abstract: With the number of internationally-run clinical drug trials increasing, the double standards between those in developed nations and those in developing nations are being scrutinized under the ethical microscope. Many argue that several pharmaceutical companies and researchers are exploiting developing nation participants. Two issues of concern are the use of a placebo control when an effective alternative treatment exists and the lack of drug availability to the country that hosted the clinical trial should the experimental drug prove effective. Though intuitively this seems like an instance of exploitation, philosophically, exploitation theories cannot adequately account for the wrongdoing in these cases. My project has two parts. First, after explaining why the theories of Alan Wertheimer, John Lawrence Hill, and Ruth Sample fail to explain the exploitation in clinical drug research, I provide an alternative account of exploitation that can explain why the double standard in clinical research is harmful. Rather than craft a single theory encompassing all instances of exploitation, I offer an account of a type, or subset, of exploitation that I refer to as comparative exploitation. The double standards in clinical research fall under the category of comparative exploitation. Furthermore, while many critics maintain that cases of comparative exploitation, including clinical research, are mutually beneficial, they are actually harmful to its victims. I explain the harm of comparative exploitation using Ben Bradley's counterfactual account of harm and Larry May's theory of sharing responsibility. The second part of my project focuses on the "standard of care" argument, which most defenders use to justify the double standard in clinical research. I elaborate on Ruth Macklin's position that advocates of the "standard of care" position make three faulty assumptions: placebo-controlled trials are the gold standard, the only relevant question responsive to the host country's health needs is "Is the experimental product being studied better than the 'nothing' now available to the population?", and the only way of obtaining affordable products is to test cheap alternatives to replace the expensive ones. In the end, I advocate moving towards a universalizing of standards in order to avoid exploitation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Philosophy 2013

Le littoral du Bas-Languedoc oriental accueille l’une des plus importantes lagunes du continent européen. Une représentation péjorative était attachée à ce milieu durant la période moderne et au début du XXe siècle. La même dépréciation était-elle décelable dans la représentation que les sociétés médiévales avaient de ce milieu particulier ? Il s’agit de mettre en lien les spécificités naturelles du milieu et les conjonctures politiques, économiques et sociales. L’espace concerné par cette recherche s’étend des rivages de Balaruc jusqu’aux environs du Vidourle sur une période allant du milieu du XIe au début du XVe siècle. Sont étudiés ici les cadres politiques qui entouraient l’espace lagunaire et prenaient en charge sa gestion ; les techniques servant à exploiter le milieu et les bénéfices économiques qui en étaient tirés ; l’influence de la navigabilité de la lagune dans le dynamisme des échanges entre la région, la ville de Montpellier et le reste de la Méditerranée. La représentation de l’espace lagunaire n’avait alors rien de péjoratif et témoigne plutôt de l’adaptation des sociétés à leur environnement. La question de l'aménagement du milieu par les institutions urbaines de Montpellier et plus précisément par le consulat de mer, au cœur du propos, permet de considérer les rapports que la ville entretenait avec son arrière-pays lagunaire, et ainsi, de saisir l'influence de ce milieu sur son développement.

This thesis explores the role and relevance of the concepts of participation and service user involvement for work with sexually exploited children and young people. The central research questions are: how do young people at risk of, or affected by sexual exploitation, experience their rights to involvement in decision-making processes about their care? What is the meaning and value of the concept of participation from service users’ own perspectives? And what are the gains of involving these young people in decision-making processes about their care? The research involved in-depth qualitative interviews with twenty young service users and ten practitioners. Three theoretical frameworks underpin the study; a constructivist approach to childhood; sociological approaches to agency, and discourses of children’s participation rights. The analysis of data was informed by both narrative and grounded theory approaches. The thesis argues that young people’s perspectives on professional welfare, though rarely recorded or allowed to inform policy and best practice, shed new insight onto the efficacy and limitations of existing child protection practice with adolescents at risk of sexual exploitation. Consideration is given to how young people experience and respond to services, including their decisions about disengaging from or circumventing professional support. The thesis concludes that these demonstrations of agency and power, though often interpreted as deviant, are essentially rational and often protective. Through this lens young people’s agency is recognised as a resource rather than a problem. The thesis concludes by arguing that the ability of support services to protect young people affected by sexual exploitation is contingent on the degree to which they involve young people in decision-making about their care. Rather than standing in opposition to paternalistic approaches to protection, the narratives suggest that participation and empowerment are necessary conditions of a protective service, especially for those considered most marginalized or vulnerable.

