterations was observed only in the group exposed to DL50/10. The antennal lobe presented no alterations after the treatment in all doses. In the midgut of all exposed groups of bees, morphological analysis showed in general an increase in the number of digestive cells and apocrine secretion eliminated in the lumen and in the number of peripherical chromatin halos were also increased. The histochemical techiniques confirmed the presence of pyknotic nuclei, showing the presence of nuclear fragments and degenerated areas in cytoplasm of digestive cells. The immunocytochemical technique showed no presence of positive nuclei for Tunel reaction in ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Osmar Malaspina / Coorientador: Thaise C. Roat / Banca: Elaine Cristina Mathias da Silva Zacarin / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Mestre

Pollination is an important ecosystem service necessary for 80% of global plant reproduction. This service can also improve fruit production and is essential for 84% of all crops grown in the EU. However, some pollinators have been declining for the last decades and the important honey bee is no exception. One of the reasons to this decline is believed to be agricultural use of chemicals (i.e. fungicides, herbicides and insecticides). One of the most commonly used herbicides is RoundUp, which include glyphosate as its active substance. In this study, I test if RoundUp affects honey bee behaviour by exposing them during a short-term period to one of three different concentrations (0 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 50 mg/l). The test was conducted in a wind tunnel and aimed to test the hypothesis that glyphosate affects searching abilities and flight time of honey bees. In contrast to my hypothesis, I was unable to detect effects on searching ability. However, method limitations might have been the reason only three bees, out of 147, found the food. My analysis showed neither any effects from RoundUp on fly time (P>0.05) or activity (P=0.066). However, in my data I could see a negative trend in activity and due to earlier data collected around glyphosate, I argue that exposure to glyphosate might have a negative long-term impact on honey bee survival.

Varroa destructor, in Czech language known as kleštík včelí, is a parasitic mite (of eastern bee and honeybee) which causes the disease called varroasis. Kleštík is like a black passenger on the body of bees and drones, which commonly penetrate foreign hives, and because of that they can be considered the main vector of parasite. In the Czech Republic we fight this parasite using methods every since its discovery in the early 80s of the 20th century. Some methods are defined by the Veterinary Institute in the Czech Republic and the others were disovered by the beekeepers themselves. The main purpose of this thesis was to determine what are current methods to suppress or to completely obliterate the infection caused by Varroa destructor. What methods have proved to be most effective, and what new methods were invented from the time of its discovery. I conducted a field experiment bee hives belonging to beekeeping organizations Trhové Sviny during the 2015 and the 2016. The practical part of my research ( i.e. occurrence and also the review of varroasis disease treatment) had little effect on normal activities of beekeepers. The process of Varroa destructor presence, its treatment and the methods of treatment researched. Based on the collected samples sent to Veterinary Administration for testing to find out whether are the Varroa counter measures effective or not. The conclusion of my reasearch ist he unificated treatment and detection of Varroa are of the main importance. That goes not only for the beekeeping associations but also by unregistered beekeepers. Because the amount of bee colonies here in the Czech Republic is huge, the use of alternative treatment and suppresing procedures as well as the intentional breeding for resistance against Varroa are rather unrealistic, the only viable option fort he moment , is to follow Veterinary Services guidelines.

Nosemosis is a serious disease of bees caused by microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae. Both species are widely spread around the world and in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of Nosema spp., describe the species variability and assess the influence of the season. PCR method amplifying part of the gene encoding the small ribosomal subunit rRNA was used to identify the species of Nosema spp. A total 77 samples originated from 17 farmers were examined Out of them, 71% (55 samples) were positive for the presence of Nosema spp. Samples were collected in five seasons in 2011?2012. Both N. apis, and N. ceranae were detected in all breeds. In 2011, N. apis was detected as causative agent of nosemosis except one sample, where the mixed infection was detected. In 2012, N. ceranae was observed in mono- or mixed infections. Currently monoinfections of N. apis were not detected in 2012. Generally, the highest occurrence was detected in the autumn and winter months.

