Most services today are developed with a microservice architecture where each component is deployed with multiple replicas on servers all over the world. When requests go between service components, the role of a load balancer is to route each request to the least loaded instance of the target component. There are many algorithms that evaluate different parameters and select an instance from those. One approach is to optimize for latency, i.e., choose the instance that will result in the lowest latency. However, this approach does not take into consideration the geographical distribution of servers, or when requests have to cross networking boundaries, i.e., go from one physical data center to another. Crossing networking boundaries comes with an increased cost as connecting two data centers far apart is an expensive task. Therefore, the cloud computing provider will charge this traffic more than when just sending traffic within a single data center. This study set out to use Google Traffic Director, a service mesh that has information about the whole system and can, therefore, offer locality-aware load-balancing that tries to minimize the amount of traffic that crosses networking boundaries. This is compared to a latency-based algorithm without a service mesh architecture, namely Expected Latency Selector. The study was set up to evaluate how the different approaches performed in terms of cost, latency, and resilience. This evaluation was performed by setting up two testing environments where both load-balancing algorithms could run and relevant metrics were collected. This was then tested in three different scenarios: no disturbance, random delay in a zone, and the final being a zone failing all requests. Results show that in a perfect environment, a locality-aware approach with Traffic Director can reduce the networking cost to an optimal level by only sending a negligible amount of requests cross-zone, while still performing equally well as the latency-based approach in terms of latency. However, when a delay or failure is introduced, Traffic Director, in our setup, keeps the same behavior of prioritizing the locality instead of distributing requests to other zones to even out the latency and circumvent the faulty servers. / De flesta online tjänsterna idag är utvecklade med en mikrotjänst arkitektur där varje komponent är distribuerad med många kopior på servrar över hela världen. När en förfrågan går mellan en tjänsts komponenter, är en lastbalanserares roll att dirigera en förfrågan till den minst belastade instansen av målkomonenten. Det existerar många algoritmer som evaluerar olika parametrar och väljer en instanser på det sättet. Ett tillvägagångssätt är att optimera för latens d.v.s. välja den instansen som kommer att ge lägst latens. Detta tillvägagångssätt kommer däremot inte ta den geografiska distributionen av servrar eller när en förfrågan behöver korsa nätverksgränser i åtanke. Att korsa nätverksgränser kommer med en öka kostnad eftersom att förbinda två datacenter är omständigt och dyrt. Därav kommer molntjänstleverantören att ta mer betalt för denna typ av nätverkstrafik än trafik som håller sig inom ett datacenter. Denna studie använde sig därav av Googles Traffic Director, en service mesh som erbjuder lokalitets-medveten lastbalansering som försöker minimera mängden trafik som korsar nätverksgränser, och jämför det med en latens-baserad algorithm kallad Expected Latency Selector. Studie evaluerar hur de två olika tillvägagångsätten presterar sett till kostnad, latens och resiliens. Evalueringen genomfördes genom att sätta upp två testmiljöer där båda algoritmerna kunde köras och relevant data samlades. Detta kördes sedan under tre olika scenarion: ingen störning, slumpmässig fördröjning och en zon där varje förfrågan misslyckas. Resultaten indikerar att in en perfekt miljö kan ett lokalitets-medvetet tillvägagångssätt med Traffic Director reducera nätverkskostnaden till en optimal nivå genom att endast skicka en försumbar mängd förfrågan till andra zoner, och samtidigt prestera ekvivalent med latens-baserade tillvägagångssättet sett till latens. Däremot, när en fördröjning eller misslyckande av förfrågan introduceras kommer Traffic Director att behålla samma beteende av att prioritera lokalitet istället för att distribuera förfrågningar till andra zoner för att jämna ut latensen och kringgå felaktiga servrar.

