The portfolio of fifteen-hundred drawings made by the wealthy and brilliant William John Bankes (1786-1855) and his artists, travelling and working in Egypt and Nubia between 1815 and 1822, constitutes an important early scholarly record. Of particular interest are sites and monuments in Nubia and the Sudan, many of which are now destroyed, damaged, or have been moved due to the creation of Lake Nasser. Together with Henry Salt, Henry William Beechey, L-M-A. Linant de Bellefonds, and Alessandro Ricci, Bankes produced plans, views, descriptions, and, above all, remarkably accurate copies of reliefs and inscriptions. This mass of information was never arranged and published. A catalogue raisonné of the Nubian drawings covers the sites running between Dabod and Naqa, including Gebel Barkal, Meroë, and Musawwarat; many virtually unknown at that time. The catalogue provides the data for an assessment of the archaeological and epigraphic significance of the record. In addition, the unsigned drawings can now be attributed to individual artists on stylistic criteria, and, using unpublished journals and correspondence, the two journeys of 1815 and 1818-9 can be reconstructed. Many previously unrecognised drawings can now be identified, and sections of texts of particular interest recorded on the drawings have been hand-copied in an appendix. Bankes' role as a pioneer in the field of Egyptology, and his contribution to the study of decipherment are also examined.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Stanford University, 2004. / Submitted to the Department of History. Copyright by the author. Description based on web page; title from title screen (viewed 1 September 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

<p>Introduction: Within the private economy individuals are today accepting an increased individual responsibility for retirement funds and other economic challenges. This is due to the decreased confidence in government programs and that the increased life expectancy raises the risk to outlive the own life savings. The shift from state run security systems to more private responsibility could be spotted in Sweden as well, where one important part of the private economy, the saving system for retirement, has been changed. The pension plan met critics when it was proposed and implemented, especially for the part where some of the responsibility relies on the individual. It was discussed that this huge responsibility might be larger then what many individuals would be able to handle. These factors have increased the importance of successes in the individuals own saving plans. To enhance the chances of a certain level of success, individuals turn to private bankers to plan their wealth and savings. The position of these private bankers and their performance has amplified more then ever before.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to describe: if Swedish private bankers look on enough features of an investor to be able to prescribe the appropriate portfolio for the investor?</p><p>Methodology: A qualitative research has been used since the purpose and the information gathered demanded it. Cases where the authors created four fictitious investors was sent out by electronic mail and the private bankers where asked to construct suitable portfolios to each investor. The cases were sent out to ten different private bakers, however only two replied within the deadline. The authors have strived to keep high reliability and validity in the paper; however the small response rate lowers the reliability.</p><p>Conclusion: The qualitative research found that Swedish private bankers look on enough features on a client to be able to prescribe an appropriate portfolio for the investor. However the Private bankers’ main focus seems to be time horizon and risk profile of the investor.</p>

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In addition to temple rituals performed for the god by the king, festivals incorporated a broader domain, where a wider public had access to the divine. The participants in feasts ranged from the royal, officials and priests to the non-elite and the dead. Theoretically and ideologically, individuals would have received fruits of the divine power through the king by taking part in celebrations to variable extent. This functioned a vehicle for the god and the king to maintain their authoritative credibility and, by extension, the world order. The circulation of the divine force formed a different appearance at each festival, such as material supplies, promotions, and juridical decrees. These divine conveyances would have more or less met people’s social and religious needs. By embracing modality, periodicity, and publicness, festivals provided participants and audiences with a public setting and a formal means, whereby they were able to seek their identity as part of society. This may or may not have been relevant to personal piety, allegiance, responsibilities, and goodness, but public celebrations at least brought the king’s subjects together to common grounds for official beliefs and social decorum. In order to demonstrate such socio-religious functions of festivals, I will attempt to focus on and examine three Theban celebrations in the New Kingdom, namely, the Festivals of Opet, the Valley, and the New Year, about which a wealth of information has survived. The examination can hardly be possible without exploring the history of these feasts because their development from earlier times, to which part of this thesis is also devoted, shows the continuity of elements essential to Egyptian cult practices, particularly those associated with the mortuary cult.

