Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A bananeira à uma planta que pode ter sua produÃÃo prejudicada se cultivada em locais com limitaÃÃes fÃsicas, como aquelas associadas a solos rasos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o desempenho da bananeira irrigada à afetado pela profundidade efetiva, de modo que, para isso, foram avaliados atributos fÃsicos e quÃmicos do solo, bem como o estado nutricional, o sistema radicular e atributos relacionados à produtividade da bananeira. O estudo foi realizado na Chapada do Apodi â CE , com avaliaÃÃo de dois tratamentos: solo raso e solo profundo. Amostras de solo (indeformadas e deformadas) e de raÃzes foram coletadas em seis profundidades (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60 cm) e cinco repetiÃÃes. Nas amostras indeformadas foram determinados atributos fÃsicos do solo como: curva de retenÃÃo de Ãgua (CR), densidade (Ds) e porosidade (PT). Nas amostras deformadas foram feitas anÃlises granulomÃtricas, densidade de partÃculas (Dp), alÃm das determinaÃÃes quÃmicas para fins de fertilidade. A resistÃncia do solo à penetraÃÃo foi avaliada diretamente no campo, utilizando penetrÃmetro de impacto, com cinco repetiÃÃes em profundidade de atà 60 cm. Para o estudo de raÃzes a amostragem foi por meio de sonda e, apÃs a coleta, foi feita lavagem para separaÃÃo de raÃzes e solo. A partir de imagens das raÃzes lavadas foram avaliados atributos como comprimento, Ãrea e volume total, alÃm de diferentes classes de diÃmetro de raÃzes. Para a avaliaÃÃo do estado nutricional e produtividade da bananeira foram amostradas 30 plantas em cada tratamento, totalizando 60 indivÃduos na Ãrea experimental. Para avaliar o estado nutricional foram coletadas folhas no perÃodo do florescimento e determinados os teores de macro e micronutrientes no tecido vegetal. Os atributos fÃsicos avaliados nÃo diferiram em funÃÃo da profundidade efetiva dos solos, exceto a resistÃncia à penetraÃÃo que, a partir dos 30 cm de profundidade, tornou-se maior no solo raso com pico de 5,1 MPa. No solo profundo a fertilidade e as condiÃÃes nutricionais da bananeira foram melhores. Os atributos radiculares, como nÃmero de classes de diÃmetro e diÃmetro mÃximo, foram maiores no solo profundo e o diÃmetro mÃnimo foi menor neste solo. O peso de cachos e a produtividade foram significativos, apresentando-se maior no solo profundo. Em geral, os atributos quÃmicos, fÃsicos, nutricionais e radiculares da bananeira foram melhores no solo profundo, refletindo em maior produtividade da cultura e possibilitando maior renda econÃmica nessa Ãrea. / The production of banana can be affected whether plants are cropped in sites with physical impedances, as those found in shallow soils. The aim of this research was to verify if irrigated banana plants performance is affected by effective soil depth, and for this purpose were evaluated both soil physical and chemical attributes, as well as plants nutritional condition, root system, and attributes related with banana plants yield. The study was carried out at Apodi Plateau (CE), by evaluation of two treatments: shallow and deep soils. Soil samples (indisturbed and disturbed) and roots were collected in six soil depths (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50 e 50-60 cm) and five replications. In undisturbed samples were determined soil physical attributes like water retention curve (CR), soil bulk density (Ds), and porosity (PT). In the disturbed samples were analized soil texture, particles density (Dp), besides chemical determinations for soil fertility purposes. Soil penetration resistance was evaluated directely in the field, using an impact penetrometer, with five replications and until soil depth of 60 cm. To root studies the sampling was done using a probe, and after collecting, samples were washed to separate roots from soil. From washed root images were evaluated attributes like root lenght, area and total volume, besides root diameter classes. To evaluate banana plants nutritional status and yield were sampled 30 plants in each treatment, totalizing 60 individuals in the experimental area. To evaluate nutritional status leaves were collected in the flowering period, and the amounts of macro and micronutrients were determined in plant tissue. The evaluated physical attributes did not differ as a function of soil depth, except penetration resistence that, from depth of 30 cm became higher in the shallow soil, with highest value of 5.1 MPa. In the deep soil, fertility and nutritional status of plants showed better values. Roots attributes like number of diameter classes and maximum diameter were higher in deep soil, and minimal diameter was higher in the deep soil also. The bunch weight and yield were higher in deep soil. In general, chemical and physical attributes, root system attributes and nutritional status of banana plants were better in deep soil, reflecting in better crop yield and enabling greater economic rentability in the site.

Teve-se por objetivo investigar se o tempo de exposição das informações de profundidade afeta a comparação de tamanho de objetos pictóricos. Para isso, 120 participantes distribuídos aleatoriamente em 12 grupos julgaram qual de duas barras verticais, uma a teste e outra a padrão, era maior. Usando o método dos estímulos constantes, estas barras podiam ser apresentadas simultaneamente por 50ms, 100ms ou 200ms em quatro condições de fundo de tela: (1) sem textura, (2) com apenas a linha do horizonte, (3) com o horizonte e o gradiente de linhas de compressão, e (4) com o horizonte e o gradiente de linhas de perspectiva. A inclinação das curvas psicométricas, os pontos de igualdade subjetiva (PIS) e o erro relativo foram calculados. A análise dos erros relativos indicou uma diferença significativa entre o gradiente de perspectiva e outras duas condições (controle e horizonte). Embora os tempos de exposição não tenham apresentado diferenças significativas entre si, observou-se uma maior superestimação do tamanho com apresentações de 100ms nas condições com indícios de profundidade (perspectiva e compressão). A análise das inclinações das curvas psicométricas mostrou uma maior sensibilidade dos participantes para efetuarem as comparações sob um tempo de 200ms em relação ao de 50ms, independentemente do fundo de tela. Os erros relativos maiores para a condição com linhas de perspectiva confirmam evidências de que esta é uma informação de profundidade eficiente na modulação do tamanho percebido. Além disso, é possível que essa eficiência seja maximizada nas condições em que os estímulos são expostos em torno dos 100ms. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the duration of pictorial depth cue exposures on perceived sizes of stimuli. For this, 120 volunteers distributed randomly in 12 groups compared two vertical bars, one the test and other the standard, in to order to report which one was bigger. Using the method of constant stimuli, these bars could be presented simultaneously for 50, 100 or 200ms in four background conditions: (1) without depth cues, (2) with only the horizon, (3) with the horizon and compression line gradient, and (4) with the horizon and perspective line gradient. The slope of the psychometric curves, the points of subjectivity equality (PSE) and relative errors were calculated. The analysis of relative errors indicated a significant difference among the perspective gradient and other two conditions (without texture and horizon). Although exposure time had not presented significant differences among them, it was observed size overestimation during the 100ms exposure in depth cues conditions (compression and perspective). The analysis of slopes psychometric function showed a greater sensibility in the participants who made comparisons with 200ms than the ones who made with 50ms, independently of depth cue background. Pronounced relative errors in comparisons with perspective gradient tend to agree with previous studies, which demonstrate higher influence of this cue in perceived size modulation. Besides, this efficiency seems to be maximized when stimuli exposure time was 100ms.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanieleFGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to the importance of Acari for the maintaining soil quality and the fragility of these bodies to agricultural practices, evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate 2.4-D on the population of Acari edaphic in no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The research was performed in experimental areas at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. In each system were studied: herbicides (glyphosate, witness and glyphosate+2.4-D), season (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application of herbicides in plots treated) and depth (0 to 2.5 and 2.5 cm to 5 cm), totaling 30 treatments on eight repetitions. Sampling of soil were carried out through rings of 2.5 cm, with the aid of an extractor of soil and subsequently, the samples were allocated in table exposure with Berlese funnels, where remained for seven days. Then the bodies of the samples were screened and identified. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized, in the factorial scheme, and the data submitted to the analysis of variance and the mean compared by Duncan test (p <0.05). In the NT, the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate+2.4-D contributed to the increase in the number of Acari, as the time of sampling. In the CT, the herbicide glyphosate+2.4-D influenced these bodies. The depth of 0 to 2.5 cm and the NT system showed higher number of Acari. In general, both herbicides, as the times of sampling influence the populations of Acari / Diante da importância dos Acari para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e da fragilidade desses organismos às práticas agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência dos herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D sobre a população de Acari edáficos em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e de plantio convencional (PC). A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas experimentais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. Em cada sistema foram estudados: herbicidas (glifosato, testemunha e glifosato+2,4-D), época (15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas nas parcelas tratadas) e profundidade (0 a 2,5 cm e 2,5 a 5 cm), totalizando 30 tratamentos, em oito repetições. As coletas de solo foram realizadas através de anéis de 2,5 cm de comprimento, com o auxílio de um extrator de solo e posteriormente, as amostras foram alocadas em mesa expositora através de funis de Berlese, onde permaneceram por sete dias. Em seguida, os organismos das amostras foram triados e identificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, no esquema fatorial, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan (p<0,05). No PD, os herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D contribuíram para o aumento do número de Acari, conforme a época de amostragem. No PC, o herbicida glifosato+2,4-D influenciou o aumento desses organismos. A profundidade de 0 a 2,5 cm e o sistema PD apresentou maior número de Acari. Em geral, tanto os herbicidas, quanto as épocas de coleta influenciaram no aumento das populações de Acari

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T12:59:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DanieleFGlaeser.pdf: 1862124 bytes, checksum: 67326d4a00e0a8a5763b0bc51ab271ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Due to the importance of Acari for the maintaining soil quality and the fragility of these bodies to agricultural practices, evaluate the influence of the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate 2.4-D on the population of Acari edaphic in no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT). The research was performed in experimental areas at Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. In each system were studied: herbicides (glyphosate, witness and glyphosate+2.4-D), season (15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after application of herbicides in plots treated) and depth (0 to 2.5 and 2.5 cm to 5 cm), totaling 30 treatments on eight repetitions. Sampling of soil were carried out through rings of 2.5 cm, with the aid of an extractor of soil and subsequently, the samples were allocated in table exposure with Berlese funnels, where remained for seven days. Then the bodies of the samples were screened and identified. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized, in the factorial scheme, and the data submitted to the analysis of variance and the mean compared by Duncan test (p <0.05). In the NT, the herbicide glyphosate and glyphosate+2.4-D contributed to the increase in the number of Acari, as the time of sampling. In the CT, the herbicide glyphosate+2.4-D influenced these bodies. The depth of 0 to 2.5 cm and the NT system showed higher number of Acari. In general, both herbicides, as the times of sampling influence the populations of Acari / Diante da importância dos Acari para a manutenção da qualidade do solo e da fragilidade desses organismos às práticas agrícolas, avaliou-se a influência dos herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D sobre a população de Acari edáficos em sistema de plantio direto (PD) e de plantio convencional (PC). A pesquisa foi realizada em áreas experimentais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, MS. Em cada sistema foram estudados: herbicidas (glifosato, testemunha e glifosato+2,4-D), época (15, 30, 45, 60 e 75 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas nas parcelas tratadas) e profundidade (0 a 2,5 cm e 2,5 a 5 cm), totalizando 30 tratamentos, em oito repetições. As coletas de solo foram