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In dieser Arbeit wird ein Modell für die Simulation des Verbraucherverhaltens in Haushalten entwickelt. Das Ziel ist die Erstellung von Lastprofilen für den Strom- und Wasserverbrauch. Das Modell wird in einem Programm implementiert. Die Ergebnisse werden anschließend validiert und verschiedene Kenngrößen mit Literaturwerten verglichen. Abschließend wird eine Parameterstudie durchgeführt, um den Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren wie z.B. das Arbeitszeitmodell oder die Feiertagsmodellierung auf Lastprofile zu quantifizieren. Das Modell basiert auf einem Bedürfnismodell aus der Psychologie und ermöglicht den Verzicht auf die Errechnung von Aktivitäts-Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit 2 Einordnung 3 Wissensstand 3.1 Lastprofile 3.1.1 VDEW-Standard-Lastprofile 3.1.2 Referenzlastprofile von Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern für den Einsatz von KWK-Anlagen (VDI 4655) 3.1.3 BDEW-Standardlastprofile Gas 3.1.4 IEA Annex 42 Lastkurven 3.2 Lastprofilgeneratoren 3.2.1 Methoden 3.2.2 Auswahl der Beispiele 3.2.3 Lastprofilgenerator nach Stokes 3.2.4 Lastprofilgenerator nach IEA Annex 42 3.2.5 Lastprofilgenerator nach Jordan 3.2.6 Lastprofilgenerator nach NREL 3.2.7 Lastprofilgenerator nach Walker und Pokoski 3.2.8 Lastprofilgenerator nach Capasso 3.2.9 Lastprofilgenerator nach Widen et al. 3.2.10 Lastprofilgenerator nach Richardson 3.2.11 Lastprofilgenerator nach Metz 3.2.12 Lastprofilgenerator nach Fischer 3.2.13 Zusammenfassung der Lastprofilgeneratoren 3.3 Verhaltenssimulation 3.3.1 Rational Choice Model 3.3.2 Verhaltensmodell nach D. Dörner 3.4 Hausinfrastrukturmodelle 3.4.1 Heizung und Kühlung 3.4.2 Modellierung in TRNSYS 4 Das Modell des bLPG 4.1 Bedürfnismodell 4.2 Modellierung eines einzelnen Haushalts 4.2.1 Desires 4.2.2 Person 4.2.3 Load Types 4.2.4 Devices 4.2.5 Time Profile 4.2.6 Time Limits 4.2.7 Affordances 4.2.8 Berechnungsbeispiel Aktivitätenauswahl 4.2.9 Zusammenfassung der Modellierung eines Haushalts 4.3 Verbesserung der Modellqualität 4.3.1 Locations 4.3.2 Holidays 4.3.3 Geographic Locations 4.3.4 Subaffordances 4.3.5 Temperature Profiles und Date Based Profiles 4.3.6 Vacations 4.3.7 Autonome Geräte 4.4 Houses und Settlements 4.4.1 House Types 4.5 Abstraktion der Geräte 4.6 Abstraktion Haushaltsdefinition 4.7 Elemente für Auswertungen 4.8 Zusammenfassung des Modells des bLPG 5 Implementierung 5.1 Allgemeines 5.2 Historie 5.3 Features 5.4 Struktur 5.5 User Interface 5.6 Database 5.7 CalcController 5.8 Calculation 5.8.1 Aktivitätswahl 5.8.2 Protokollierung 5.8.3 House Infrastructure 5.9 ChartCreator 5.10 SimulationEngine.Exe 5.11 Verwendete Bibliotheken 5.12 Zusammenfassung der Implementierung 6 Modellierung der vordefinierten Haushalte 6.1 Datenbasis und Modellierung 6.2 Vordefininierte Elemente 6.3 Namensschema 6.4 Erfahrungen bei der Erstellung der vordefinierten Haushalte 6.5 Zusammenfassung 7 Validierung 7.1 Einzelner Haushalt 7.1.1 Aktivitäten - Rasterdiagramme 7.1.2 Aktivitäten - Zeit pro Affordanz 7.1.3 Summe des Stromverbrauchs 7.1.4 Verlauf des Lastprofils 7.1.5 Wasserverbrauch 7.1.6 Integration von Photovoltaik 7.1.7 Lichtbedarf 7.1.8 Zusammenfassung CHR03 7.2 Vordefinierte Haushalte 7.2.1 Stromverbrauch 7.2.2 Verhaltensgesteuerter Anteil am Stromverbrauch 7.2.3 Zeitverbrauch der Aktivitäten 7.2.4 Eigenverbrauchsquote mit einer Photovoltaik-Anlage 7.2.5 Jahresdauerlinien 7.3 Validierung einer Siedlung 7.3.1 Gleichzeitigkeitsfaktor des Stromverbrauchs 