Dissertation solves the problem of the origin of the mandible from collection of Moravian Museum in Brno. Publications of authors working in the location Předmostí u Přerova since the year 1884 have been used to achieve this goal. Simultaneously records in the incremental books of MZM in Brno have been researched, unfortunately without success. Therefore research of the biological affinity of the mandible P30 with others gravettiens discovery has been accepted as well as variability of recent humans. For study we used methods of geometric morphometrics, which allows us better clarify shape discrepancies in comparison with standard analytic methods. Comparison of shape variability of the mandible we used 91 cranial CT exposures of the recent Czech population. We placed 42 landmarks to segmented 3D models of the mandible and we made a PCA analysis. To extend the argument for justifiability to incorporate studied sample among discoveries from Předmostí u Přerova we created file of linear proportions of the tooth crown based on available publications and our own measuring. Morphological study, shape analysis of the mandible and dimension of the teeth leads us to results that the mandible P30 in our study can really belong to the Gravettien Age. Key words: Mandible, Molars, Předmostí u Přerova,...

Evaluar la dimensión antero- posterior (A-P)/medio-lateral (M–L), y la morfología del cóndilo mandibular en pacientes de 18 a 65 años con patrón esquelético Clase I en tomografías computarizadas Cone Beam. Material y Métodos: 71 tomografías fueron evaluadas mediante el software RealScan 2.0. La dimensión fue determinada por los puntos A (más anterior en el plano sagital), P (más posterior en el plano sagital), M (más interno en el plano coronal), L (más externo en plano coronal). Se evaluó la morfología del cóndilo en dos planos coronal y sagital, clasificándose en: redonda, aplanada, convexa y mixta. La dimensión del cóndilo fue analizada por estadística descriptiva y la morfología mediante distribución de frecuencias. Para el análisis bivariado, se aplicó la prueba de t de Student. Resultado: Se obtuvieron las medidas del diámetro A-P del cóndilo derecho (CD) (8,72mm ± 1,25mm) y el izquierdo (CI) (8,50mm ± 1,50mm), el diámetro M-L del CD (19,24mm ± 2,03mm) y el CI (18,97mm ± 1,87mm). Hubo diferencias significativas en la dimensión M-L del CI del sexo masculino en comparación al femenino (p=0.002). La morfología más prevalente del CD (35,21) y CI (23,94) en plano coronal fue de tipo redonda. Conclusión: La dimensión A-P del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo es similar en ambos sexos; sin embargo, existen diferencias en la dimensión M-L del cóndilo izquierdo del sexo masculino. La morfología del cóndilo derecho e izquierdo más prevalente fue la redonda en plano sagital a excepción del plano coronal. / To evaluate the anterior-posterior (A-P)/medial-lateral (M-L) dimension, and morphology of the mandibular condyle in patients aged 18 to 65 years with Class I skeletal pattern on Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans (CBCTs). Materials and Methods: Seventy one CBCTs were evaluated using RealScan 2.0 software. The dimension was determined by points A (most anterior in the sagittal plane), P (most posterior in the sagittal plane), M (most interior in the coronal plane), L (most exterior in the coronal plane). The morphology of the condyle was evaluated in two coronal and sagittal planes, being classified as: round, flat, convex or mixed. The size of the condyle was analyzed by descriptive statistics and the morphology by frequency distribution. For the bivariate analysis, the Student’s t-test was applied. Results: Measurements were obtained for the A-P diameter of the right condyle (RC) (8.72mm ± 1.25mm) and the left condylar (LC) (8.50mm ± 1.50mm), the M-L diameter of the RC (19.24mm ± 2.03mm) and the LC (18.97mm ± 1.87mm). There were significant differences in the male M-L dimension of the LC compared to the female (p=0.002). The most prevalent morphology of RC (35.21) and IQ (23.94) in the coronal plane was round.. Conclusion: The A-P dimension of the right and left condyle is similar in both genders; however, there are differences in the M-L dimension of the left male condyle. The most prevalent morphology of the right and left condyle was round in the sagittal plane with the exception of the coronal plane. / Revisión por pares

A thesis submitted to the College of Dental Medicine of Nova Southeastern University of the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the changes in the inclination of mandibular incisors and their alveolar bone dimensions between pre- and post- non-extraction orthodontic treatment, measured using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The study measured the association of the pre- and post- labial and lingual bone measurements with the pre- and post- treatment incisor inclination by comparing the incisor-mandibular plane angle (IMPA). Background: Teeth move through bone by extensive osseous adaptation within the alveolar process. It is a common belief in orthodontics that alveolar bone follows tooth movement. As a tooth moves, bone will remodel around the alveolar socket usually in a 1:1 ratio of bone resorption to bone apposition. However, conflicting evidence in the orthodontic literature questions whether the anterior alveolar bone is able to remodel and follow the direction and quantity of tooth movement. Many studies have shown that the width of the alveolar bone and the lingual and labial cortical plates set limitations on how much anterior tooth movement can be accomplished without