Each disaster presents itself with a unique set of characteristics that are hard to determine a priori. Thus disaster management tasks are inherently uncertain, requiring knowledge sharing and quick decision making that involves coordination across different levels and collaborators. While there has been an increasing interest among both researchers and practitioners in utilizing knowledge management to improve disaster management, little research has been reported about how to assess the dynamic nature of disaster management tasks, and what kinds of knowledge sharing are appropriate for different dimensions of task uncertainty characteristics. Using combinations of qualitative and quantitative methods, this research study developed the dimensions and their corresponding measures of the uncertain dynamic characteristics of disaster management tasks and tested the relationships between the various dimensions of uncertain dynamic disaster management tasks and task performance through the moderating and mediating effects of knowledge sharing. Furthermore, this research work conceptualized and assessed task uncertainty along three dimensions: novelty, unanalyzability, and significance; knowledge sharing along two dimensions: knowledge sharing purposes and knowledge sharing mechanisms; and task performance along two dimensions: task effectiveness and task efficiency. Analysis results of survey data collected from Miami-Dade County emergency managers suggested that knowledge sharing purposes and knowledge sharing mechanisms moderate and mediate uncertain dynamic disaster management task and task performance. Implications for research and practice as well directions for future research are discussed.

En France, à l'heure actuelle, nous désignons couramment le cinéma asiatique comme une sorte d'entité géographique et culturelle. Cette étiquette est réductrice car elle ne permet pas de saisir toute l'étendue de ce que représente le "cinéma asiatique". Pour le comprendre il est nécessaire de s'intéresser à l'histoire de sa réception en France : retourner aux origines de sa découverte en 1951 avec le film "Rashomon", suivre l'évolution de sa reconnaissance professionnelle, puis de son succès populaire avec les films de Kung Fu à la fin des années 70. En suivant chaque étape de ce parcours, l'objectif de notre étude est d'identifier le processus d'exploitation, de compréhension et de valorisation d'un cinéma étranger en France. Plus précisément cela nous permettra de découvrir comment circulent les films sur le marché et quel rôle jour la différence culturelle dans l'appréciation des œuvres / These days, in France, Asian cinema is usually considered as a kind of geographical and cultural entity. This vision is limiting because it does not take into account the entire entity of "Asian cinema". To understand it, it is necessary to focus on the way it has been accepted in France : going back to its discovery in 1951 with the film "Rashomon", following the evolution of its professional recognition, and its popular success with Kung Fu films at the end of the 70s. By following every step of its development, the aim of our study is to identify the process of exploitation, understanding and promotion of a foreign cinema style in France. More precisely, it will allow us to discover how films are distributed and how different cultures play a role in appreciating these films

This thesis intends to demonstrate why commercial surrogacy is not morally justifiable. In order to display the implication of the aim, a normative argumentative method is applied. In the analysis, arguments, and possible counter-arguments of ethical issues of exploitation, commodification, individual freedom and estranged labor in context to surrogacy arrangements is outlined. To strengthen the content of the arguments presented the concept of exploitation, commodification together with the harm principle and the Marxian framework of estranged labor will act as the theoretical framework of the thesis. In the analysis, it is shown that global economic inequalities, and social structures of class and gender make the practice of surrogacy exploitative per se and that the surrogate becomes objectified as she as a person and her body is treated as a commodity. Based on these factors, it is concluded that surrogacy cannot be morally justified.

This study analyses the faunal remains of four Iron Age sites from eastern Botswana, namely Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18, Thabadimasego and Dukwe 25. Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18 and Thabadimasego date to the 9th century AD, and Dukwe 25 to the 15th century AD. The sites are significant as they date to critical time periods during which we see shifts in the socio-political organisation, towards increasing social complexity in the 9th century AD, and the establishment of powerful states in the 15th century AD. By comparing the results of Phoenix 17, Phoenix 18, Thabadimasego and Dukwe 25, it will also be possible to examine whether these sites point to regional, chronological or socio-cultural variability. Other sites in eastern Botswana together with the sites in this study, can give broad understanding into animal exploitation patterns during these time periods, specifically the relative use, social use and exploitation of animals. Understanding animal exploitation patterns can assist researchers in exploring the impact these communities had on their environment. In particular, how they reacted and responded to diverse environments, rich in wild fauna, such as the Makgadikgadi. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Anthropology and Archaeology / MA / Unrestricted

Public research institutions (PRIs) are tasked with generating new knowledge, as well as adding value to existing knowledge in order to come up with innovations that can contribute to national competitiveness. To this end, government provides discretionary or parliamentary grants to allow the public research institutions to execute their mandates by carrying out exploratory activities and exploitative activities in research and development.The study aimed to establish the role of the parliamentary grant in supporting the research and development endeavours of a public research institute, with a particular focus on the management of exploration and exploitation tensions in investing the parliamentary grant. The sustainability of the PRI was sus assessed using operating profits as a proxy. The relationships between levels of investment in exploratory and exploitative actives were assessed, as was the role of the innovation system in influencing the sustainability of the PRI. We use the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) the largest scientific research entity in South Africa, and its operational units as a case study.Consistent with information that is available in the literature, the data from this study shows that the discretionary grant plays a critical role as a funding stream for public research institutes, contributing to the effective execution of research and development activities of the entity. The discretionary grant is key in seeding new national competencies, and is a key initial investment in enabling the PRI to establish itself, generate outputs and outcomes that herald its competencies and thus position itself to earn other forms of income.The discretionary grant is invested for exploratory and exploitive activities. Exploratory activities generate new knowledge, which is necessary for competitiveness. Exploitative activities utilise existing knowledge to provide innovations that find utility in industries and the public sector. The manner in which the investment is split between exploration and exploitation was shown to be critical to the long term sustainability of the enterprise. Skewing investment in either exploration or exploitation alone is detrimental to sustainability.The optimal split of the discretionary grant between exploration and exploitation was found to be dependent on several factors, to include, the technology bases of the industries in which the entity operates and the connectivity and paths of knowledge flow in the innovation systems nationally and globally.Inability to earn other forms of income is in itself a threat to the long term sustainability, particularly in fiscally constrained environments that are typical of emerging economies. The ability to earn external income provides options for investment of the PG in building its capability base. Notable here is the fact that the absorptive capacity of the industry sector in the first place, the innovation system in which the entity operates and the connectedness of the entity within the system appear to have important influences on ability to earn other forms of income. In such cases, strategic decisions have to be made on whether the sector remains strategic enough for the country in deciding on continued investment.While the information derived from this study is very specific to the CSIR, a combination of the data and information in the literature provides insights that are applicable to other public research institutes, particularly in developing economies. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Environmental art: Art relating to the individual’s response, understanding and interest towards the land, including art forms such as Land/Earth art as well as more sensitive art forms such as Eco-art, focussed more on the earth’s natural processes. Exploitation: The exploitation of mineral resources is closely associated with progress and success, but also that of benefiting from something at the cost of something else, in this case exploiting gold at the cost of the ecology of the natural environment. Gold mining industry: The labour-intensive activity of removing gold from ore, mined from deep within the earth’s crust through a system of shafts and stopes. Installation art: Refers to what is contested as being a medium or process of art, whereby three-dimensional works are designed to influence the perception of a space, often site-specific, within an enclosed space or the outside environment, temporary or permanent. The found object or existing object is often used in installation art for its intellectual value. Inter-and-trans-disciplinary approach: The utilisation and collaboration of different disciplines as a means to find a solution to a (environmental) problem. Landscape: A cultural construct, referring not to physical topography, but to an aesthetically processed vision of the environment, mostly arranged and framed by an artist. Post-industrial environment: Referring to an environment, man-made or natural in a state preceded by industry. Often these environments are characterised as polluted and derelicts sites left behind by large mining industries. The gold-mining industry on the Witwatersrand, is characterised by massive tailings dumps and slimes dams. Resource curse: A term coined by artist Jeannette Unite, describing the phenomenon of extreme poverty co-existing with valuable minerals in the same region, especially prevalent in Africa. Technospasm: A term conceptualised by archeo-metallurgist Duncan Miller, as the unsustainable rate of non-renewable mineral resources extraction. South Africa is known to the world for its vast deposits of valuable minerals, of which gold has played a seminal role in the development of the country’s economy. What is left after more than 120 years of mining for this precious metal is a landscape, better described as a derelict post-industrial environment, characterised by pollution and impoverished communities. Environmental degradation caused by mining industries is not unique to the African continent, but is a worldwide phenomenon. Due to the rapid deterioration of environments caused by mining and industry, new environmentalist attitudes became prevalent by the 1970s in the West, seeking change in attitudes towards the land. Along with earth activists, artists also started to question humankind’s destructive relationship towards the land. Apart from the early developments of Land/Earth art during the 1960s, artists have taken on roles of activists, interventionists and collaborators of multi- and interdisciplinary projects since then, in order to remediate and re-cultivate post-industrial sites. Environmental artists find value in what art holistically contributes to society, as opposed to the commodity value of art. While artists in the West significantly progressed in environmentally orientated art, South African artists focused more on responding to the socio-economic conditions induced by the long-standing Apartheid era. Few South African artists have attempted to engage in environmentally-concerned art, especially related to the mining industry. However, Western attitudes towards the land can be derived from South Africa’s landscape depictions since its colonisation by Europeans up to contemporary versions of the South African landscape environment today. This study provides a historic overview of South Africa’s aesthetic relationship with the mining landscape, specifically of the post-industrial sites situated in the Witwatersrand. The aim is to determine the South African artists’ contribution towards developing an environmental awareness, and to call for more artists to take part in visual art forms concerning the disruption of the environment, caused by the mining industry. The study determines the relevance of art as a means to raise environmental issues and whether art may be utilised for post-industrial remediation projects. International examples of Reclamation art projects and its incorporation of science are investigated to find solutions towards contaminated post-industrial sites. These examples are compared to the work of a small number of South African artists who have attempted to engage in the post-industrial mining environment through Earthworks and science The researcher’s own work is discussed to raise awareness of the adverse effects of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) caused by the gold-mining industry in the Witwatersrand. A body of installation art produced for this degree was displayed in a gallery space, which presented a platform for audience engagement. Through this body of work and through the examples discussed in this dissertation, the researcher urges South African artists to take up the task of moral responsibility towards the environment for the survival of future generations of life on earth. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