Diploma Thesis watch qualitative indicators of honey in dependence of different ways of nutrition of bee colony. Determined the influence on fragmentation of honey, content solids materials, acidity of honey, electrical conductivity of honey and using of refractometer to find out content of water.

abstract: Food is an essential driver of animal behavior. For social organisms, the acquisition of food guides interactions with the environment and with group-mates. Studies have focused on how social individuals find and choose food sources, and share both food and information with group-mates. However, it is often not clear how experiences throughout an individual's life influence such interactions. The core question of this thesis is how individuals’ experience contributes to within-caste behavioral variation in a social group. I investigate the effects of individual history, including physical injury and food-related experience, on individuals' social food sharing behavior, responses to food-related stimuli, and the associated neural biogenic amine signaling pathways. I use the eusocial honey bee (Apis mellifera) system, one in which individuals exhibit a high degree of plasticity in responses to environmental stimuli and there is a richness of communicatory pathways for food-related information. Foraging exposes honey bees to aversive experiences such as predation, con-specific competition, and environmental toxins. I show that foraging experience changes individuals' response thresholds to sucrose, a main component of adults’ diets, depending on whether foraging conditions are benign or aversive. Bodily injury is demonstrated to reduce individuals' appetitive responses to new, potentially food-predictive odors. Aversive conditions also impact an individual's social food sharing behavior; mouth-to-mouse trophallaxis with particular groupmates is modulated by aversive foraging conditions both for foragers who directly experienced these conditions and non-foragers who were influenced via social contact with foragers. Although the mechanisms underlying these behavioral changes have yet to be resolved, my results implicate biogenic amine signaling pathways as a potential component. Serotonin and octopamine concentrations are shown to undergo long-term change due to distinct foraging experiences. My work serves to highlight the malleability of a social individual's food-related behavior, suggesting that environmental conditions shape how individuals respond to food and share information with group-mates. This thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of inter-individual variation in animal behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:58:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 negrao_af_me_botfmvz.pdf: 363555 bytes, checksum: c16d926de235a96ead7f979f2853aad9 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve por objetivo efetuar o levantamento dos tipos polínico presentes no pólen apícola e realizar análises de seus teores proteicos e composição de aminoácidos, em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Apicultura da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O pólen foi coletado semanalmente durante o período de setembro de 2012 a agosto de 2013, de cinco colmeias, semelhantes quanto ao número de quadros de cria e alimento, por meio de coletor de pólen frontal. O pólen retirado dos coletores foi misturado, pesado em balança analítica, desidratado em estufa de ventilação forçada, limpo e as bolotas classificadas por granulometria menor e maior que 2,0mm. Em seguida as amostras foram armazenadas em frascos estéreis, os quais foram mantidos sob congelamento para realização das análises. Os resultados foram avaliados por ANOVA, seguido do teste de Tukey para verificar diferenças entre as médias (P<0,05). Pode-se observar que o período do inverno (junho, julho e agosto) apresentou o maior teor proteico total (22,78±3,1%) e diferenças significativas entre granulometrias maior e menor que 2,0mm (20,38±2,6% e 23,58±2,9%, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças para a composição de aminoácidos no pólen nas diferentes estações do ano. Dentre os tipos polínicos encontrados destacam-se principalmente Asteraceae, Poaceae e Myrtaceae, encontrados em todas as estações do ano, comprovando que as abelhas concentram a coleta de recursos de acordo com a disponibilidade das plantas nas estações / This study aimed to carry out a survey of pollen types present in bee pollen and realize analyzes of their protein content and amino acid composition during different seasons. The experiment was conducted at the Sector of Apiculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, UNESP, Botucatu. The pollen was collected weekly during the period of September 2012 and August 2013, from five hives, similar to the number of frames of brood and food through frontal collector pollen. The pollen from the collectors was mixed, weighed on an analytical balance, dried in an oven with forced ventilation, cleaned and acorns classified by grain size smaller and larger than 2.0 mm. Then the samples were stored in sterile vials which were kept under freezing for analyzes. The results were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test to check for differences between means (P <0.05). It can be observed that the winter period (June, July, August) showed the largest total protein content (22.78% ± 3.1) and also significant differences when compared particle sizes greater than 2.0 mm and less than 2.0 mm (20.38 ± 2.6 ± 2.9% and 23.58%, respectively). No differences in the amino acid composition between the year seasons in bee pollen were found. Among the pollen types found stand out mainly Asteraceae, Poaceae and Myrtaceae, which were found in all seasons, proving that bees concentrated collection of resources according to the availability of plants in the seasons