negative effects such as periodontal problems, root resorption or fenestrations. Methods: Pre- and post- non-extraction orthodontic treatment CBCT scans of twenty Class I molar patients with mild to moderate crowding were used to observe the buccal and lingual width and incisor inclination of each of the patient's four mandibular incisors. The labial and lingual alveolar bone dimensions were measured pre-treatment and post-treatment at 6 mm apical to the CEJ and at the apex of each tooth. The inclination of the incisors (using IMPA) of both time points was also documented. Results: A Fisher's exact test and a Cramer's V test were performed. The results showed statistical significance between the change in bone of the incisors and the change in their inclination at the buccal 6mm, buccal apex, lingual 6mm and lingual apex. There was also statistical significance found between the change in bone between the buccal apex and lingual apex of the LR1, LR2, LL1, and LL2. Conclusion: Our results showed that the change in bone of the lower incisors is correlated to the change in their inclination. This suggests that incisors were tipped within the confines of the mandibular anterior alveolar process, or the alveolar process bent and remodeled around the incisors in the same direction of tooth movement or a combination of the two.

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a beneficial effect on the prevalence of white spot lesions (WSL) in the mandibular and maxillary teeth when the teeth in the maxilla are treated with fluoride varnish compared to a placebo group. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference between the test and placebo group in development of WSL. Material and Method: 182 patients from three clinics in Scania county (Sweden) undergoing treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances were selected to participate, in the end 149 patients were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups, one receiving a varnish of 7700 ppm fluoride (Fluor Protector S, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and one a placebo varnish. Pre- and post-treatment photos were taken and WSL was graded according to Gorelick index by two independent observers.  Results: No significant difference could be seen between the test and placebo group, neither on surface nor individual level. The results were based on both t-test and percentual calculations.  Conclusion: The null hypothesis could be accepted since no significant difference could be seen between the test or placebo group. Due to the loss of a number of patients, mainly because of loss in the original study and new exclusion criteria set by the authors, the results may have been conflicted. More research is therefore needed to draw any conclusions. / Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns en effekt på förekomsten av white spot lesions (WSL) hos under- och överkäkens tänder när tänderna i överkäken behandlas med fluoridvarnish. Nollhypotesen sattes till att det inte finns någon skillnad mellan test- och placebogruppen i prevalens av WSL. Material och metod: Patienter från tre olika kliniker i Skåne deltog i studien, 149 av 182 deltagare fullföljde studien. Patienterna delades in i två grupper, en som fick ett fluoridvarnish med 7700 ppm fluorid (Fluor Protector S, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) och en med placebovarnish. Kliniska foton togs innan samt efter behandling med fast apparatur som graderades och bedömdes enligt Gorelick-skalan för WSL av två oberoende observatörer. Resultat: Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan testgruppen och placebogruppen varken på individ- eller ytnivå. Resultatet baserades på både t-test och procentberäkningar. Slutsats: Nollhypotesen accepterades då ingen signifikant skillnad fanns mellan test- och placebogrupp. På grund av bortfall av patienter, både i originalstudien men även med anledning av exklusionskriterier satta för denna studie, kan resultatet ha påverkats. Mer forskning behövs därför för att dra några slutsatser.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / It has been proposed that the accumulation of microdamage in bone of aging individuals may play a causative and synergistic role in increased fracture incidence. If microdamage production were somehow increased, or reparative remodeling was somehow decreased, the scales may tip towards pathologic fracture. It is known that bisphosphonates increase microdamage accumulation in ribs, lumbar vertebrae, and ilium. The specific aim of this study was to histomorphometrically quantify the microdamage effect of the bisphosphonates alendronate and risedronate therapy on alveolar bone surrounding the first mandibular molar in the dog to determine if this response differs from that in non-bisphosphonate treated dogs. Thirty-four dogs were randomly assigned in two test, and one control groups. Test groups received pharmacologically equivalent doses of either alendronate (11 dogs) or risedronate (11 dogs). The control group (12 dogs) received subcutaneous injections of saline solution. The mandibular right first molar was analyzed for this study. Histomorphometric measurements were made using a x150 Nikon Optiphot-2 fluorescence microscope equipped with brightfield sources (Nikon, Inc.) using the semi-automatic Bioqant digitizing system (R & M Biometrics). There was no significant differences in cortical bone area across treatment groups for any of the regions, nor were any expected. Overall, there was almost twice as much crotical bone found in the Middle (Combined) regions compared with the Coronal (Combined) regions. The