7.3.2 Vergleich einer Siedlung mit dem H0-Profil 7.4 Fazit 8 Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Ergebnisse 8.1 Integration von Photovoltaik und Batterien 8.2 Parameterstudie 8.2.1 Vergleichskriterien 8.2.2 Einfluss von Brückentagen 8.2.3 Einfluss von Urlaubsreisen 8.2.4 Einfluss des Rentneranteils 8.2.5 Einfluss von Schichtarbeitern 8.2.6 Einfluss von Arbeitslosigkeit 8.2.7 Einfluss der Energieintensitätseinstellung 8.2.8 Einflussgröße Beleuchtung 8.3 Zusammenfassung der Parameterstudie 9 Ausblick 9.1 Verbesserungspotenziale der Implementierung 9.2 Verbesserungspotenziale der Datenbasis 9.3 Zusammenfassung des Ausblicks 10 Zusammenfassung Anhänge Anhang A Website Anhang B LoadProfileGenerator Manual Literaturverzeichnis / In this thesis a model for the simulation of the behaviour of people in residential households is introduced. The goal is to generate load profiles for residential electricity and water consumption. The model is implemented as a Windows program. The results are validated and various metrics are compared with literature values. A parameter study is performed to quantify the influence of various factors such as the working hours or the influence of holidays on the load profile. The model is based on a desire model from the field of psychology and makes it possible to avoid calculating any probabilty distributions.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Ziel der Arbeit 2 Einordnung 3 Wissensstand 3.1 Lastprofile 3.1.1 VDEW-Standard-Lastprofile 3.1.2 Referenzlastprofile von Ein- und Mehrfamilienhäusern für den Einsatz von KWK-Anlagen (VDI 4655) 3.1.3 BDEW-Standardlastprofile Gas 3.1.4 IEA Annex 42 Lastkurven 3.2 Lastprofilgeneratoren 3.2.1 Methoden 3.2.2 Auswahl der Beispiele 3.2.3 Lastprofilgenerator nach Stokes 3.2.4 Lastprofilgenerator nach IEA Annex 42 3.2.5 Lastprofilgenerator nach Jordan 3.2.6 Lastprofilgenerator nach NREL 3.2.7 Lastprofilgenerator nach Walker und Pokoski 3.2.8 Lastprofilgenerator nach Capasso 3.2.9 Lastprofilgenerator nach Widen et al. 3.2.10 Lastprofilgenerator nach Richardson 3.2.11 Lastprofilgenerator nach Metz 3.2.12 Lastprofilgenerator nach Fischer 3.2.13 Zusammenfassung der Lastprofilgeneratoren 3.3 Verhaltenssimulation 3.3.1 Rational Choice Model 3.3.2 Verhaltensmodell nach D. Dörner 3.4 Hausinfrastrukturmodelle 3.4.1 Heizung und Kühlung 3.4.2 Modellierung in TRNSYS 4 Das Modell des bLPG 4.1 Bedürfnismodell 4.2 Modellierung eines einzelnen Haushalts 4.2.1 Desires 4.2.2 Person 4.2.3 Load Types 4.2.4 Devices 4.2.5 Time Profile 4.2.6 Time Limits 4.2.7 Affordances 4.2.8 Berechnungsbeispiel Aktivitätenauswahl 4.2.9 Zusammenfassung der Modellierung eines Haushalts 4.3 Verbesserung der Modellqualität 4.3.1 Locations 4.3.2 Holidays 4.3.3 Geographic Locations 4.3.4 Subaffordances 4.3.5 Temperature Profiles und Date Based Profiles 4.3.6 Vacations 4.3.7 Autonome Geräte 4.4 Houses und Settlements 4.4.1 House Types 4.5 Abstraktion der Geräte 4.6 Abstraktion Haushaltsdefinition 4.7 Elemente für Auswertungen 4.8 Zusammenfassung des Modells des bLPG 5 Implementierung 5.1 Allgemeines 5.2 Historie 5.3 Features 5.4 Struktur 5.5 User Interface 5.6 Database 5.7 CalcController 5.8 Calculation 5.8.1 Aktivitätswahl 5.8.2 Protokollierung 5.8.3 House Infrastructure 5.9 ChartCreator 5.10 SimulationEngine.Exe 5.11 Verwendete Bibliotheken 5.12 Zusammenfassung der Implementierung 6 Modellierung der vordefinierten Haushalte 6.1 Datenbasis und Modellierung 6.2 Vordefininierte Elemente 6.3 Namensschema 6.4 Erfahrungen bei der Erstellung der vordefinierten Haushalte 6.5 Zusammenfassung 7 Validierung 7.1 Einzelner Haushalt 7.1.1 Aktivitäten - Rasterdiagramme 7.1.2 Aktivitäten - Zeit pro Affordanz 7.1.3 Summe des Stromverbrauchs 7.1.4 Verlauf des Lastprofils 7.1.5 Wasserverbrauch 7.1.6 Integration von Photovoltaik 7.1.7 Lichtbedarf 7.1.8 Zusammenfassung CHR03 7.2 Vordefinierte Haushalte 7.2.1 Stromverbrauch 7.2.2 Verhaltensgesteuerter Anteil am Stromverbrauch 7.2.3 Zeitverbrauch der Aktivitäten 7.2.4 Eigenverbrauchsquote mit einer Photovoltaik-Anlage 7.2.5 Jahresdauerlinien 7.3 Validierung einer Siedlung 7.3.1 Gleichzeitigkeitsfaktor des Stromverbrauchs 7.3.2 Vergleich einer Siedlung mit dem H0-Profil 7.4 Fazit 8 Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und Ergebnisse 8.1 Integration von Photovoltaik und Batterien 8.2 Parameterstudie 8.2.1 Vergleichskriterien 8.2.2 Einfluss von Brückentagen 8.2.3 Einfluss von Urlaubsreisen 8.2.4 Einfluss des Rentneranteils 8.2.5 Einfluss von Schichtarbeitern 8.2.6 Einfluss von Arbeitslosigkeit 8.2.7 Einfluss der Energieintensitätseinstellung 8.2.8 Einflussgröße Beleuchtung 8.3 Zusammenfassung der Parameterstudie 9 Ausblick 9.1 Verbesserungspotenziale der Implementierung 9.2 Verbesserungspotenziale der Datenbasis 9.3 Zusammenfassung des Ausblicks 10 Zusammenfassung Anhänge Anhang A Website Anhang B LoadProfileGenerator Manual Literaturverzeichnis

The Swedish energy markets inspectorate (Ei) regulates the Swedish DSOs revenue cap, to ensure reasonable prices, efficiency, and quality of supply towards the end users. In combination with directives from the European Union and Sweden's environmental goal, Ei implemented efficient grid utilization to the DSOs revenue cap in 2016. The efficient grid utilization can be divided into two incentives: load flow and network losses. Criticism regarding the load flow incentive, and the indicator used to calculate it, has been raised from the industry. The purpose of this degree project was to investigate the possibilities of a new indicator that also could be affected by the DSOs actions. The project identified four main indicators to test, weighted load factor, utilization factor, adjusted utilization factor and a utilization factor that incorporates all local production units. The indicators were calculated with data from a regional and local grid, provided by the Swedish DSO Ellevio. Other parameter changes such as peaks and seasonal based calculations were also tested. To see the impact DSOs could have on the indicator, with today's regulations, was detected to be through load shaving and shifting, demand side management (DSM). MATLAB was used to test the impact DSM had on the indicators. Further, a load prediction for the years 2023–2035, based on provided historical data, was executed to test the indicators long-term outcome. The project concluded that the regional grid had little to non-impact on the indicators with DSM whilst the local grid resulted in high increased outcome for most indicators. The project continues to conclude to separate indicators for the regional and local grid, to better represent the two grids characteristic and purpose in Swedish society. The adjusted utilization factor was proposed for the regional grid, due to its non-negative impact from installing renewable energy resources, and the weighted load factor for the local grid due to being highly affected by DSM. Lastly, the project concluded that the indicator needs to be changed and further developed for regional DSOs, for them to have the opportunity to affect it.

