The purpose of this paper is to use the model revised by Ferris et al. (2002) to study the the Effect of personal positive affect¡Bpersonal negative affect¡Borganizational formalization and organizational centralization on perceptions of organizational politics by SPSS 15.0 for windows and hierachical linear model( HLM). The sample consisted of 1890 employee selected from 41 organizations covering 9 industrial sectors in Taiwan. The data was analyzed by statistical methods are descriptive static, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and HLM analysis. For SPSS analysis,the major findings of this study as fallow: 1. perceptions of organizational politics were found have significant relevant with personal positive affect, personal negative affect and organizational centralization 2. perceptions of organizational politics were found have no significant relevant with organizational formalization. For HLM analysis,the major findings of this study as fallow: 1.Personal positive affect had a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 2.Personal negative affect had a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 3.Organizational centralization had a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 4.Organizational formalization had no significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 5.Organizational centralization had moderate effect on the relationship between personal negative and perceptions of organizational politics. 6.Organizational centralization had no moderate effect on the relationship between personal positive and perceptions of organizational politics. 7.Organizational formalization had no moderate effect on the relationship between personal negative and perceptions of organizational politics. 8.Organizational formalization had no moderate effect on the relationship between personal positive and perceptions of organizational politics.

The purpose of this investigation is based on the revision model proposed by Ferris et al.(2002) , the discussion relates to the influence of perceptions of organization politics on job performance and on organizational withdrawal and other issues of employees. It also aims to discuss variables for harmonization of organic politics and results using personality as moderation parameter. It takes 40 organizations in Taiwan as the research object. 2,133 copies of questionnaire have been issued and 1,940 copies have been taken back, the returns-ratio reaches 91.0%. After rejecting 50 invalid copies, the effective volume is 1,890, and effective returns-ratio is 88.6%.The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, item analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis ,correlation analysis, regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The major results of this study are as fallowing: 1. Perceptions of organizational politics has a significant effect on job performance . 2. Perceptions of organizational politics has a significant effect on organizational withdrawal . 3.Locus of control has a moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and job performance . 4. Type A personality has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and job performance . 5.Generalized self-efficacy has a moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and job performance . 6. Task self-efficacy has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and job performance . 7. Locus of control has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational withdrawal . 8. Type A personality has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational withdrawal . 9. Generalized self-efficacy has a moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational withdrawal . 10. Task self-efficacy has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational withdrawal .

The purpose of this investigation is based on the revision model proposed by Ferris et al.(2002) , the discussion relates to the influence of perceptions of organization politics on Organizational Cynicism and on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. The sample consisted of 1890 employee selected from 40 organizations covering 9 industrial sectors in Taiwan. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, item analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. The major results of this study are as fallowing: 1. Perceptions of organizational politics has a significant effect on organizational cynicism. 2. Perceptions of organizational politics has a significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior. 3. Understanding has a moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational cynicism. 4. Understanding has a moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational citizenship behavior. 5. Perceived Control has no moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational cynicism. 6. Perceived Control has moderate effect on the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and organizational citizenship behavior.

This study is based on the fundamentals of Perceptions of Organizational Politics¡]POP¡^proposed by Ferris, Adams, Kolodinsky, Hochwarter & Ammeter¡]2002¡^. We use the Hierarchical Linear Modeling to verify the relationship between the personal and job/work environment factors and POP. The personal factors include positive and negative affectivities, and job/work environment factors include accountability and feedback. The results showed a significant relationship between the affectivities of employees and POP. The positive affectivity was in a negative correlation with the POP while the positive affectivity was in a positive correlation. The job/work environment had a good relationship with POP as well. The job feedback showed a negative correlation POP while job accountability showed a positive correlation. However, the current study showed that the relationship between employees' affectivity and POP was not influenced by the job feedback and job accountability.

