A travers l’étude du cas d’une entité exploratoire, NCA, nous cherchons à comprendre comment identifier et structurer un champ d’innovation. C’est à dire comprendre comment se fait le choix d’un domaine dans lequel mener une activité de conception innovante, et quels mécanismes permettent de mener un travail de conception innovante dans des directions pertinentes. La littérature donne peu d’éléments sur les mécanismes à l’œuvre qui vont permettre d’identifier et de structurer un champ d’innovation, en l’absence de problème spécifique à résoudre, ce qui est la situation de NCA qui s’intéresse en particulier aux innovations d’usages, pour lesquelles il n’existe pas de demande explicite des clients. Nos résultats relatifs aux processus d’innovation montrent que les activités d’exploration menée par NCA conduisent à un renouvellement des routines utilisées pour les produits historiques. L’exploration renouvelle l’exploitation. Par ailleurs, les difficultés principales rencontrées par NCA tiennent moins aux processus spécifiques à mettre en œuvre qu’à des mécanismes inopérants dans l’identification de champs d’innovation.Sur le plan organisationnel, nos résultats montrent que NCA fonctionne selon une forme d’ambidextrie simultanée, sur le plan individuel et au niveau de l’entité NCA elle même. Cela se traduit par un renouvellement de l’exploitation par l’exploration. Nous mettons aussi en lumière la forme organisationnelle originale de NCA, à la fois business unit et entité exploratoire. Cette forme d’organisation facilite le lancement de nouvelles catégories de produits, et le fait que le marché de la BU ne soit pas défini, conduit NCA à maintenir cette activité d’exploration dans le temps. / Our case study based on an exploratory entity evolving from a small team to a business unit raise questions related to the identification and structuration of an innovation field. The literature gives few elements with regards to the choice of such a field, and the mechanisms to set priorities within a chosen field. Our results related to innovation processes show that exploratory activities leads to a renewal of exploitation, and also that the difficulties encountered by NCA in exploration activities are less related to the existing processes than to the choice of an innovation field. Our results related to organization show that NCA works in a mode of simultaneous ambidexterity, being able at the same time to launch new product categories and to explore new product categories. This also leads to the renewal of existing routines. The structure of NCA has also some original features, being at the same time a business unit and an exploratory entity. This exploratory business unit seems to be able to launch more easily new products categories, because there is no need to look for a landing zone, as it is the case of organisations solely responsible for exploration.

Cette étude présente les caractéristiques des ressources ligneuses actuelles et archéologiques trouvés sur la côte ouest du Nunavik et documente leur collecte, exploitation et origine. L'étude de 1573 bois flottés provenant des plages d'Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak et Umiujaq révèle que ces derniers étaient moins nombreux, de plus petites tailles et plus dégradés dans les aires les plus au nord. Huit taxons ont été identifiés sous microscope. L'épinette était le taxon le plus abondant, suivi du saule, du mélèze, du peuplier et de l'aulne. Le cèdre blanc, le bouleau blanc et le sapin baumier étaient également présents mais extrêmement rares. La composition des 293 bois archéologiques, 550 charbons et 11 artefacts en bois provenant de 11 sites archéologiques dans les quatre zones d'études n'était guère différente. Des charbons de pin rouge ou pin sylvestre et de châtaignier, importés, ont néanmoins été découverts dans un site archéologique à Ivujivik. De plus, de nombreux charbons d'éricacées probablement locaux ainsi que du chêne ont été trouvés dans les sites archéologiques aux alentours d'Umiujaq. La présence du cèdre blanc et du bouleau blanc dans les amas de bois flottés actuels et archéologiques témoignent d'une origine des bois au sud et sud-est de la Baie de James, ce qui est également appuyé par les études comparatives et interdatations des largeurs moyennes de cernes de croissance. Des entrevues avec 27 Aînés dans les quatre villages révèlent que le vocabulaire du bois était plus diversifié dans les villages les plus méridionaux. Les arbustes étaient coupés en automne et utilisés pour la confection de matelas ou pour le feu. Les plus gros bois étaient prioritairement utilisés pour la construction des bateaux, des kayaks et traîneaux. A Ivujivik, les bois flottés étaient principalement collectés l'été par bateau autour des îles. Plus au sud, les gros bois étaient collectés ou coupés l'hiver puis rapportés par traîneaux à chiens. Finalement, les expérimentations visant à différencier chimiquement un bois flotté d'un bois coupé pour en déduire le mode de collecte des gros bois archéologiques, ont montré un plus fort enrichissement en sodium dans les bois immergés. Des analyses en composantes principales (ACP), basées sur les concentrations relatives des cations, montrent que les données des bois immergés et des bois secs peuvent être séparés en deux groupes. La complémentarité de ces recherches xylologiques, anthracologiques, radiométriques, dendrochronologiques, sociales et chimiques sur