South Africa is in the critical process of determining the profile of its power composition for the next 30 years and beyond. From the IRP2010 it seems that too much emphasis is placed on renewable energy, coal and other technologies and too little on nuclear power. In the revision of the IRP2010, the renewable portion of the energy composition has been increased substantially from 11.4 to 17.8GW, where nuclear remains on 9.6GW (DME, 2011). The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare power-generating technologies. The investigation of the different technologies is corroborated through modelling the IRP2010 planned energy mix efficiency, as well as a proposed energy mix. These models will be built using Microsoft Excel. Topics not investigated are socio-economic impacts and politics around nuclear energy in South Africa. The main finding of the research is that nuclear power is the best option for base load energy in order to meet South Africa‟s growing demand for electricity. It has the highest load factor, longest economic life, best safety record, adheres to the Kyoto protocol, uses the least fresh water and is economically competitive. It addresses all the concerns stipulated in the IRP2010 and the technology also offers benefits outside the electricity industry, such as the mining, medical, agriculture and research sectors. This versatile, reliable and powerful technology holds great benefits and has the potential to uplift the quality of life for the whole South African nation. / MSc (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

South Africa is in the critical process of determining the profile of its power composition for the next 30 years and beyond. From the IRP2010 it seems that too much emphasis is placed on renewable energy, coal and other technologies and too little on nuclear power. In the revision of the IRP2010, the renewable portion of the energy composition has been increased substantially from 11.4 to 17.8GW, where nuclear remains on 9.6GW (DME, 2011). The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare power-generating technologies. The investigation of the different technologies is corroborated through modelling the IRP2010 planned energy mix efficiency, as well as a proposed energy mix. These models will be built using Microsoft Excel. Topics not investigated are socio-economic impacts and politics around nuclear energy in South Africa. The main finding of the research is that nuclear power is the best option for base load energy in order to meet South Africa‟s growing demand for electricity. It has the highest load factor, longest economic life, best safety record, adheres to the Kyoto protocol, uses the least fresh water and is economically competitive. It addresses all the concerns stipulated in the IRP2010 and the technology also offers benefits outside the electricity industry, such as the mining, medical, agriculture and research sectors. This versatile, reliable and powerful technology holds great benefits and has the potential to uplift the quality of life for the whole South African nation. / MSc (Nuclear Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Research hypothesis The dependence of maximal and submaximal indices of aerobic fitness and cardio respiratory system function on the type of ergometry will change due to specific impact of slow adaptation of the researched athletes. The functional indices of persons of different athletic fitness and sports specialization responsible for general adaptation of the human body to physical loads should vary less performing different continuously increasing loads or constant physical loads compared to those fitness indices which more depend on the adaptation specificity of trained muscles. The aim of the research was to establish the peculiarities of indices of athletes’ aerobic fitness and cardio respiratory system function in dependence on ergometry and the specificity of slow adaptation. Research objectives: 1. To compare maximal and submaximal values of indices of cardio respiratory system function of swimmers and untrained persons during cycling and arm ergometry. 2. To compare maximal values of indices of cardio respiratory system function of athletes in dependence on ergometry and the specificity of slow adaptation. 3. To compare submaximal values of indices of cardio respiratory system function of athletes in dependence on ergometry and the specificity of slow adaptation. 4. To compare the changes in the indices of cardio respiratory system function of athletes in the transitional phases of different constant physical load in dependence on ergometry and the specificity of... [to full text] / Tyrimo hipotezė. Maksimalių ir submaksimalių aerobinio pajėgumo ir vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių priklausomumas nuo ergometrijos pobūdžio pakis dėl specifinio tiriamų sportininkų lėtos adaptacijos poveikio. Skirtingo treniruotumo ir sportinės specializacijos asmenų organizmo funkcijos rodikliai, atsakingi už bendrąją organizmo adaptaciją fiziniams krūviams, turėtų mažiau skirtis atliekant skirtingo pobūdžio nuosekliai didinamus ar pastovius fizinius krūvius, negu tie pajėgumo rodikliai, kurie labiau priklauso nuo treniruojamų raumenų adaptacijos specifikos. Tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti sportininkų aerobinio pajėgumo ir vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių ypatumus priklausomai nuo ergometrijos ir lėtosios adaptacijos specifikos. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Palyginti plaukikų ir nesportuojančių asmenų maksimalias ir submaksimalias vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių reikšmes įvairaus pobūdžio darbe. 2. Palyginti sportininkų maksimalias vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių reikšmes įvairaus pobūdžio darbe priklausomai nuo ergometrijos ir lėtosios adaptacijos specifikos. 3. Palyginti sportininkų submaksimalias vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių reikšmes įvairaus pobūdžio darbe priklausomai nuo ergometrijos ir lėtosios adaptacijos specifikos. 4. Palyginti sportininkų vegetacinių sistemų funkcijos rodiklių kaitą pereinamosiose pastovaus intensyvumo įvairaus pobūdžio darbo fazėse priklausomai nuo ergometrijos ir lėtosios adaptacijos specifikos. Tyrimo rezultatų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading are vulnerable to collapse and fragmentation. The objective of this thesis is to conduct experimental and analytical research for developing a blast retrofit methodology that utilizes polyurea. A total of four unreinforced masonry walls were constructed and tested under various shock tube induced blast pressures at the University of Ottawa Shock Tube Testing Facility. Two of the retrofitted walls had surface-sprayed polyurea. The results indicate that the use of polyurea effectively controlled fragmentation while significantly increased the load capacity and stiffness of masonry walls. Polyurea proved to be an excellent retrofit material for dissipating blast induced energy by providing ductility to the system and changing the failure mode from brittle to ductile. Single degree of freedom (SDOF) dynamic analyses were conducted as part of the analytical investigation. The results show that the analytical model provides reasonably accurate predictions of the specimen response.

Volvo Construction Equipment is highly regarded for robust products, but with an increasing competition in their market, development of the product portfolio is more important than ever. One step being carried out is to reduce losses in powertrains and increase the fuel efficiency for solutions such as articulated haulers and wheel loaders. This would eventually lower the fuel costs and emissions for the end customer. With this development, Volvo CE could strengthen their position in the market while also contributing to reducing the construction industry's environmental impact. By investigating the front bogie axle of the recently introduced hauler, Volvo A60H, important information about possible reductions and the distribution of the current losses were found. The investigation focused on a front bogie axle, but some of the results are applicable for other applications such as wheel loaders as well, since a lot of the technology in the axles are similar. A conceptual study was performed where completely new ideas were generated, such as implementing a dry sump system in the axle, as well as ideas for improving the subcomponents currently found in the axle. Two cases were presented for the evaluation of concepts, one with a fully loaded dump body and low speeds, and one with an unloaded dump body and a wider speed interval. The concepts were later evaluated using calculation tools such as MATLAB and a Simulink-model was created for the losses in the axle. When combining concepts that reduces load dependent losses, a potential reduction of 64% of the axle's total losses was achieved for the case with a full dump body. The largest improvement found for the load independent losses was 8% with an unloaded hauler and the highest speed investigated, 50 km/h. A dry sump system improves the axle's efficiency with 45% in optimal working conditions, but was found to lower the efficiency at other conditions. Room for improvement of axle losses currently exists both for load dependent and load independent losses. The evaluation performed pointed towards the load dependent losses being the largest influence on the total losses, even with an unloaded dump body and high speeds. This is an interesting observation since a lot of work at Volvo CE has revolved around reducing the load independent losses since these are easier to affect with different lubrication levels and rotational speeds. A test methodology for load dependent losses should be implemented in order to validate the results of this thesis work, and also to aid further development at Volvo CE.