realizadas através de anéis de 2,5 cm de comprimento, com o auxílio de um extrator de solo e posteriormente, as amostras foram alocadas em mesa expositora através de funis de Berlese, onde permaneceram por sete dias. Em seguida, os organismos das amostras foram triados e identificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o Inteiramente Casualizado, no esquema fatorial, sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan (p<0,05). No PD, os herbicidas glifosato e glifosato+2,4-D contribuíram para o aumento do número de Acari, conforme a época de amostragem. No PC, o herbicida glifosato+2,4-D influenciou o aumento desses organismos. A profundidade de 0 a 2,5 cm e o sistema PD apresentou maior número de Acari. Em geral, tanto os herbicidas, quanto as épocas de coleta influenciaram no aumento das populações de Acari

A partir da investigação de elementos que remontam o passado de técnicas de ilusão e imersão na arte da representação da imagem, bem como teorias que condicionam a existência de uma linguagem audiovisual própria, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar e identificar a existência de uma linguagem própria pertinente à estereoscopia. A pesquisa toma como ponto de análise estereoscópica o filme Coraline [2009] de Henry Selick, uma animação stop motion, concebida e lançada nos cinemas 3D estereoscópicos / Through an investigation of the history of techniques of illusion and immersion in popular art and entertainment, as well as theories that determine the existence of a distinct visual language, this work aims to analyse and identify the existence of a unique narrative language exclusive to 3-D stereoscopic film-making. The research takes as its point of stereoscopic analysis the stop-motion animation movie Coraline (2009, Henry Selick) designed and launched in cinemas using the stereoscopic technique.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a relação entre profundidade óptica de aerossóis (AOD), obtida por sensoriamento remoto, e a concentração de material particulado (MP10 e MP2,5) medida próximo à superfície sobre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP). A profundidade óptica foi derivada a partir de medidas de radiâncias fornecidas pelos sensores MODIS. Estes sensores estão posicionados a bordo dos satélites EOS-TERRA e EOS-AQUA, operados pela NASA. As concentrações de MP10 e MP2,5 foram obtidas nas estações da rede operacional da CETESB. Foram feitos alguns estudos de caso considerando diferentes situações atmosféricas, aos quais se aplicou a metodologia proposta por Castanho (2005) que busca reduzir as incertezas na determinação da profundidade óptica derivada do MODIS e identificar qual o modelo de aerossol é mais adequado para aplicação em estudos de qualidade do ar. Os valores de AOD calculados para as diferentes situações foram comparados com aqueles obtidos pela AERONET e com as concentrações anteriormente citadas, buscando uma validação dos mesmos. Valores médios de AOD foram calculados para áreas de 10 km x 10 km ao redor das estações de monitoramento do MP. Testes foram realizados para verificar os efeitos de sazonalidade, da quantidade de água na coluna atmosférica, da resposta da AOD por faixas de concentração de MP10, da geometria do sensor, da presença de nuvens e da presença de aerossol acima da Camada de Mistura (CM). Os resultados foram apresentados por estações com o objetivo de se visualizar diferentes condições sobre a região estudada. Alguns dos fatores relevantes observados durante a comparação entre a concentração de MP10 e a AOD foram: a influência do período do ano e da quantidade de água na coluna atmosférica. A geometria do sensor foi fator determinante para melhora das correlações, quando limitado o ângulo de espalhamento em 140°. Situações em que há ausência de nuvens, identificadas através de imagens do MODIS no visível, também apresentaram melhores resultados. Outro fator de extrema importância foi a estrutura vertical da CM. Através de medidas obtidas de um LIDAR foi verificado que a presença de aerossóis acima da CM, a qual é determinada principalmente pelas condições atmosféricas, é determinante para as correlações entre AOD e o MP. / The main purpose of this work was to study the relationship between the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), obtained by remote sensing, and the particulate material concentration (PM10 and PM2.5), near to the surface over