les ressources ligneuses au Nunavik apporte des connaissances inédites sur cette matière première fondamentale dans la vie quotidienne des Inuits et de leurs ancêtres. / This study presents the characteristics of modern and archaeological wood resources found on the west coast of Nunavik and documents their collection, use and origin. The study of 1573 driftwood samples from beaches around Ivujivik, Akulivik, Inukjuak and Umiujaq reveals that these woods were fewer, smaller sizes and more degraded in more northern areas. Eight taxa were identified under a microscope. Spruce was the most abundant taxon, followed by willow, larch, poplar and alder. White cedar, white birch and balsam fir were also present but extremely rare. The composition of the 293 woods, 550 charcoals and 11 wooden artifacts from 11 archaeological sites in the four study areas was not different. However, charcoals of red pine and chestnut, imported, were found at an archeological site in Ivujivik. In addition, many local ericaceous charcoals and an oak sample were found at the archaeological sites around Umiujaq. The presence of white cedar and white birch in both modern and archaeological wood samples indicated that the wood originated to the south and southeast of James Bay. This conclusion is also supported by the comparative studies and cross-dating of the average growth rings. Interviews with 27 elders from the four villages showed that wood vocabulary was more diversified in the southern villages. Shrubs were cut in autumn and used for making mattresses or fire. The larger driftwood pieces were primarily used for the construction of boats, kayaks or sleds. In Ivujivik, driftwood samples were mainly collected in summer by boat around the islands. Further south, the large wood pieces were collected or cut in winter and carried by dogsled. Finally, experiments we performed to chemically differentiate driftwood from cut wood in order to help to deduce the collection method of the large archaeological wood specimens, showed a stronger enrichment in sodium in the submerged woods. Principal component analyses (PCA), based on the relative concentrations of cations, show that the immersed and dry samples can be separated in two groups. The complementarity of these xylological, anthracological, radiometric, dendrochronological, social and chemical studies on wood resources in Nunavik provides unprecedented knowledge on this essential raw material in the daily life for the Inuit and their ancestors.

Cette thèse prend comme problématique de départ l’étude du cinéma au Maroc, son évolution économique et sociale marquée par la colonisation et la post-colonisation et une série de faiblesses et d’atouts qui rendent son étude une tâche intéressante. En effet, tandis que les infrastructures liées à ce secteur ont été mises en service dès les années 20 du siècle dernier, ce n’est qu’en 1958 que le premier long métrage marocain a vu le jour. Il s’agit du film Le fils maudit de Mohamed Ousfour. Ainsi, cette thèse a procédé à un état des lieux des différentes composantes de la filière cinématographique au Maroc par le schéma élémentaire : production distribution-exploitation, en optant pour une histoire socio-économique du cinéma marocain. L’approche adoptée est purement empirique. Cette thèse part d’une série de questions qui interrogent le parcourt mitigé du cinéma au Maroc, où de grosses productions mondiales sont annuellement tournées, des festivals sont organisés, une implication de l’État est permanente, mais sans pour autant aboutir à créer les bases d’une réelle industrie cinématographique.En conclusion de cette thèse une crise structurelle dont souffre le cinéma au Maroc a été évoquée, sans pour autant nier les quelques aspects évolutifs qu’il a connus. En effet, le cinéma marocain est toujours à la recherche d’un développement prenant en considération la dualité qui le caractérise en tant qu’art et industrie. La filière cinématographique souffre d’une grande fragilité et d’un manque de cohérence dans le développement que connaît chacune de ses composantes. En plus, le cinéma au Maroc est assez souvent assimilé par le pouvoir comme un vecteur de promotion touristique et de propagande politique, plutôt qu’une industrie culturelle. La production cinématographique, de sa part, dépend du soutien de l’État, ce qui facilite la censure et impose la vision du pouvoir du développement de ce domaine. / This thesis tackles as an initial issue the study of cinema in Morocco, its economic and social evolution markedby colonization, post colonization, and a series of weaknesses and assets that make its study an interesting task.Indeed, since infrastructures linked to this industry were put into service starting from 20s of the formercentury, it was not until 1958 that the first Moroccan long-length film came into being. It is about the movie of“Le fils de maudit” by Mohamed Ousfour. Accordingly, this thesis conducts a study of the different componentsof cinematographic industry in Morocco through this basic paradigm: production-distribution-exploitation,opting for a socio-economic history of the Moroccan cinema. The adopted approach is purely empirical.This thesis part of a series of questions that interrogate the mitigated path of cinema in Morocco, where hugeworld productions are currently shot, festivals organized, and a state’s implication that is deemed relevant, butwithout however leading to the creation of