Orientador: Carminda da Cruz-Landim / Banca: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo / Banca: Flávio Henrique Caetano / Banca: Zilá Luz Paulino Simões / Banca: José Eduardo Serrão / Resumo: Apini e Meliponini são tribos compostas por espécies de abelhas classificadas como eussociais avançadas e, portanto, apresentam divisão de trabalho reprodutivo entre as castas femininas e complexas adaptações comportamentais, adquiridas durante a evolução pelas operárias, para desempenhar as tarefas relativas à manutenção da colônia. A capacidade de voar dos adultos destes insetos está intrinsecamente ligada à maioria de suas atividades como o vôo nupcial para o acasalamento no caso das rainhas e machos e a exploração de novo habitat, fontes de alimentos e estabelecimento de novos ninhos no caso das operárias. Tanto em Apis mellifera, quanto em Scaptotrigona postica, o vôo é realizado por músculos denominados músculos indiretos do vôo por não apresentarem ligação direta com as asas. A contração desses músculos produz mudanças de volume no tórax e indiretamente, o movimento das asas. O objetivo deste projeto foi realizar medidas das fibras desse músculo em cada indivíduo e em cada fase da vida, aplicando aos resultados teste estatístico apropriado para verificar possíveis diferenças de desenvolvimento que possam ser relacionadas à função muscular e comparar a ultraestrutura e citoquímica da musculatura do vôo das castas femininas (rainhas e operárias) e machos em diferentes fases da vida, tendo em vista as diferenças comportamentais e fisiológicas entre as classes de indivíduos das duas espécies. O exame da musculatura do vôo, tanto com microscopia de luz como com microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão, mostrou que o arranjo e a morfologia dos feixes musculares e das fibras que os compõe são similares nas duas espécies, no entanto os feixes musculares de Apis mellifera são formados por número maior de fibras. Medições das larguras das fibras mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significante entre as fases da vida... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Apini and Meliponini are tribes composed of species of advanced eusocial bees and therefore present division of reproductive labor between females and complex behavioral adaptations, acquired during the evolution by workers, to attend the responsibilities for the maintenance of the colony. The ability of adults to fly is intrinsically linked to most of their activities as the nuptial flight for mating in the case of queens and males and exploitation of new habitat, sources of food and establishment of new nests in the case of workers. Both in Apis mellifera, as in Scaptotrigona postica, the flight is accomplished by muscles called indirect flight muscles by not make a direct connection with the wings. The contraction of muscles produces changes in volume in the torax and indirectly, movement of the wings. The objective of this project was to perform measurements of muscle fibers from every individual in every stage of life, applying the appropriate statistical test to results in order determine possible differences in development that may be related to muscle function. Alsoo compare the ultra-structure of and cytochemistry of workers, queens and males flight muscle at different stages of life, with the behavioral and physiological differences between the classes of individuals of the two species. The examination of the muscles of the flight, both with light microscopy, and with scanning and transmission electron microscopy, showed that the arrangement and morphology of the muscle fibers bundles arrangement is similar in the two species, however the muscle bundles of Apis mellifera are formed by larger number of musclefibres. Measurements of the width of the fibers showed statistically significant differences between the life phases of the colonies components and between species. Similarly the ultra-structural examination showed that workers of both species emerge with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Ricardo De Oliveira Orsi / Banca: Simone Fernandes / Banca: Carlos Nordi / Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo efetuar o levantamento dos tipos polínico presentes no pólen apícola e realizar análises de seus teores proteicos e composição de aminoácidos, em diferentes estações do ano. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Apicultura da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. O pólen foi coletado semanalmente durante o período de setembro de 2012 a agosto de 2013, de cinco colmeias, semelhantes quanto ao número de quadros de cria e alimento, por meio de coletor de pólen frontal. O pólen retirado dos coletores foi misturado, pesado em balança analítica, desidratado em estufa de ventilação forçada, limpo e as bolotas classificadas por granulometria menor e maior que 2,0mm. Em seguida as amostras foram armazenadas em frascos estéreis, os quais foram mantidos sob congelamento para realização das análises. Os resultados foram avaliados por ANOVA, seguido do teste de Tukey para verificar diferenças entre as médias (P<0,05). Pode-se observar que o período do inverno (junho, julho e agosto) apresentou o maior teor proteico total (22,78±3,1%) e diferenças significativas entre granulometrias maior e menor que 2,0mm (20,38±2,6% e 23,58±2,9%, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças para a composição de aminoácidos no pólen nas diferentes estações do ano. Dentre os tipos polínicos encontrados destacam-se principalmente Asteraceae, Poaceae e Myrtaceae, encontrados em todas as estações do ano, comprovando que as abelhas concentram a coleta de recursos de acordo com a disponibilidade das plantas nas estações / Abstract: This study aimed to carry out a survey of pollen types present in bee pollen and realize analyzes of their protein content and amino acid composition during different seasons. The experiment was conducted at the Sector of Apiculture, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Lageado Experimental Farm, UNESP, Botucatu. The pollen was collected weekly during the period of September 2012 and August 2013, from five hives, similar to the number of frames of brood and food through frontal collector pollen. The pollen from the collectors was mixed, weighed on an analytical balance, dried in an oven with forced ventilation, cleaned and acorns classified by grain size smaller and larger than 2.0 mm. Then the samples were stored in sterile vials which were kept under freezing for analyzes. The results were evaluated by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test to check for differences between means (P <0.05). It can be observed that the winter period (June, July, August) showed the largest total protein content (22.78% ± 3.1) and also significant differences when compared particle sizes greater than 2.0 mm and less than 2.0 mm (20.38 ± 2.6 ± 2.9% and 23.58%, respectively). No differences in the amino acid composition between the year seasons in bee pollen were found. Among the pollen types found stand out mainly Asteraceae, Poaceae and Myrtaceae, which were found in all seasons, proving that bees concentrated collection of resources according to the availability of plants in the seasons / Mestre