Este trabalho tem o objetivo de compreender os aspectos sociais, culturais e políticos que envolvem a existência de um funcionário de alta hierarquia, a saber, Weni, bem como a produção social de sua autobiografia no Reino Antigo Tardio. Para isso, dividimos o percurso da pesquisa em três momentos. No primeiro fazemos uma apresentação do contexto históricos, com ênfase nos processos ligados à administração e às práticas religiosas e funerárias. Em seguida, partimos para a análise dos aspectos formais e simbólicos da autobiografia do sujeito estudado, além dos acontecimentos narrados no documento. Por fim, propomos uma interpretação da trajetória de Weni que supere os problemas da sua análise puramente textual a partir da visualidade e da materialidade da autobiografia. / This work aims to understand the social, cultural and political aspects that involve the existence of a senior official, namely Weni the Elder, as well as the social production of this autobiography in the Late Old Kingdom. For this, we divide this work in three moments. In the first one, we present a historical context, with emphasis on processes related to the administration and religious and funeral practices. We than proceed to analyze the formal and symbolical of the subject studied’s autobiography, as well as events narrated in the document. Finally, we propose an interpretation of the Weni’s trajectory that overcomes the problems of his purely textual analysis from the visuality and materiality of the autobiography.

Many languages, both ancient and modern, make use of devices similar to determinatives in Egyptian by which the meaning of a word can be made more specific. But determinatives are especially rich in their capacity for expression, particularly regarding words for abstract concepts through their extensive use of visually-based metaphor. Egyptological research is only now beginning to explore the many levels at which the system functioned. My thesis centres around the metaphorical usages of three signs - the Seth animal, the panther, and the crocodile. The introduction lays out my aimes, methods, and textual sources. The first chapter sets my analysis against the backdrop of current research, beginning with a discussion of how determinatives have been treated in the past, comparing that with a survey of how modern linguistics has approached comparable systems in other languages, and finally laying out my own approach to the three signs under study. In the following three case study chapters, I first survey the evidence for how each animal was perceived in the 'real' world, before moving into a detailed analysis of their significance in the script, which is based on a contextually-grounded, diachronic study of the distribution patterns of each of the signs in five genres of text from the Old to the New Kingdom. In a final chapter, I compare my conclusions about the three determinatives, discussing their commonalities and singularities, and relaitng the results of the individual case studies to the workings of the system as a whole. My aim is not only to achieve a better understanding of the particular shades of meaning these three animal signs impart to each of the words they determine, thereby leading to a better understanding of these words, but also to examine the wider conceptual metaphors the three determinatives represent.

This thesis explores the role of childhood in identity formation. The concept that childhood contributes to an individual’s identity—how a person becomes who they are, and how childhood influences this—is universally relevant. However, whilst the influence of childhood is universal, exactly what ‘childhood’ means is not. Because the existence of children is a common thread linking all societies, it is unsurprising that every society has a different conception of what ‘childhood’ means, which members were considered children, and the freedoms, restrictions or expectations placed on those at this stage of life. The discussion here is framed within the context of ancient Egypt—specifically, the site of Deir el-Medina—but its approach is also relevant to those studying childhood in other areas. Today, identity is considered equivalent to how we define and understand ourselves, influenced by our personal experiences. However, these experiences are themselves informed by how society defines and groups us, based on factors such as gender, ethnicity or religion. Identity therefore involves two inter-linked components: how society defines the individual, and how individuals define themselves. In exploring the role of childhood in identity formation, the aim of this thesis is to consider both components as they relate to children. The first reflects how society at Deir el-Medina constructed and conceptualised ‘childhood’, informing how children were treated, their scope for social participation, and the relationships they engaged in. The second reflects how children as individuals lived within these social structures, and how such personal experiences contributed to a sense of self. Only by considering both elements can a holistic picture be formed.