bases of a real cinematographic industry.In conclusion of this thesis a structural crisis of which suffers cinema in Morocco was triggered, withouthowever denying some evolutionary aspects that it has seen. Indeed, Moroccan cinema is still on the lookoutfor development taking into account the duality which characterizes it as an art and industry. Thecinematographic sector suffers from a profound fragility and from a lack of coherence in the development thateach of its components experiences. Furthermore, cinema in Morocco is often understood by the government asa medium of tourism promotion and political propaganda, rather than cultural industry. The cinematographicindustry, on its part, depends on the state’s support, which facilitates censorship and imposes the state’s visionof the development of this field.

La planification durable des mines représente un défi majeur pour les opérations minières, car elle exige un équilibre entre la viabilité économique et la responsabilité environnementale. La pression croissante sur l'industrie minière pour atténuer les impacts écologiques nécessite le développement de techniques d'optimisation innovantes qui intègrent les considérations environnementales dans les processus de planification traditionnels. Cette étude relève ce défi en introduisant un algorithme de recherche adaptative par grand voisinage (ALNS) spécialement conçu pour la planification minière à long terme, s'attaquant à la complexité de calcul NP-hard du problème de programmation de la production sous contrainte de préséance (PCPSP). L'algorithme ALNS proposé intègre trois opérateurs de destruction pour déconstruire les solutions réalisables et trois opérateurs de réparation pour les reconstruire. Ces opérateurs sont sélectionnés dynamiquement par un mécanisme adaptatif basé sur l'historique des performances. En outre, un algorithme de recherche locale est utilisé à chaque itération pour améliorer les solutions obtenues en utilisant une combinaison d'opérateurs de destruction et de réparation. Des expériences informatiques complètes ont été menées pour valider et affiner l'approche proposée. Ces expériences comprenaient le réglage des paramètres, des comparaisons avec des solveurs exacts et l'analyse des opérateurs de destruction-réparation pour déterminer les principaux facteurs de performance. Les résultats ont démontré l'efficacité de l'algorithme ALNS, atteignant des écarts d'optimalité d'environ 0,08 dans divers points de référence. Les analyses de sensibilité ont permis de mieux comprendre les compromis entre la rentabilité économique et la responsabilité environnementale. L'assouplissement des contraintes en matière d'émissions de carbone a entraîné une augmentation de la valeur actuelle nette (VAN). En outre, l'analyse a montré une tendance à la baisse de la valeur actualisée nette et de la teneur moyenne au fil du temps en raison des contraintes opérationnelles, tandis que le coût du carbone augmentait, soulignant les coûts environnementaux croissants de l'extraction de blocs dans les couches inférieures. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel de notre approche pour améliorer les opérations minières tout en tenant compte des contraintes environnementales, fournissant ainsi des indications précieuses sur les pratiques de planification minière durable. / Sustainable mine planning presents a critical challenge in mining operations, requiring a balance between economic viability and environmental responsibility. The increasing pressure on the mining industry to mitigate ecological impacts necessitates the development of innovative optimization techniques that integrate environmental considerations into traditional planning processes. This study addresses this challenge by introducing an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) algorithm specifically tailored for long-term mine planning, tackling the NP-hard computational complexity of the precedence-constrained production scheduling problem (PCPSP). The proposed ALNS algorithm incorporates three destroy operator to deconstruct feasible solutions and three repair operator to reconstruct them. These operators are dynamically selected through an adaptive mechanism based on the performance record. Additionally, a local search algorithm is employed at each iteration to enhance the solutions obtained by using a combination of destroy-repair operators. Comprehensive computational experiments were conducted to validate and refine the proposed approach. These experiments included parameter tuning, comparisons against exact solvers, and the analysis of destroy-repair operators to determine key performance factors. The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the ALNS algorithm, achieving optimality gaps of around 0.08 across various benchmarks. Sensitivity analyses revealed insights into the trade-offs between economic profitability and environmental responsibility. Relaxing carbon emission constraints led to increased Net Present Value (NPV). Furthermore, the analysis showed a decreasing trend in NPV and average grade values over time due to operational constraints, while carbon cost increased, highlighting the growing environmental costs of extracting blocks from lower layers. These findings highlight the potential of our approach to improve mining operations while considering environmental constraints, providing valuable insights into sustainable mine planning practices.