the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP). The Aerosol Optical Depth was retrieved based on reflectance measurements provided by MODIS sensors. These sensors are carried aboard EOS-TERRA and EOS-AQUA satellites, which are operated by NASA. The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were obtained in the CETESB operational network. Case studies were performed, considering several atmospheric conditions, applying the methodology proposed by CASTANHO (2005), designed both to reduce the uncertainty in the determination of the MODIS derived Optical Depth and to identify which aerosol model is more appropriated for air quality studies. Some derived results were compared with AERONET data and with the previously mentioned concentrations as a cross-check test. Mean AOD values were calculated using 10 km x 10 km area ground around PM monitoring stations. Tests were performed to estimate the effects of seasonality, atmospheric column water content, AOD response to PM10 concentration, sensor geometry, clouds and aerosol concentration above the Mixing Layer (ML). To stress the different conditions of the studied region, the results were presented considering each station. Some of the relevant observed factors in the PM10 concentration and AOD comparison were the year period influence and the atmospheric column water content. The sensor geometry was an important factor to the improvement of the obtained correlations when the scattering angle was bounded to 140°. Cloudless situations, identified by MODIS true color images, also improved the results. Another important factor was the Mixing Layer vertical structure. Using LIDAR measurements it was verified that the presence of aerosols above the ML, which is determined mainly by atmospheric conditions, is crucial for the correlations between AOD and PM.

The work of the author was to investigate the static, dynamic and machining behaviour of some new designs of slug damped boring bars with a 10 to 1 overhang ratio. The bars were mounted on a centre lathe. The static behaviour of a boring bar in relation to the geometric form errors that might be produced during boring was studied both analytically and experimentally. Specifically, two types of errors were considered, namely, a) errors that arise on entry of the boring tool into the workpiece) known as the "bell-mouth" errors; and b) reproducibility of eccentricity errors, known as the "copying" errors. The theory for "bell-mouth" errors did not seem to fit the results well; however, the theory did prove that such errors could exist. The theory for “copying” errors agreed remarkably well with the results provided that the initial eccentricity was small compared with the depth of cut. The dynamical behaviour of the slug damped boring bar was modelled by a mathematical analogue. Despite its inability to properly account for the compressibility effect of the gaseous damping fluid, the model revealed the possibility of design improvements. In consequence, the optimally-tuned slug-damped tungsten-bunged bar was conceived, Manufactured and tested along with a solid bar for comparison purposes, a slug-damped recessed bar and a slug-damped steel-bunged bar. The machining behaviour of a boring bar was studied in terms of the maximum depth of cut that it could cope before the occurrence of chatter. At first, a stability model was developed based on the mathematical analogue formulated in the study of the dynamical behaviour. But since this analogue did not fit the results accurately, a second and more precise model was set up using the frequency response obtained from dynamic experiments instead. The concept of negative damping coefficient was used; and a one-to-one correspondence between the asymptotic value of the negative damping coefficient and the limiting depth of cut was found to exist. By virtue of this, it is in principle possible to predict the limiting depth of cut of any machine tool system whose frequency response characteristics are known. Compared with other bars tested, the optimally-tuned tungsten-bunged bar was found to have the best dynamic and machining characteristics as reflected in the limiting depth of cut of 0.10511 (2.67 mm) to 0.110" (2.79 mm) at the feed of 0.0065"/rev (0.165 mm/rev) and the speed of 500 rprn on a 3.5" dia. bore (140 m/min) of EN8 steel. By constrast, the solid bar was hardly able to cut stably even at the light cut of 0.005".