precent cortical area was universally high across all treatment groups averaging in the mid-90% range. The Apical region averaged 96.05%, followed by the Coronal region with 95.04% and the Middle region with 93.80%. The number of labeled osteons per cortical area in the alendronate and risedronate groups both tended to be lower relative to the control group (0.92/mm2 and 0.93/mm2 vs. 1.26mm2, respectively), but were not significantly different. On average, the coronal regions had nearly three times the LOn/CtAr as the Middle and Apical regions (1.90/mm2 vs. 0.63/mm2 and 0.57/mm2 respectively). Only in one region was MAR statistically higher in the Coronal (1mm) region, relative to all other regions compared. The Middle region demonstrated a low MAR. The WTh was significantly higher in the risedronate and alendronate groups than that of the control group for the Coronal region. This illustrates that with respect to the bisphosphonates, there is more formation and less resorption. In one region of a significantly lower WTh for the alendronate group relative to the risedronate group was noted. This implies a more potent inhibition in the risedronate treated groups. The WTh for the entire Coronal was statistically lower than every Middle measurement, but was not different than observed in the Apical region. This would tend to signify that in the Coronal, the turnover rate is more of a rapid nature, and therefore the osteons are not as large, while in the Apical, there were so many missing values due to the low rate of turnover, the numbers are skewed to the low end. In the Coronal (Combined) region, the risedronate (108.79 days) group exhibiting a significantly higher FP than the alendronate (62.88 days) and the control (56.13 days) groups. This would imply an increased potency of risedronate over alendronate. Regionally, the FP was significantly lower in the Coronal, relative to Middle or Apical. This is consistent with a more rapid turnover in the Coronal regions observed earlier. The Acf for alendronate (6.41/mm2 per day) and risedronate (5.69/mm2 per day) both tended to be lower by approximately 40% when compared with the control group (10.11/mm2 per day). Overall, the Acf for the Coronal region was 14.15/mm2 per day vs. 2.98/mm2 per day for the Middle and 9.13/mm2 per day for the Apical regions. This shows a significantly increased amount of turnover events taking place not just in the Coronal region, but in the region immediately adjacent to the tooth in the Coronal region. In no region did bone formation differ significantly when treated with bisphosphonates. The Coronal (1mm) region was statistically greater than every region it was measured against, individual and combined. Based on this observation, the second hypothesis that within the first molar alveolar site, bisphosphonate therapy with alendronate, and risedronate would inhibit remodeling more in the coronal region than in the middle and apical region, is rejected. When measuring microdamage accumulation (CrDn), only in the Middle (1mm) region was a significant difference across treatment groups notes. There were no other statistical differences across groups for any other regions. This observation demonstrates that bisphosphonate treatment does not increase the accumulation of microcracks in the dentate alveolar bone. Therefore, the first hypothesis that within the dentate mandible, bisphosphonate therapy with alendronate and risedronate would increase microdamage accumulation around the first molar compound to control, is rejected. When CrDn was compared by region, significant differences were noted. As expected, the Coronal (1mm) region demonstrated a significantly increased CrDN compared with the Apical and Middle regions. Coupled with the information that the BFR is increased in the Coronal and Middle (1-3mm) regions would argue for a reparative function of remodeling in the Coronal and outer Middle regions, which is in response to microdamage accumulation. Significant differences were observed in the Middle (1mm) and Middle (Combined) regions, with the alendronate group demonstrating an increased CrSDn relative to control. There was no statistical difference across treatment groups for any of the regions studied. When compared by regions, the Coronal (1mm) was statistically higher than all regions it was measured against. The Middle regions demonstrated elevated CrSDn relative to the apical region, which displayed the lowest CrSDn values of all regions. One final measure of microdamage is mean crack length. There were no statistically significant differences across any groups for any regions. The only significant differences, when observed across regions, was in reference to the Middle (1mm) region, which was significantly larger than the Coronal (1mm), Coronal (Combined), and the Middle (1-3mm) region. Otherwise, there is no observable trend, and no significant difference between regions. In conclusion, this study found that there was no an increase in microdamage in the dentate mandible of the dogs with bisphosphonate therapy, thereby rejecting the first hypothesis. While there were isolated regions of remodeling inhibition, the hypothesis that bisphosphonate therapy would inhibit remodeling more in the coronal region than in the middle and apical region is rejected. Therefore, based on the findings of this study, we conclude that bisphosphonates do inhibit remodeling in the dentate alveolus generally, but inhibition is not localized to any particular region. Finally, the administration of bisphosphonates do not result in an increase in microdamage accumulation in the dentate alveolus of dogs.

No description available.

Three-dimensional analysis of mandibular growth provides the potential for pedodontists, orthodontists and surgeons to prescribe treatment that works in harmony with the individual growth of the patient. Despite efforts by 3D pioneers, the visualization of growth and development remains reminiscent of the landmark-based cephalometric analyses used in two-dimensional studies. The objective of this study was to identify 3D topographical changes of the mandible during growth and development of adolescent orthodontic patients. Nine pairs of pre- and post-orthodontic cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were used to generate mandibular surfaces. Surfaces were superimposed on trabecular bone in the anterior mandible using a mutual information algorithm, and topographical changes were visualized and quantified. The intra- and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients for surface generation (0.94 and 0.93, respectively) and superimposition (0.96 and 0.82, respectively) demonstrate the reliability of the techniques. The findings of this study support the theories of bone remodeling reported in histological, implant-based, and landmark studies of mandibular growth. / Oral Biology

No / Archaeological work in advance of construction at a site on the edge of York, UK, yielded human remains of prehistoric to Romano-British date. Amongst these was a mandible and cranium, the intra-cranial space of which contained shrunken but macroscopically recognizable remains of a brain. Although the distinctive surface morphology of the organ is preserved, little recognizable brain histology survives. Though rare, the survival of brain tissue in otherwise skeletalised human remains from wet burial environments is not unique. A survey of the literature shows that similar brain masses have been previously reported in diverse circumstances. We argue for a greater awareness of these brain masses and for more attention to be paid to their detection and identification in order to improve the reporting rate and to allow a more comprehensive study of this rare archaeological survival.

Comprendre quels mécanismes contrôlent la variabilité phénotypique et comment ces mécanismes influencent et contraignent la divergence interspécifique est un objectif important en biologie de l'Evolution. Dans cette thèse, nous avons essayé d'étudier comment l'histoire phylogénétique, la génétique, l'environnement, et le développement influencent l'évolution d'une structure morphologique complexe, en utilisant la mandibule de la souris domestique comme modèle.Afin d'étudier les processus qui contrôlent la variation phénotypique, des analyses de génétique quantitative ont été réalisées sur un pedigree obtenu à partir des individus sauvages d'une population de la souris domestique. Les descendants ont été divisés en deux, l'un suit un régime alimentaire dur et l'autre un régime alimentaire mou, pour que l'effet de la plasticité phénotypique puisse être considérée. On montre que le développement et les contraintes épigénétiques pourraient changer l'architecture génétique des traits morphologiques dans une population. En outre, les résultats suggèrent que la plasticité phénotypique pourrait être adaptative dans certaines conditions environnementales, mais pas dans d'autres.Ensuite, on a utilisé la mandibule de la souris domestique pour étudier les patrons de l'évolution morphologique des populations de cette espèce dans un contexte phylogéographique. Les résultats suggèrent que la divergence morphologique chez la souris domestique a suivi la différenciation génétique. On a aussi trouvé que la variation morphologique a augmenté au cours de l'expansion des sous-espèces sans qu'une convergence significative n'accompagne l'évolution vers le commensalisme avec l'homme. Finalement on a déterminé si l'hypothèse d'évolution de la mandibule sous l'effet de la dérive génétique peut expliquer la diversification morphologique au cours de la divergence et d'expansion de la souris domestique. Les résultats rejettent cette hypothèse et plaident en faveur d'autres forces évolutives telles que la sélection.Nos résultats, dans leur ensemble, montre une origine multifactorielle de la variation et permettent de mieux comprendre la diversification morphologique des populations et des sous-espèces de la souris domestique. / A major goal of evolutionary biology is to understand which mechanisms monitor phenotypic variation and how this variation can generate species diversity. In this thesis we tried to investigate how phylogenetic, genetic, environmental, and development influence the evolution of a complex morphological structure using house mouse mandible as a model.In order to study the processes monitoring phenotypic variation, quantitative genetic analyses were performed on a pedigree of wild captured specimens of house mouse. The progenies were divided into two groups followed two different diets (soft and hard), so that the effect of phenotypic plasticity can be regarded. We show that developmental and epigenetic factors could influence the genetic architecture of morphological traits in a population. Moreover, the results suggest that phenotypic plasticity might be adaptive in some environmental conditions but not in the others.We then used the house mouse mandible in order to study the patterns of morphologic evolution of the populations of this species in a phylogeographic context. Our results show that morphological divergence in the house mouse was followed the genetic differentiation. We also found that morphological variation was increased during the expansion of house mouse subspecies without a significant convergence due to commensalism with human. Finally, we investigated whether the hypothesis of genetic drift could explain the morphological diversification during the divergence and expansion of the house mouse. The results reject this hypothesis and argue for the interfering of other evolutionary forces like selection.Our results, all in all, show a multifactorial origin for phenotypic variation and permit us to better understand the morphological divergence of the population of the subspecies of house mouse.

Rebordos residuais atróficos em região posterior da mandíbula são um desafio clínico para a instalação de implantes. Dentre as várias técnicas utilizadas para resolver este desafio, o enxerto onlay de osso autógeno - geralmente coletado da crista ilíaca -, enxertos interposicionais, distração óssea e lateralização do nervo alveolar inferior são os mais executados. Entretanto, referidas técnicas expuseram desvantagens, tais como a morbidade, aumento do tempo de cirurgia e custos. Como alternativa, o uso de enxerto alógeno pode ser considerado, uma vez que existem inúmeras vantagens, como na redução do tempo cirúrgico, grande disponibilidade óssea e diminuição significativa da morbidade. O presente estudo trata da avaliação de forma clínica, histológica e histomorfométrica de enxerto de osso alógeno fresco congelado no aumento ósseo da região posterior mandibular, permitindo, dessa forma, a instalação de implantes dentários. Dezesseis hemi-mandíbulas de 12 pacientes (4 pacientes tratados bilateralmente) demonstrando atrofia alveolar crítica eram tridimensionalmente reconstruídas por meio de enxertos alógenos de blocos ósseos frescos congelados córtico-medulares provenientes da epífise distal do fêmur. Um total de 30 blocos foram fixados com parafusos de titânio de 1,5mm, cobertos com osso bovino mineral e membrana de colágeno. Após seis meses, procedeu-se a instalação dos implantes e biópsias ósseas, colhidas através de trefinas e enviadas para análise histológica e histomorfométrica . Na sequência incluíram-se amostras de osso em parafina, preparadas com hematoxilina e eosina ou, em resina para usar uma técnica de corte de trefinas, com vermelho de alizarina e coloração com azul de Stevenel. Realizaram-se tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico logo após o procedimento de enxerto ósseo e no pós-operatório de 6 meses, anteriormente à colocação do implante (6 meses após a enxertia). Os implantes dentários foram observados até a reabilitação protética. Foram utilizados os testes estatísticos de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Tukey. Distribuiram-se os blocos entre 9 pacientes do sexo feminino e três do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 64 anos (média de 50,9 ± 8,3 anos). Cada hemi-mandíbula recebeu de 1 a 3 blocos (1,9 ± 0,7 blocos), sob anestesia local. O ganho ósseo em espessura pós operatória imediata foi de 6,3 ±1,4 mm e tardia de 4,5 ± 1,3mm, em altura o ganho pós operatório imediato foi de 4,8 ± 1.6mm e tardio de 2,6mm ± 2mm. Quatro blocos demonstraram pequena deiscência da ferida 15-21 dias após a cirurgia, tratados com a remoção de necrose dos tecidos moles seguido de terapia tópica com bochecho de clorexidina 0,12% e clorexidina gel 2% duas vezes ao dia, até o fechamento total. Um total de 30 implantes foi instalado com acompanhamento de 15 à 28 meses (19,8 ± 4 meses). No decorrer do primeiro ano perdeu-se apenas um implante. A taxa de sobrevivência dos implantes foi de 96,66%. Por sua vez, exames de histologia exibiram osso neoformado em contato com o osso residual do enxerto alógeno, e tecido conjuntivo. Não houveram evidências de infiltrado inflamatório. A análise histomorfométrica mostrou 18,9 ± 8,1 % de osso neoformado, 32,5 ± 14,8% de enxerto ósseo alógeno residual e 48,6 ± 14,9% de tecido conjuntivo. Os enxertos alógenos frescos congelados em blocos se comportaram como um arcabouço para osteocondução e permitiram neoformação óssea adequada. Ele pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para a reconstrução de rebordos residuais mandíbulares atróficos na região posterior, permitindo a instalação de implantes e reabilitação protética funcional. / Residual bone ridge atrophy in the posterior mandible is a clinical challenge for dental implants placement. Among several techniques used to solve this situation, onlay autogenous bone graft usually harvested from the iliac crest, interposicional grafts, bone distraction and nerve lateralization are the most performed. However these techniques present some disadvantages such as morbidity, increased surgical time and costs. As an alternative, the use of allograft can be considered. There are advantages such as reduction of surgical time, lots quantity of bone and decreased morbidity. The aim of present the study was to evaluate clinical, histological an histomorphometrical aspects of fresh frozen bone allograft used to augment atrophic posterior mandible bone ridges to allow placement of dental implants. Sixteen hemi-mandibles of 12 patients (4 patients treated bilaterally) presenting critical alveolar atrophy were three-dimensionally reconstructed using cortico-cancellous fresh frozen allograft bone blocks deriving from distal femoral head. A total of 30 blocks were fixed with titanium 1.5mm screws and covered with particulate bovine bone mineral and collagen membrane. After six months, implants were inserted and bone biopsies were harvested and sent for histological and histomorphometric analysis. Bone samples were either embedded in paraffin, prepared for hematoxylin and eosin staining procedure or in resin to use a sawing and grinding technique, prepared for alizarin red and Stevenel\'s blue staining. Computed cone beam tomography scans were taken both at immediate postoperative bone grafting and previously to implant placement (6 months after grafting). Dental implants were observed after prosthetic rehabilitation. Kruskal-Wallis and post test Tukey statistical tests were used. Thirty blocks were distributed between 9 female and 3 male patients, aged between 37 and 64 years (mean 50.9 ± 8.3 years). Each hemi-mandibles received 1 to 3 blocks (1,9 ± 0,7 blocks) under local anesthesia. The immediate postoperative thickness bone gain s was 6.3 ± 1.4 mm and of 4.5 ± 1.3 mm 6 months after grafting. Post-operative bone height gain was 4.8 ± 1.6 mm and 2.6 ± 2 mm at 6 months. Four blocks presented small wound dehiscence 15 to 21 days after surgery, treated with necrotic soft tissue removal followed by chlorhexidine 0.12% irrigation, and local gel 2% twice a until total closure. A total of 30 implants were installed with follow-up from 15 to 28 months (mean 19,8 ± 4 months) . One implant was lost within the first year. Implant survival rate was 96.66%. Histology demonstrates newly formed vital bone in contact to residual acellular allograft bone, and connective tissue. There was no evidence of inflammatory infiltrate. The histomorphometric analysis showed 18,9 ± 8,1 % of newly formed bone, 32,5 ± 14,8 % allograft residual bone and 48,6 ± 14,9 % of connective tissue. The fresh frozen allografts behaved as a scaffold for osseoconductivity and allowed proper bone formation. It can be considered a viable alternative for reconstruction of atrophied mandible in the posterior region, allowing the installation of implants and functional loading