No description available.

Des matériaux hydrocarbonés façonnés par l'homme ont abondamment été découverts sur les sites du Proche-Orient ancien. Ces matériaux incluent du bitume visqueux suintant le long des rivières ou sur les falaises, des calcaires bitumineux, des sables bitumineux et des asphaltites. Le champ d'utilisation est vaste et regroupe plusieurs qualités physicochimiques mises à profit : adhésivité, imperméabilisant, conservation, poids, couleur noire, matière malléable ou sculptable. L'étude des modes d'exploitation et du cadre technique, menée sur un cadre chronologique couvrant le milieu du 6e au 3e millénaires av. J.-C. en Mésopotamie, au Khuzestân et en Arabie orientale, a permis d'apporter de nouvelles données sur la dynamique culturelle des sociétés proche-orientales. Cette approche axée sur l'homme et la matière n'avait jamais été entreprise auparavant sur ce matériau. Cette recherche est fondée sur un corpus de 4021 bitumes répartis sur 101 sites archéologiques. Les objets et fragments ont été classés suivant leur domaine d'utilisation permettant ainsi d'identifier plusieurs aires techniques. L'étude technologique, réalisée grâce à une approche pluridisciplinaire (archéométrie, ethnographie, épigraphie, expérimentation), restitue des chaînes opératoires pour l'exploitation des bitumes visqueux ou solides. Les textes cunéiformes de la fin du 3e millénaire témoignent de métiers dédiés au façonnage des bitumes, de leur prix et d'une hiérarchisation des sites au sein de leur exploitation. Les modèles de diffusion des techniques identifiés dans cette recherche mettent en évidence l'existence de foyers d'invention dans presque tout l'ensemble du Proche-Orient ancien. / Man-shaped hydrocarbonated materials have been widely discovered in ancient Near East archaeological sites. These materials include viscous bitumen seeping along rivers and cliffs, bituminous limestones, bituminous sands and asphaltites. Adhesiveness, impermeability, conservation, weight, dark color, ductility or sculptability are among the variety of physico-chemical characteristics which allow for a large scope of use. Research on bitumen exploitation methods and corresponding technical framework covers a timeframe from mid 6th to 3rd millennia B.C. over Mesopotamia, Khuzistan and Eastern Arabia. This study, focusing on man and bitumen materials, was never performed before and provides new valuable insights in relation to Near East societies cultural dynamics. We gathered and brought together a comprehensive and organized database composed of 4021 bitumen items from 101 different archaeological sites. The bitumen pieces, artifacts and fragments are presented following their scope of use thus allowing the identification of technical fields. The technological study was based on a pluridisciplinary approach including archeometry, ethnography, epigraphy and experimentation; it brings to light viscous or solid bitumen exploitation operational chains. Cuneiform texts from end of 3rd millennium testify bitumen professions and occupations, bitumen prices and a hierarchy of sites within their exploitation. The techniques spreading models identified in our research highlight the existence of invention spots in almost all ancient Near East.