Ambidextrous organizations are more successful as they manage to balance exploitative and explorative innovation. Organizations performance depend on the people both within the respective firm and externally, how the firm’s offerings are received. In order to stay relevant and competitive in a continuously changing environment the need for ambidextrous behavior becomes constant. The ability to handle, or at best anticipate, upcoming opportunities or set- backs to co-ordinate and combine exploitative and explorative innovations is a competitive advantage. As leadership drives performance – this puts both focus and expectations on leaders. The aim of this study was to explore ambidextrous leadership from a holistic view and more specifically; what triggers ambidextrous needs, how can ambidexterity be enabled and cultivated. Literature on ambidexterity comes in various approaches, where studies holding a holistic approach are few. Bridging the theories on ambidextrous needs with those on leadership and contrasting them to findings from this qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. The conclusions indicated both theoretical evidence but also contradictory findings. The need for ambidexterity is unison, however, where literature focus on the paradoxical tension of managing both exploitative and explorative innovation, this is not an option for the leaders. Change is their reality having to be handled holistically. Predominantly digitalisation, globalisation and pace of change require firms’ ambidextrous initiatives in a perpetual cyclical movement through the dimensions of drive, lead and learn. Furthermore, there are additional parameters emerging as key for facilitating ambidexterity: as the impact of culture, communication and external monitoring alertness are highlighted.