The primary objective of this study was to determine the role of the host community in the marketing of arts festivals with reference to the Grahamstown National Arts Festival. This goal was achieved firstly by analysing the relationship between the events industry and the community. Secondly, a literature study was conducted to explore the role of the community in tourism marketing. Thirdly, a survey was done to determine the perceptions of the community in terms of the marketing of the Festival as well as the social impact thereof. From previous studies it was found that the local community can be seen as a group of people of different gender, race, age and different race and social groups living together in a certain geographic area. The local community is the main suppliers of an event; they provide many of the businesses, public places and hospitality services used by tourists and visitors at an event. Staff, volunteers and many other resources come from the local community. The attitude of the local community towards the Festival is proven to be important. Positive attitudes are associated with economic and social benefits gained from the event. The attitude of the local community can influence their behaviour towards tourists as well as their message spread concerning the event, through word-of-mouth communication. They can influence the buying behaviour of tourists and visitors. Research was undertaking at Grahamstown National Arts Festival to determine the perceptions and attitudes of the local community towards the Festival and the marketing thereof. This was determined by means of a questionnaire as adopted from Fredline, Jago and Deery. It was distributed among the local community according to a stratified random sampling procedure. A total of 265 questionnaires were completed by residents. Firstly, the data was used to compile tables and graphs with a view to interpret the descriptive data: demographic information as well as perceptions and attitudes of the local community towards the Festival and the marketing thereof. It was found that the Festival has a positive impact on their personal lives as well as on the community as a whole. Positive and negative social impacts were identified, which indicates that the community is aware of the impacts: positive, including the range of things to do in Grahamstown has improved (80%), the number of people in the area has increased (80%) and there are more opportunities to meet new people (80%). The highest rated negative social impacts include the fact that the availability of parking has decreased (79%), that the public money spent on the Festival would be better spent on other things (43%) and that ordinary residents get no say in the planning and management of the Festival (50%). In terms of the marketing, the local community markets the Festival verbally by telling friends and family about it and also by attending the Festival themselves. However, the local community feels that they should be more involved in the planning and marketing of the Festival. Secondly, a factor analysis was performed with a view to synthesise the large amount of data concerning the perceptions and marketing of the Festival in smaller, more descriptive factors. These factors were used to determine the role of the community in the marketing of the Festival. The factor analysis yielded a 2-factor solution and the factors were labelled: Factor 1: Verbal marketing of the Festival; Factor 2: Action marketing of the Festival. Thirdly, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to explore the impact of the variables: age, gender, race, income, level of education, attitudes towards continuation of the Festival, attendance of the current festival, attendance of previous festivals, level of interest in the Festival, length of stay in Grahamstown, attitudes towards living in Grahamstown on the dimensions Verbal and Active marketing, as determined in the factor analysis. It was found that a medium effect exists between the middle-aged group and the older-age group on the Verbal marketing dimension. A medium effect also exists between the black and Asian respondents on the dimension Verbal marketing. There is a large effect between attendance of the Festival and Verbal marketing but a medium effect on the dimension Action marketing. A large effect was determined between avid fans and those that are not interested but attend occasionally, between avid fans and those who have no interest in the Festival, between those that are interested and attend some aspects of the Festival and those that are not interested but attend, those that are interested and attend and those that are not interested, on the Verbal marketing dimension. A medium effect was discovered between avid fans of the Festival and those that attended some of the aspects of the Festival, and those that are not interested but attend some aspects, and those that are not interested at all, on the Verbal marketing dimension. On the Verbal marketing dimension a medium effect was determined between the following: A medium effect was determined between avid fans of the Festival and those that attended some of the aspects of the Festival, avid fans and those that are not interested but attend occasionally, those that are interested and attend and those that are not interested, on the Action marketing dimension. This study contributes to the information that already exists concerning the role of the community in the marketing of arts festivals and on marketing communication research / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Background: Previous researchers have identified perceptions and practices as key barriers to women's advancement opportunities. Moreover, the region of Umeå in Sweden has been experiencing a low representation of female managers, and the manufacturing industry is male-dominated throughout the country. Management perceptions of female managers could be categorized in four different perspectives and these were used after some modification, by adding other, relevant theories from the field of women in management. Organizational practices had shown to be crucial in enforcing gender equality in organizations, and for this study, internal and external recruitment, succession planning and training and development were explored. The intention was to explore how organizational practices had been influenced by management perceptions of female managers, by looking for indicators within these.Purpose: To explore how management, in general, perceive female managers, and how these perceptions might influence organizational practices.Research questions: How do management of several manufacturing companies in the Umeå region perceive female middle managers? and Do these perceptions affect the organizational practices? If so, how?Key concepts:Management perceptions: Subjective constructions of human behavior, more specifically, management attitudes and beliefs towards female middle managers.Middle manager: Someone who deals directly with employees and is in charge of at least one subordinate level and reports to a top-level manager.Organizational practices: Strategic activities in a company.Methodology: This exploratory study was conducted with a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews. Primary data was collected from six different companies in the Umeå Region and secondary data consisted of scientific articles.Findings and conclusions: The perceptions of female middle managers held by management at manufacturing companies in the Umeå Region did influence the organizational practices. In general, all had positive perceptions of women in terms of the economic benefits that they could bring to the companies. In addition, women’s opportunities in the manufacturing companies were influenced by management perceptions of whether women were considered to have the necessary, technical competencies for management positions. Furthermore, it was concluded that those manufacturing companies whose management prioritized the questions of women in management, had the highest representation of female middle managers.

Att vårda en patient i livets slutskede innebär att bekanta sig med känslomässiga situationer som ofta påverkar sjuksköterskans omvårdnadshandling exempelvis effektiv symtomlindring. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelse av det vårdande mötet med patienten i samband med palliativ vård. Metod: Metoden var en litteraturstudie med kvalitativa ansatser. Sex vetenskapliga artiklar samlade in och användes som analysmaterial av denna studie. Innehållanalysen inspirerad av Graneheim och Ludman (2003) användes för att analysera insamlade data. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskan upplever tillfredställelse och välbefinnande om hon lyckas med att tillgodose patientens behov exempelvis smärta. Effektiv smärtlindring upplevdes som meningsfull och det innebar att hon hade betytt något för patienten och dess närstående. Däremot upplevdes hon stress, frustration, maktlöshet och konflikt när hennes omvårdnadshandling inte mött patientens behov. Samverkan mellan arbetsteamen och stöd från kollegor upplevdes som viktigt i den palliativa vården. Sjuksköterskan höll distans för att kunna hjälpa patienten. Slutsatsen: Sjuksköterskan behöver kunskap om smärtlindring samt kunskap om palliativ vård för att effektivt lindra patientens smärta. För att tillgodose patientens behov i sin helhet behöver hon tillräcklig med tid och frihet att själv planerar sitt arbete. Samarbetet med andra vårdteam och kollegornas stöd måste stärkas och ha ett gemensamt mål: patientens välbefinnande då kan sjuksköterskan uppleva välbefinnande.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness of stuttering in children ages three through seven who do and do not stutter, and to examine how their awareness might contribute to negative perceptions of persons who stutter. Participants included 12 children who stutter and 16 children who do not stutter. Each participant observed a 90-second Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) of two seal puppets employing appropriate turn-taking skills during a conversation. In this video, each puppet produced eight identical sentences. One puppet produced typically fluent speech characteristics. The other puppet produced disfluent speech characteristics. The participants answered 14 discrimination, self-identification, labeling, and evaluation questions to examine the awareness, perceptions, and social perceptions of stuttering. The participants were asked to identify with the puppet (fluent or disfluent) whose speech characteristics were most similar to their own. They also evaluated the puppets' use of disfluent and fluent speech to further examine personal responses to stuttering and determine whether specific characteristics of participants' stuttering patterns elicited negative peer responses. Results indicated no significant difference between the children who stutter and the children who do not stutter across the following measures: (1) awareness of stuttering, (2) perceptions of stuttering, and (3) social perceptions of stuttering. However, participants demonstrated emerging awareness that influenced negative perceptions of stuttering, as evidenced within each of the fluency groups. The percentage of children with an awareness of stuttering and resulting perceptions of stuttering was not significantly different from those participants with a limited awareness of stuttering. Analyses of individual fluency groups confirmed that awareness of stuttering impacted one's speech perceptions of stuttering, which influenced social perceptions of stuttering. / text

Objective: To examine reasons why Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients may not be adherent to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Also, to determine patient perceptions of MS as a disease and DMTs as a source of treatment, and compare these between patients with prior DMT experience and those who were DMT-naïve. Finally, to assess the level of MS symptoms reported in patients taking DMTs, and compare these between DMT users and non-users. Methods: Patients with MS who were affiliated with a regional health plan at any point between January 2005 and December 2010 were asked to fill out a survey, the Multiple Sclerosis Medication Questionnaire (MSMQ). For study purposes, non-adherence was defined as missing any doses in the previous 28 days by the patient. In addition, the MSMQ examined reasons why MS patients do not initiate or discontinue DMT use. For statistical analyses, chi-square tests were performed to detect differences and t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests to confirm the results. Results: A total of 197 surveys were returned, of which 105 (53.3%) patients were currently on a DMT. Thirty-two (30.5%) of the DMT users were considered non-adherent. Of the non-adherent respondents, the most frequent reason for non-adherence that was at least moderately important was being "too busy" (n=13/29, 44.8%). Amongst patients who were not using a DMT, the most common barrier to DMT use was related to possible side effects of treatment (n=46/79, 58.2%). Analyzing the statements regarding barriers to DMTs revealed significant differences in the proportion of agreement regarding physician's lack of advocacy for DMT use between DMT-naïve patients and those who discontinued DMT use (44.7% vs. 17.1%, respectively, p[less than]0.01), as well as for dislike for using needles (24.3% vs. 46.3%, respectively, p=0.043). In terms of MS symptoms, patients using a DMT generally reported the symptoms posed less of a problem, although significant differences were not seen in chi-square analyses. Conclusion: The injectable nature of most DMTs seems to cause varying degrees of discomfort in MS patients, which may contribute to non-adherence. Reasons given by MS patients for DMT non-adherence in the MSMQ mirror the literature regarding this topic. MS patients who are not currently on DMT may not seek or remain on treatment for various reasons. It appears certain perceptions regarding MS and DMTs are associated with potential DMT use. / text

The purpose of this study was to examine the attitudes of high school social studies teachers who had English Language Learners (ELL) mainstreamed in their social studies classes. In the school district in which the study took place, approximately 70% (n=240) of the high school social studies teachers had ELL students in their classrooms. For the quantitative portion of the survey, 344 surveys were given to each social studies department chairperson in the county to be completed by all the teachers who currently had ELL students in their social studies classroom. For the qualitative portion of the study, eight high school social studies teachers were interviewed as to their attitudes towards mainstreaming ELL students. Both the survey and interview instruments were developed by Reeves (2002) when she measured teacher attitudes towards mainstreaming ELL students. While a majority of teachers appreciated the cultural diversity which ELL students brought to the classroom, more than three-fourths of the teachers reported that they would prefer ELL students not being in their social studies classrooms until they have reached a minimum level of English proficiency. While a broad spectrum of attitudes were reported towards support teachers received, many survey and interview participants did not feel that the training offered in university coursework or from the school district was particularly beneficial in preparing them to teach ELL students. A clear majority of teachers reported time for both planning and instructional delivery as major obstacles when ELL students are mainstreamed in content area classes. Finally, a majority of teachers (66%) supported making English the official language in the United States. Recommendations for future research and for future policy makers were reported in the final section of the study.