Submitted by PROVIDENCE BAMPOKY null (providence.bampoky@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T17:19:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO- PROVIDENCE COM FICHA.pdf: 1750146 bytes, checksum: 271b4794733d4f2c6d6f05305f5fffdc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-12T17:44:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bampoky_p_me_sjrp.pdf: 1750146 bytes, checksum: 271b4794733d4f2c6d6f05305f5fffdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T17:44:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bampoky_p_me_sjrp.pdf: 1750146 bytes, checksum: 271b4794733d4f2c6d6f05305f5fffdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Ce travail de recherche a pour objectif l´étude du roman Les bouts de bois de dieu (1960) de Ousmane Sembène, afin d'analyser la représentation de la résistance, en mettant l'accent sur le mouvement révolutionnaire des cheminots noirs du Dakar-Niger (1947-1948). Pour mieux comprendre ce scénario de résistance, nous partons, en premier lieu, d’une rétrospective de l´occupation coloniale française en Afrique Occidentale (plus précisément au Sénégal et au Soudan français) qui a débuté la procédure vers la dernière décennie du XIX siècle dans cette région et dont le processus a occasionné la naissance d´une littérature négro-africaine d´expression française. Cette perspective s´avère pertinente en ce sens qu'elle permet, en second lieu, d´ouvrir une discussion sur l'émergence d´une nouvelle conscience du colonisé qui décide de se battre contre l'hégémonie du colonisateur dans le but de récupérer sa dignité. Ce refus de soumission et d´exploitation génère tout au long de ce récit, une série d'affrontements entre noirs et blancs; ces derniers étant les seuls détenteurs du pouvoir économique et politique. Dans le traitement de cette thématique, nous nous proposons d'analyser et de discuter, en dernier lieu, les prises de position et les actions de résistance menées par les femmes, lors de la grève des cheminot, comment elles se sont donné des coups de pouce pendant les manifestations et en même temps comment elles ont contribué à l'acceptation des revendications des grévistes (ajustement salarial, allocations familiales, retraite, congés rémunérés, entre autres). Elles ont réellement lutté, et, in fines contribué à la décolonisation du pouvoir administratif et au changement de la mentalité sociale. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo do romance Les bouts de bois de dieu (1960) de Ousmane Sembène, com o intuito de analisar a representação da resistência, dando ênfase ao movimento revolucionário dos operários negros da ferrovia Dakar-Níger (1947-1948). Para compreender um pouco mais esse cenário de resistência, partimos, em primeiro lugar, de uma retrospectiva da ocupação colonial francesa na África ocidental (especificamente, no Senegal e no Sudão francês) que se iniciou processualmente a partir da última década do século XIX nessa região e cujo processo propiciou o surgimento de uma literatura negro-africana de expressão francesa. Essa perspectiva torna-se relevante na medida em que possibilita levantar, em segundo lugar, uma discussão sobre o surgimento de uma nova consciência do colonizado que decide lutar contra a hegemonia do colonizador no que tange à recuperação da sua dignidade. Esta postura de recusa à subserviência e à exploração desperta no decorrer desta narrativa uma série de confrontos entre negros e brancos, sendo esses últimos os únicos detentores do poder econômico e político. No tratamento desta temática, propomo-nos analisar e discutir, por fim, o modo como a tomada de posição e as ações de resistência protagonizadas pelas mulheres durante a greve dos operários deram um impulso nas manifestações e contribuíram para a aceitação das reivindicações dos grevistas (ajuste salarial, aposentadoria, férias renumeradas, abonos de família, entre outros). Fatos marcantes na descolonização do poder administrativo e da mudança da mentalidade social. / The purpose of this research on the novel by Ousmane Sembène Les bouts de bois de dieu (God’s Bits of Wood, 1960) is to try to analyze the resistance representation, focusing on the revolutionary movement of the first we will talk about a retrospective of the french colonial occupation in West Africa, mainly in Senegal and in French Soudan where the process started to the last decade of the XIX century in the region, which gave birth to a french negro-african literature. This pespective seems to us relevant since it will allow us to open a discussion on the emergence of a new consciousness of the people under colonial domination who have decided to fight against the egemony of the colonizer in order to recover their dignity. This will to refuse submission and exploitation generates all this narrative a succession of confrontation between black and white people, the latter being the only holder of the economic and political power. When dealing with this theme, we want to analyze and discuss eventually the position and resistance fights waged by women during the strike of railway workers : how they helped one another along during the demonstrations and at the same time how they contributed to the acceptance of labour demands (wage adjustment, child benefits, retirement pension, paid holidays, among others). They really fought to finally contribute to decolonize administrative power and to change social mentality. / CNPq: 190590/2014-9

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabia Maria Silva Lins dos Santos.pdf: 2368363 bytes, checksum: b7f60e810f9885e4ab828fa7fb8ba2a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Traditionally, the sugar cane sector is commodities industry and rarely innovate its portfolio, although researches have shown that some firms inside the sector have been using portfolio diversification strategies in the search of growth. Inside these strategies, the firms have made choices to: prospect new knowledge (exploration) or take advantage of not utilized competencies (exploitation). The use of knowledge is part of sectoral systems of innovation due to actors and institutions interaction. Using an exploratory and multicase and multistrategy study, this project wants to verify which processes exploration or exploitation is predominant on diversification strategy of sugar cane firms. The main contribution of this study are related to three main objectives: (1) identify characteristics of diversification in the sugar cane plants; (2) distinguish the processes of exploration and exploitation in these plants; (3) present evidences that support the presupposition of sugar cane sector being a sectoral systems of innovation. The results have shown that, from a total of nine firms, eight of them developed diversification strategies, related to Penrose (1959) classification of diversification. All of them participated in the sectoral systems of innovation, interacting in major or minor degree. All researched firms presented process related to exploitation, but their punctuation in exploration may explain their search for diversification. The high punctuation at exploration of some firms suggests it may be an explanation of their differentiated portfolio. Furthermore they showed intensive interaction with universities and research entities, in the search for new knowledge. These findings where consistent with the main objective defined in this project. It is expected that the present study might support future researches upon knowledge generation in firms oriented to diversification strategies. / Tradicionalmente, o setor sucroalcooleiro é um produtor de commodities e raramente inova sua carteira de produtos, embora algumas pesquisas demonstrem que firmas dentro do setor têm usado estratégia(s) de diversificação destas carteiras para buscar crescimento. Para atingir esta(s) estratégia(s), as firmas fazem escolhas entre: prospectar conhecimento novo (exploration) ou aproveitar competências não utilizadas (exploitation). O uso do conhecimento é característico dos sistemas setoriais de inovação devido à interação entre seus atores e instituições. Através de um estudo exploratório, mediante a aplicação de estudo multicasos e pesquisa de múltipla estratégia (quantitativa e qualitativa), buscou-se verificar qual dos processos exploration ou exploitation predomina na estratégia de diversificação das firmas sucroalcooleiras. As principais contribuições deste estudo relacionaram-se a três objetivos específicos: (1) identificar características de diversificação presentes nas usinas estudadas; (2) caracterizar os processos de exploration e exploitation nessas usinas; (3) apresentar argumentos que suportem o pressuposto de que o setor sucroalcooleiro é um sistema setorial de inovação. Os resultados apontaram que oito entre nove usinas pesquisadas apresentaram algum tipo de diversificação, de acordo com a classificação de Penrose (1959). Todas as usinas apresentaram participação no sistema setorial em menor ou maior grau e processos voltados à exploitation, mas observou-se que a pontuação em exploration pode ser um fator que explica a busca pela diversificação produtiva. As usinas com valores altos em exploration foram aquelas que apresentaram uma carteira de produtos diferenciada e também nas quais observou-se uma interação maior com universidades e entidades de pesquisa, buscando a prospecção do conhecimento. Espera-se que o presente estudo possa apoiar futuras pesquisas sobre geração de conhecimento em firmas voltadas a estratégias de diversificação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Antonio Franklin.pdf: 2752727 bytes, checksum: 8af41632661f50bbd4a2dc89aa20bdd7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This study examines how the organizational structure, mechanical or organic, and guidelines for exploitation and exploration of organizational knowledge can explain the innovations in technology research and development institutes (R & D),focused on products and services related to the Internet, software, hardware, telecommunications (Telecom), information technology (IT) and automation. This study aims to characterize and classify these institutes, according to the models and guidelines adopted at the organizational knowledge. For this, the research has two phases: the first one, a qualitative phase and the second a quantitative phase. The qualitative phase used a semistructured script in four case studies, two cases of national institutes, one private institute and the other a public one, and two private multinational institutes situated in Brazil. For data analysis, we adopt the content analysis, analysis of the dimensions and non-participant observation. Based on the findings of this phase, we carried out the quantitative phase, through the application of a questionnaire to the whole population of 44 R & D institutes, however, only 17 of those institutes respondend. This questionnaire is structured with closed question, and it had incorporated a set of assertions measures, using a Likert scale with seven points. Thie analysis presented is descriptive and it was supplemented with secondary data, by searching the website of these 17 institutes. Therefore, the analysis adopted the technique of data triangulation in order to obtain more reliable results. The results revealed a predominance of organic model in 19 of 21 of the institutes studied, using both steps. However, it appears that, despite the strong orientation towards the organic model, there are elements of the mechanical model: the ability to combine bureaucracy without loosing the necessary flexibility. Two of the institutes have not demonstrated the mechanical configuration combining ability, i.e., the base is the bureaucracy, standardization, formalization and specialization. Whereas guidelines for exploitation and exploration is possible to identify and conclude that the institutes tend to have guidelines for exploration, however, some institutes show focus on exploitation, such as the relative efficiency of the processes and standard work routines. Of the four propositions for this stage of the research institutes in 14 were confirmed and ratified the findings of the qualitative phase. Regarding the classification of the 21 institutes surveyed, it can be stated that the focus is mainly on services and products. With regard to the vocation of the institutes, eleven reveal themselves facing R & D and radical innovations and incremental. However, for nine of these institutes it is possible to affirm that the vocation is D, development. The contribution of this thesis for the academic point of view, reveals that when discussing the role of models of organizational structures and guidelines for exploration and exploitation in search of possible lag between theory and application. The contribution for the business standpoint is that to understand how these factors are fundamental to the development of innovation and competitiveness. It is assumed that these factors may have implications on the performance and the economic viability of the R & D Institutes, since innovation is its business. / Este estudo examina como a estrutura organizacional, mecânica ou orgânica, e as orientações para exploitation e exploration do conhecimento organizacional podem explicar as inovações em institutos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D) tecnológicos concentrados em serviços e produtos ligados à internet, software, hardware, telecomunicações (Telecom), tecnologia da informação (TI) e automação. Tem como objetivo caracterizar e classificar esses institutos, de acordo com os modelos e as orientações relativas ao conhecimento organizacional adotados. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta duas etapas: qualitativa e quantitativa. A etapa qualitativa foi conduzida com a utilização de quatro estudos de casos, sendo dois institutos nacionais, um privado e um público, e mais dois privados estrangeiros sediados no Brasil, mediante a utilização de um roteiro semiestruturado. Para análise dos dados, adota-se a análise de conteúdo, análise das dimensões e observação não-participante. Com base nos achados desta fase, realizou-se a etapa quantitativa, por meio da aplicação de um questionário em 17 institutos de P&D, cujo universo era de 44. Este questionário está estruturado fechado e incorporava um conjunto de assertivas mensuradas, segundo uma escala tipo Likert, com sete pontos. Esta análise é descritiva e complementada com dados secundários, por meio da pesquisa nos website dos institutos. Neste sentido, para as análises, é adotada a técnica da triangulação dos dados, visando à obtenção de maior fidedignidade nos resultados. Os resultados revelaram predominância do modelo orgânico em 19 de 21 dos institutos estudados, compreendendo as duas etapas. Contudo, verifica-se também que, apesar da forte orientação para o modelo orgânico, há elementos do modelo mecânico: revelam capacidade combinatória em utilizar a burocracia sem, no entanto, deixar de ser flexível. Dois dos institutos apresentam a configuração mecânica não demonstrando capacidade de combinação, isto é, a base é a burocracia, a padronização, a formalização e a especialização. Considerando as orientações para exploitation e exploration é possivel identificar e concluir que os institutos tendem a ter orientações para exploration, mas apresentam focos em exploitation, como é o caso de eficiência relativa aos processos e às rotinas de trabalho padronizados. As quatro proposições levantadas para esta etapa da pesquisa, foram confirmadas em 14 institutos e ratificadas nos achados da etapa qualitativa. Quanto à classificação dos 21 institutos pesquisados, pode-se afirmar que o foco de atuação é predominantemente em serviços e produtos. No que diz respeito à vocação dos institutos, onze se revelam voltados para P&D com inovações radicais e incrementais. Entretanto, em nove destes casos é possivel afirmar que a vocação é D, desenvolvimento. A contribuição desta tese se revela, do ponto de vista acadêmico, na discussão do papel dos modelos de estruturas organizacionais e de orientações para exploitation e exploration na busca de possíveis lacunas entre a teoria e a aplicação: do ponto de vista empresarial, destina-se ao entendimento de como esses fatores são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da inovação e da competitividade. Supõe-se que estes possam ter implicações no desempenho e na viabilidade econômica dos Institutos de P&D, uma vez que inovação é o seu negócio.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:31:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Wesley da Silva.pdf: 1788944 bytes, checksum: f773f6f92dde56922f7e92bdee5ed77c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-05 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / This present thesis approaches, from an educational level, strategies of exploration and exploitation and competencies. This study was developed by comparing the modalities of courses, firstly where the student is present in the classroom, and then, distance learning in graduations course, both in the management area. Therefore, the following research problem was defined as: Does the process of education of a student, in graduation course (in the management area), stimulate the development and the use of competencies for the student to become a professional, who knows how to put into practice the knowledge of the strategies of exploration and exploitation in a balanced way? In this sense, actions of building up and developing knowledge by means of exploration and exploitation are understood to be actions which are born from strategies of the organization. The organizational strategies are those which will indicate how the organization will put into practice these actions. To achieve its goals, the research has been structured into four chapters. The first chapter defines concepts related to strategy for subsequent discussion of exploration and exploitation. The second chapter discusses the concept of organizational competencies within the following perspective: educational, organizational, typology of competence and also education for the competence in professional practice. The third chapter contextualizes the educational scenery to be researched highlighting the following points: the history of education, the Brazilian educational system, the graduation and the dynamics of Distance Learning Education. The fourth chapter addresses the methodological procedures and the results of studies carried out. The result of this research shows a list of 51 competencies social skills, functional, cognitive and meta competece. It is confirmed that a graduation course can stimulate the development and the use of competencies for the student to become a professional who knows how to put into practice the use of strategies in exploration and exploitation in a balanced manner. / A presente tese aborda, a partir da educação, as estratégias de exploration e exploitation e competências. O estudo foi desenvolvido comparando as modalidades presencial e a distância em cursos de lato sensu na área de gestão. Para tanto, foi definido o seguinte problema de pesquisa: o processo de formação de um aluno, em um curso de lato sensu (na área de gestão), estimula o desenvolvimento e a utilização de competências para que este se torne um profissional que saiba colocar em prática o conhecimento das estratégias de exploration e exploitation de maneira equilibrada? Nesse sentido, as ações de construção e de desenvolvimento do conhecimento por meio da exploration e exploitation são entendidas como ações de conhecimento, são ações que nascem nas e das estratégias da organização. São as estratégias organizacionais que indicarão como a organização colocará em prática essas ações. Para atender aos objetivos, a pesquisa está estruturada em quatro capítulos. O primeiro capítulo define conceitos relacionados à estratégia para posteriormente discutir os conceitos de estratégias de exploration e exploitation . No segundo capítulo, discute-se o conceito de competências organizacionais dentro das seguintes perspectivas: educacional, organizacional, abordagem única e a educação para a competência na prática profissional. O terceiro capítulo contextualiza o cenário educacional a ser pesquisado destacando os seguintes pontos: história da educação, o sistema educacional brasileiro, a pós-graduação lato sensu e a dinâmica da educação a distância EaD. O quarto capítulo mostra os procedimentos metodológicos e os resultados das pesquisas realizadas. Como resultados das pesquisas, apresentam-se uma lista de 51 competências competências sociais, funcionais, cognitivas e meta competências. Confirma-se que um curso de lato sensu pode estimular o desenvolvimento e a utilização de competências para que o aluno se torne um profissional que saiba colocar em prática o conhecimento das estratégias de exploration e exploitation de maneira equilibrada.