The company where this thesis was formulated constructs VR applications for the medical environment. The hardware used is ordinary dektops with consumer level graphics cards and haptic devices. In medicin some operations require microscopes or cameras. In order to simulate these in a virtual reality environment for educational purposes, the effect of depth of field or focus have to be considered. A working algorithm that generates this optical occurence in realtime, stereo rendered computer graphics is presented in this thesis. The algorithm is implemented in OpenGL and C++ to later be combined with a VR application simulating eye-surgery which is built with OpenGL Optimizer. Several different approaches are described in this report. The call for realtime stereo rendering (~60 fps) means taking advantage of the graphics hardware to a great extent. In OpenGL this means using the extensions to a specific graphic chip for better performance, in this case the algorithm is implemented for a GeForce3 card. To increase the speed of the algorithm much of the workload is moved from the CPU to the GPU (Graphics Processing Unit). By re-defining parts of the ordinary OpenGL pipeline via vertex programs, a distance-from-focus map can be stored in the alpha channel of the final image with little time loss. This can effectively be used to blend a previously blurred version of the scene with a normal render. Different techniques to quickly blur a renderedimage is discussed, to keep the speed up solutions that require moving data from the graphics card is not an option.

Post-processing techniques are used to change a rendered image as a last step before presentation and include, but is not limited to, operations such as change of saturation or contrast, and also more advanced effects like depth-of-field and tone mapping. Depth-of-field effects are created by changing the focus in an image; the parts close to the focus point are perfectly sharp while the rest of the image has a variable amount of blurriness. The effect is widely used in photography and movies as a depth cue but has in the latest years also been introduced into computer games. Today’s graphics hardware gives new possibilities when it comes to computation capacity. Shaders and GPGPU languages can be used to do massive parallel operations on graphics hardware and are well suited for game developers. This thesis presents the theoretical background of some of the recent and most valuable depth-of-field algorithms and describes the implementation of various solutions in the shader domain but also using GPGPU techniques. The main objective is to analyze various depth-of-field approaches and look at their visual quality and how the methods scale performance wise when using different techniques.

Snö och permafrost är två interagerande komponenter i Kryosfären. Studien undersöker snödjupets representativitet vid marktemperaturmätningar under snötäcket (BTS) för identifiering av permafrost i Tarfala, norra Sverige. Snödjupsmätningar har utfördes i två korsande 20 m transekter i nordsydlig (NS) samt östvästlig (ÖV) riktning utifrån en BTS-punkt. Totalt har 37 BTS (snödjup &gt; 80 cm) med tillhörande snödjupsmätningar registrerats och analyserats. Snödjupet varierar både lokalt kring mätpunkten och regionalt i mättransekter men är ändå ett representativt snödjup för en punkt. Representativa BTS, sett ur ett snödjupsperspektiv, bör registreras på platser med måttlig snödjupsvariation som på platser med homogent markunderlag, vindskyddade områden, lä bakom ryggar och sluttningar vinkelräta mot den dominerande vindriktningen. BTS provplatser bör också ta hänsyn till de mest förekommande klasserna av parametrarna altitud, sluttning och slutningsriktning för att erhålla representativa BTS. Detta baserat på jämförelse mellan två strategier för insamling av BTS genom permafrostmodellering mellan två dataset. Ett BTS dataset från 2011 jämfört med BTS insamlade mars 2013. / Snow and permafrost are two interacting components in the Cryosphere. This study is focusing on snow depth and its influence on bottom temperature of snow cover (BTS) in Tarfala, Northern Sweden. BTS indicate the absence or presence of permafrost if the snow depth &gt; 80 cm. Snow depth measurements were carried out with a resolution of 1 m in two 20 m crossing transects in NS and EW direction around the BTS point. A total of 37 BTS with accompanying snow depths was measured and analyzed. Snow depths varied around the BTS but are representative for the measured 20 m transects. Locations with moderate snow depth variations make out representative probe sites from a snow depth perspective, such as homogenous ground cover, wind protected areas, in the lee behind ridges and slopes perpendicular towards the dominating wind direction. Also to find representative BTS probe site two strategies for collecting BTS have been evaluated through permafrost modeling. One dataset recorded in 2011 focused on covering a big variety of altitude, slope and aspects. The second dataset registered in March 2013 aimed to cover the most frequent classes of the mentioned parameters. The latter strategy is also the preferably method based on the comparison between the two models.