Orientador: Carminda da Cruz Landim / Banca: Flávio Henrique Caetano / Banca: Betina Blochtein / Resumo: As abelhas eussociais apresentam uma variedade de glândulas exócrinas distribuídas por todo o corpo, cujos produtos são usados no desempenho de suas tarefas. Em todos os insetos, pares de glândulas estão associados às peças bucais e, nas abelhas, as principais destas glândulas estão ligadas ao lábio (glândulas labiais ou salivares), às mandíbulas (glândulas mandibulares) e ao assoalho da cavidade bucal (glândulas hipofaríngeas). O par de glândulas labiais ou salivares dos insetos adultos localiza-se no tórax, porém ramos cefálicos se desenvolvem em algumas espécies de abelhas, formando as glândulas salivares cefálicas, as quais são plenamente desenvolvidas em algumas espécies da subfamília Apinae. O presente trabalho estudou a histologia e a histoquímica das glândulas salivares cefálicas de fêmeas e machos, em diferentes idades, de Apis mellifera e Scaptotrigona postica. Os resultados mostram que a histologia das glândulas salivares cefálicas difere entre as espécies. Enquanto as células alveolares e dos ductos são predominantemente cúbicas nas operárias e rainhas de A. mellifera, em S. postica passam de cúbicas a escamosas conforme a operária envelhece, e os ductos, nesta espécie, são invariavelmente constituídos por células escamosas. Machos recém-emergidos de A. mellifera apresentam a glândula com grau de desenvolvimento semelhante ao das operárias recém-emergidas de sua espécie, porém conforme atingem a maturidade sexual, ocorre regressão glandular de modo que nem sempre foi possível encontrá-la. Por outro lado, machos velhos de S. postica são dotados de glândulas tão desenvolvidas quanto as fêmeas de sua espécie... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Eusocial bees present a variety exocrine glands disperse on body whose products are used in tasks performance. Pairs of glands are attached at mouthparts in whole insects and, in bees, main glands are attached to labium (labial or salivary glands), mandibules (mandibular glands) and floor mouth cavity (hiphofaringeal glands). Adult insects labial or salivary pair glands are located in torax. However cephalic branchs develop in some bees species, composing the cephalic salivary glands which are completely develop in some species of Apinae subfamily. The present work studied the histology and histochemic of females and males cephalic salivary glands of Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona postica in different ages. The histology results showed cephalic salivary glands differs between species. While cells of alveoli and ducts are primarily cuboidal in workers and queens of A. mellifera, in workers of S. postica, cells undergo of cuboidal to squamous with age and ducts invariably consist of squamous cells. Newly emerged males of A. mellifera exhibit glands in developmental stages similar to that of newly emerged workers of their species. However, as males become sexually mature, the gland degenerates difficulting its localization. Nevertheless, old males of S. postica present glands as developed as those of females of their species. Histochemical techniques demonstrate no protein inclusions and indicated the secretion of glands of workers and queens of both species were neutral lipids. The secretion gradually accumulates in the lumen of alveoli, and as a result, foragers and egg-laying queens exhibit more turgid alveoli that younger individuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre