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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Effets de la noradrénaline sur les transmissions synaptiques dans la corne dorsale de la moelle épinière de rat / Effects of noradrenaline on synaptic transmissions in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord

Seibt, Frederik 07 July 2015 (has links)
La corne dorsale de la moelle épinière (CDME) est un site d’intégration et de modulation de l’information somatosensorielle. Les laminae profondes de la CDME jouent un rôle important dans la modulation des informations nociceptives. Notre objectif a été de caractériser les effets de la NA sur la transmission synaptique des laminae profondes de la CDME. Nous montrons que la NA facilite la transmission synaptique inhibitrice dans les laminae III-V de la CDME. Ce phénomène met en jeu l’activation d’adrénocepteurs alpha1, alpha2, et bêta et nécessite une communication interlaminaire intacte entre les laminae III-IV et V. L’inhibition du métabolisme glial produit les mêmes effets qu’une section mécanique entre les laminae IV et V. Une interaction entre les cellules gliales et les neurones des laminae profondes la CDME semble donc indispensable à l’effet facilitateur de la NA. / The dorsal horn of the spinal cord (DH) is an important site of integration and modulation of somatosensory information and deep laminae of the DH play an important role in the modulation of nociceptive information in the neuronal network of the spinal cord.Our aim was to characterize the effects of NA on synaptic transmission in deep laminae of the DH.We show that NA facilitates inhibitory synaptic transmission in laminae III-IV of the DH. This phenomenon involves the activation of alpha1, alpha2, and beta adrenoceptors and requires intact interlaminar communications between laminae III-IV and V. Glial cell metabolism inhibition has the same consequences as a mechanical section between laminae IV and V. These results indicate that an interaction between glial cell and deep laminae neurons of the DH seems essential for the facilitatory effect of NA on inhibitory synaptic communications in laminae III-IV of the DH.
102

Mover affects a subpool of primed synaptic vesicles in the mouse calyx of Held

Pofantis, Ermis 11 April 2019 (has links)
No description available.
103

Differential distribution of co-transmitted cholinergic and GABAergic synaptic inputs onto substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons

Le Gratiet, Keyrian Louis 28 April 2021 (has links)
Neuronal communication in the mammalian brain relies on the presynaptic release of neurotransmitters which bind to ligand-gated ion channels found on postsynaptic neurons to modulate neuronal excitability. One such neurotransmitter is acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule that is the signalling messenger of the cholinergic system. The cholinergic system is involved in a variety of behavioural functions including motor activity, sensory function, and higher executive commands. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the basal ganglia in general have long been implicated in initiation and completion of voluntary movement. Studies have shown that cholinergic neurons from two brainstem nuclei, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus, project onto substantia nigra dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain and release ACh, GABA or both to modulate motor behaviours. However, with prior research primarily focused on demonstrating the phenomenon of co-transmission itself, the subcellular distribution and dynamics of ACh and GABA release onto SN DA neurons receiving co-transmitted inputs largely remains to be investigated. The present study investigates the spatial and physiological properties of ACh/GABA co- transmission from brainstem cholinergic axons synapsing onto medial SN DA neurons to understand its role in tuning the neuron’s excitatory-inhibitory balance. To that end, we developed a channelrhodopsin (ChR2)-based functional input mapping technique with high spatial resolution to probe the dendritic distribution of ACh and GABA synaptic inputs onto DA neurons in ChATcre::ChR2 mice. Using this technique, we discovered three different types of monosynaptic inputs from cholinergic axons onto DA cells: co-transmitted ACh/GABA, GABA only, and ACh only. Furthermore, we revealed a somatodendritic patterning of cholinergic input distribution onto DA cells with a predominant GABA conductance along the lateral dendrites and a soma-centered mix ACh/GABA transmission. Physiological findings were corroborated using immunolabeling against VGAT and VAChT, which showed many closely spatially clustered ACh and GABA- specific cholinergic terminals and few truly colocalized VAChT and VGAT terminals. This result revealed that true co-transmission represents a minority of the presynaptic mode of release from cholinergic axons onto medial SN DA neurons, and that the majority actually share closely spatially clustered ACh and GABA-specific cholinergic terminals. To investigate the dynamic properties of soma-centered ACh/GABA transmission, we restricted our stimulation field to the cell body to measure the contribution of nAChR and GABAR-mediated conductances without recruiting the lateralized population of primary GABA inputs. We then employed a deconvolution method to understand the relative plasticity of contributions of nAChRs and GABARs to ACh/GABA transmission onto DA cells. We confirmed an initial dominant GABAergic component of ACh/GABA transmission that was previously reported. However, we found that the GABAergic contribution had a greater decay compared to the ACh component with repeated stimulations. As such the predominant initial inhibition is followed by a subsequent equalization of excitatory and inhibitory conductances. Finally, we performed similar experiments to compare the short-term plasticity of the isolated GABA conductance during 15 Hz stimulation between the populations of mix ACh/GABA inputs proximally and the population of primary GABA inputs found on the lateral dendrites 160 μm from the cell body. Interestingly, the lateral GABA component was more sustained across repeated stimulations compared to the proximal GABA conductance, suggesting a differential contribution to excitation/inhibition balance by spatially distributed populations of ACh and GABA inputs from cholinergic axons onto the dendrites of medial SN DA neurons. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the distribution and dynamics of ACh/GABA transmission onto midbrain DA system using fine-scale ChR2-assisted subcellular input mapping and conductance deconvolution. / Graduate / 2022-04-12
104

Role of Internal Calcium Stores in Exocytosis and Neurotransmission: A Dissertation

Lefkowitz, Jason J. 11 May 2010 (has links)
A central concept in the physiology of neurosecretion is that a rise in cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of plasmalemmal Ca2+ channels due to Ca2+ influx, elicits exocytosis. This dissertation examines the effect on both spontaneous and elicited exocytosis of a rise in focal cytosolic [Ca2+] in the vicinity of ryanodine receptors (RYRs) due to release from internal stores in the form of Ca2+ syntillas. Ca2+ syntillas are focal cytosolic transients mediated by RYRs, which we first found in hypothalamic magnocellular neuronal terminals. (Scintilla, Latin for spark, found in nerve terminals, normally synaptic structures.) We have also observed Ca2+ syntillas in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells (ACCs). Here the effect of Ca2+syntillas on exocytosis is examined in ACCs, which are widely used as model cells for the study of neurosecretion. Elicited exocytosis employs two sources of Ca2+, one due to influx from the cell exterior through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) and another due to release from intracellular stores. To eliminate complications arising from Ca2+ influx, the first part of this dissertation examines spontaneous exocytosis where influx is not activated. We report that decreasing syntillas leads to an increase in spontaneous exocytosis measured amperometrically. Two independent lines of experimentation each lead to this conclusion. In one case release from stores was blocked by ryanodine; in another, stores were partially emptied using thapsigargin plus caffeine after which syntillas were decreased. We conclude that Ca2+syntillas act to inhibit spontaneous exocytosis, and we propose a simple model to account quantitatively for this action of syntillas. The second part of this dissertation examines the role of syntillas in elicited exocytosis whereby Ca2+ influx is activated by physiologically relevant levels of stimulation. Catecholamine and neuropeptide release from ACCs into the circulation is controlled by the sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System. To ensure proper homeostasis tightly controlled exocytic mechanisms must exist both in resting conditions, where minimal output is desirable and under stress, where maximal, but not total release is necessary. It is thought that sympathetic discharge accomplishes this task by regulating the frequency of Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, which serves as a direct trigger for exocytosis. But our studies on spontaneous release in ACCs revealed the presence of Ca2+ syntillas, which had the opposite effect of inhibiting release. Therefore, assuming Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) via RYRs due to Ca2+ influx through VGCCs, we are confronted with a contradiction. Sympathetic discharge should increase syntilla frequency and that in turn should decreaseexocytosis, a paradox. A simple “explanation” might be that the increase in syntillas would act as a brake to prevent an overly great exocytic release. But upon investigation of this question a different finding emerged. We examined the role of syntillas under varying levels of physiologic stimulation in ACCs using simulated action potentials (sAPs) designed to mimic native input at frequencies associated with stress, 15 Hz, and the basal sympathetic tone, 0.5 Hz. Surprisingly, we found that sAPs delivered at 15 Hz or 0.5 Hz were able to completely abolish Ca2+ syntillas within a time frame of two minutes. This was not expected. Further, a single sAP is all that was necessary to initiate suppression of syntillas. Syntillas remained inhibited after 0.5 Hz stimulation but were only temporarily suppressed (for 2 minutes) by 15 Hz stimulation, where global [Ca2+]i was raised to 1 – 2 μM. Thus we propose that CICR, if present in these cells, is overridden by other processes. Hence it appears that inhibition of syntillas by action potentials in ACCs is due to a new process which is the opposite of CICR. This process needs to be investigated, and that will be one of the very next steps in the future. Finally we conclude that syntilla suppression by action potentials is part of the mechanism for elicited exocytosis, resolving the paradox. In the last chapter speculation is discussed into the mechanisms by which physiologic input in the form of an action potential can inhibit Ca2+ syntillas and furthermore, how the Ca2+ syntilla can inhibit exocytic output.
105

Regulation of synaptic plasticity at the Drosophila larval NMJ : the role of the small GTPase Rac

Warren-Paquin, Maude. January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
106

Mechanismen hochfrequenter synaptischer Übertragung an einer zentralen Synapse

Ritzau-Jost, Andreas 31 August 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Die vorliegende Dissertation verfolgt das Ziel, die von Nervenzellen maximal erreichte Signalrate zu bestimmen. Außerdem werden die bislang weitgehend unbekannten Anpassungen einer Synapse an die Anforderungen hochfrequenter Signalübertragung untersucht. Die maximale Übertragungsrate spielt im zentralen Nervensystem eine wichtige Rolle für die Codierung und Verarbeitung von Informationen. Neben den Grundlagen der synaptischen Übertragung und der neuronalen Informationscodierung werden in der Einleitung die anatomischen Gegebenheiten der Kleinhirnrinde und der Moosfaser-Körnerzell-Synapse vorgestellt. Präsynaptische patch-clamp-Messungen von Moosfaserboutons und die erstmals durchgeführten Messungen von präsynaptischen Boutons und postsynaptischen Körnerzellen („Paarableitungen“) werden erläutert. Mit Hilfe dieser Methoden wird gezeigt, dass die Kommunikation zwischen Nervenzellen mit Raten von bis zu einem Kilohertz stattfinden kann. Hierbei ist die präsynaptische Freisetzung von Botenstoffen schneller und effizienter als bisher bekannt. Ein einzigartiges Repertoire präsynaptischer Mechanismen wird charakterisiert und bildet die Grundlage der nachgewiesenen, hochfrequenten Informationsübertragung.
107

Altérations synaptiques à la jonction neuromusculaire dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique

Tremblay, Elsa 08 1900 (has links)
La sclérose latérale amyotrophique est une maladie neurodégénérative fatale caractérisée par la dégénérescence progressive des neurones moteurs centraux et périphériques. L’un des premiers signes de la maladie est la dénervation de la jonction neuromusculaire (JNM). Les diverses unités motrices (UM) ne présentent toutefois pas la même vulnérabilité à la dénervation dans la SLA: les UM rapide fatigables sont en fait les plus vulnérables et les UM lentes sont les plus résistantes. Alors que des études précédentes ont démontré dans plusieurs modèles animaux de la SLA de nombreuses variations synaptiques, les découvertes ont été contradictoires. Par ailleurs, le type d’UM n’a pas été tenu en compte dans ces divers travaux. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que la présence de la mutation SOD1 pourrait affecter différemment la transmission synaptique des UM, en accord avec leur vulnérabilité sélective. En effectuant des enregistrements électrophysiologiques et de l’immunohistochimie, nous avons étudié la transmission synaptique des différents types d’UM du muscle à contraction rapide Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL; rapide fatigable (FF) MU) et du muscle à contraction lente Soleus (SOL; lente (S) and rapide fatigue-résistante (FR) MU) de la souris SOD1G37R et leur congénères WT. Pour identifier le type d’UM, un marquage par immunohistochimie des chaînes de myosine a été effectué. Un triple marquage de la JNM a également été effectué pour vérifier son intégrité aux différents stades de la maladie. À P160, dans la période asymptomatique de la maladie, alors qu’aucune altération morphologique n’était présente, l’activité évoquée était déjà altérée différemment en fonction des UM. Les JNMs FF mutantes ont démontré une diminution de l’amplitude des potentiels de plaque motrice (PPM) et du contenu quantique, alors que les JNMs lentes démontraient pratiquement le contraire. Les JNMs FR montraient quant à elles une force synaptique semblable au WT. À P380, dans la période présymtomatique, de nombreuses altérations morphologiques ont été observées dans le muscle EDL, incluant la dénervation complète, l’innervation partielle et les extensions du nerf. La transmission synaptique évoquée des UM FF étaient toujours réduites, de même que la fréquence des potentiels de plaque motrice miniatures. À P425, à l’apparition des premiers symptômes, l’activité synaptique des JNMs S était redevenue normale alors que les JNMs FR ont montré à ce moment une diminution du contenu quantique par rapport au contrôle. De manière surprenante, aucun changement du ratio de facilitation n’a été observé malgré les changements flagrants de la force synaptique. Ces résultats révèlent que la fonction de la JNM est modifiée différemment en fonction de la susceptibilité des UM dans l’ALS. Cette étude fournit des pistes pour une meilleure compréhension de la physiologie de la JNM durant la pathologie qui est cruciale au développement d’une thérapie adéquate ciblant la JNM dans la SLA. / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of upper and lower motor neurons. Denervation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an early pathological event in various ALS models. Motor units (MU) appear unequally susceptible to denervation, the fast fatigable (FF) MU being the most vulnerable and the slow (S) MU the most resistant. While previous studies in several ALS models have consistently reported alterations in synaptic transmission, their findings have been contradictory. Interestingly, the MU types were not taken into account in these studies, which could explain these discrepancies. We hypothesized that the MU selective vulnerabilities observed in ALS will be associated with MU-specific NMJ alterations throughout the disease course. Using electrophysiology, we studied synaptic transmission of different types of MU in the fast-twitch Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL; fast fatigable (FF) MU) and the slow-twitch Soleus (SOL; slow (S) and fast fatigue resistant (FR) MU) of the SOD1 mice and their WT littermates. MU types were identified using immunohistochemical labelling of the respective myosine heavy chains. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to assess NMJ integrity by using antibodies against main NMJ components. At a presymptomatic stage (P160), while no morphological alterations of NMJs were seen in both muscles, evoked activity was altered in a MU-specific manner in SOD1 mice. FF MU from SOD1 mice showed a decrease in EPP amplitude and quantal content whereas S MU showed the opposite. Mutant FR MU showed no difference in evoked activity compared to WT. At presymptomatic stage (P380), various morphological alterations were seen in the SOD1 EDL, including denervation, partial innervation and nerve sprouting. Evoked activity was still reduced in FF MU, as well as mEPP frequency. In contrast, at disease onset (P425), synaptic strength of the S MU was now similar to WT MU, whereas FR NMJs showed a decrease in EPP amplitude and quantal content. Surprisingly, paired-pulse facilitation was not altered in any MU type and at any age despite changes in synaptic strength. Taken together, these results reveal that NMJ function is differentially modified according to MU susceptibility in ALS. This study provides insights for a better understanding of NMJ physiology during the illness that is crucial to the development of a proper NMJ-targeted treatment in ALS.
108

Rôle des protéines associées aux microtubules MAP1/Futsch dans l’organisation et le fonctionnement des synapses à la jonction neuromusculaire de drosophile / Role of MAP1/Futsch in synapse organization and functioning at the drosophila neuromuscular junction

Lepicard, Simon 20 December 2013 (has links)
Les protéines associées aux microtubules (MAP) de structures, telles que celles appartenant à la famille des MAP1 sont connues pour contrôler la stabilité et la dynamique des microtubules (MTs). Elles sont aussi connues pour interagir avec des protéines post-synaptiques telles que les récepteurs GABAergique ou glutamatergique. Cependant, leur rôle pré-synaptique dans la libération de neurotransmetteurs a été très peu étudié. Dans cette thèse, j'utilise l'avantage du modèle Drosophila melanogaster dans lequel il n'y a qu'un seul homologue des MAP1 des vertébrés, nommé Futsch. J'ai étudié la fonction de Futsch à la jonction neuromusculaire (JNM) de larve, où cette protéine n'est trouvée que dans la partie pré-synaptique. Ici, j'ai montré qu'en plus de sa fonction connue sur la morphologie de la JNM (Roos et al., 2000; Gogel et al., 2006), Futsch est également important pour la physiologie de la JNM, par le contrôle de la libération de neurotransmetteurs ainsi que de la densité des zones actives (ZAs). J'ai montré que l'effet physiologique de Futsch n'est pas la conséquence de l'altération du cytosquelette de MTs ou d'un défaut de transport axonal, mais doit être la conséquence d'un effet local de Futsch à la terminaison synaptique. J'ai utilisé la microscopie d'éclairage structuré 3D (3D-SIM) pour étudier plus précisément la localisation de Futsch et des MTs au niveau de la ZA. Futsch et les MTs se trouvent presque toujours à proximité des ZAs, avec Futsch en position intermédiaire entre les MTs et les ZAs. En utilisant la technique de « proximity ligation assays », j'ai aussi démontré la proximité fonctionnelle de Futsch avec Bruchpilot un composant de la ZA, ce qui n'est pas le cas des MTs. En conclusion, mes données sont en faveur d'un modèle pour lequel Futsch stabilise localement les ZAs, en renforçant leur lien avec le cytosquelette de MTs sous-jacent. / Structural microtubule associated proteins like those belonging to the MAP1 family are known to control the stability and dynamics of microtubules (MTs). They are also known to interact with postsynaptic proteins like GABA or glutamate receptors. However, their presynaptic role in neurotransmitter release was barely studied. Here, we took advantage of the Drosophila model in which there is only one MAP1 homologue, called Futsch. We studied the function of Futsch at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where this protein is found presynaptically only. Here, we show that, in addition to its known function on NMJ morphology (Roos et al., 2000; Gogel et al., 2006), Futsch is also important for NMJ physiology, by controlling neurotransmitter release as well as active zone density. We show that this physiological effect of Futsch is not the consequence of disrupted microtubule bundle and disrupted axonal transport, but must be the consequence of a local effect of Futsch at the synaptic terminal. We used 3D-Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) to further study the localization of Futsch and MTs with respect to active zones. Both Futsch and MTs are almost systematically present in close proximity active zones, with Futsch being localized in-between MTs and active zones. Using proximity ligation assays, we further demonstrated the functional proximity of Futsch, but not MTs, with the active zone component Bruchpilot. Altogether our data are in favor of a model by which Futsch locally stabilizes active zones, by reinforcing their link with the underlying MT cytoskeleton.
109

In vivo monosynaptic connectivity and network activity of neocortical interneurons

Dorrn, Anja Luise 21 March 2017 (has links)
In lokalen neokortikalen Netzwerken stellen GABAerge Interneurone die Quelle der Inhibition dar, wobei sie inhibitorische Verbindungen mit benachbarten exzitatorischen und anderen inhibitorischen Neuronen bilden. Man geht davon aus, dass synaptische Transmission in vivo als Folge spontaner Aktionspotentiale während aktiven depolarisierten Erregungszuständen des Netzwerks auftritt. Ziel dieser Studie war es monosynaptische inhibitorische Verbindungen in vivo zu detektieren um den Zusammenhang zwischen der Konnektivität kortikaler Interneurone und deren Spontanaktivität untersuchen zu können. Dafür wurden von zwei bis drei benachbarten GABAergen Interneuronen gleichzeitig gezielte elektrophysiologische Ganz-Zell-Ableitungen unter visueller Kontrolle des Zwei-Photonen-Mikroskops gemacht. Die Ableitungen wurden an Zellen in Schicht 2/3 des primären somatosensorischen Kortex der Vorderpfote von Mäusen durchgeführt, welche mit Urethan narkotisiert waren. Hierbei wurden zwei Mauslinien eingesetzt, um elektrophysiologische Ableitungen von genetisch identifizierten Interneuronen zu erhalten. GAD67-GFP Mäuse wurden genutzt, um Interneurone allgemein und unabhängig von ihrem Subtyp untersuchen zu können. Die Züchtung der dreifach transgenen Linie GIN-VIPcre-Ai9 erlaubte gezielte Ableitungen von SST und VIP Zellen. In beiden Linien konnten monosynaptische inhibitorische Verbindungen zwischen Interneuronen detektiert werden, wobei die Konnektivitätsrate zwischen ''nicht-schnell'' feuernden Interneuronen in GAD67-GFP Mäusen höher war als für SST und VIP Zellen. Die inhibitorische synaptische Transmission wurde jeweils stark vom aktuellen Erregungszustand des Kortex moduliert wobei ein Anstieg der IPSP-Amplitude während depolarisierter Zustände des Netzwerks festgestellt wurde. Es konnten subtyp-spezifische Korrelationen in der Aktivität neokortikaler Interneurone beobachtet werden, welche sich im unterschwelligen Membranpotential und auch der spontanen Feuerrate der Zellen zeigte. / GABAergic interneurons provide the source of inhibition in local neocortical networks, where they form inhibitory connections with nearby excitatory and other inhibitory neurons. In cortical circuits in vivo synaptic transmission is thought to emerge during depolarized active network states, when spontaneous spiking can occur. The aim of this study was to identify monosynaptic inhibitory connections in vivo in order to relate interneuron connectivity to their spontaneous activity. Therefore simultaneous two-photon targeted whole-cell recordings were made from two to three neighboring layer 2/3 GABAergic interneurons in the forepaw primary somatosensory cortex of urethane anesthetized mice. Two different mouse strains were used to record from genetically identified interneurons: in GAD67-GFP animals interneurons could be examined regardless to their subtype. Breeding of the triple transgenic mouse line GIN-VIPcre-Ai9 allowed to specifically target SST and VIP cells. Monosynaptic inhibitory connections could be identified in both mouse lines, with higher connectivity rates of non-fast spiking interneurons recorded in GAD67-GFP animals than for SST and VIP cells. Overall, the ongoing state of the cortex powerfully modulated inhibitory synaptic transmission, with IPSPs increasing in amplitude in depolarized network states. Subtype-specific correlations in the activity of neocortical interneurons could be observed and were reflected in the subthreshold and also spontaneous firing activity of cells.
110

Etude de la régulation glutamate dépendante de la mobilité des récepteurs AMPA et de son rôle physiologique / Study of the glutamate dependant regulation of AMPA receptor mobility and of its physiological role

Constals, Audrey 23 October 2013 (has links)
Les récepteurs AMPA (rAMPA) sont les récepteurs ionotropiques du glutamate responsables de la majeure partie des courants excitateurs rapides dans la transmission synaptique rapide. Lors de la libération de glutamate, le rAMPA passe par 3 états conformationnels majoritaires : pore fermé/agoniste non lié, pore ouvert/agoniste lié et pore fermé/agoniste lié. Le contrôle du nombre et de l’organisation dans la synapse des rAMPA, via une combinaison de diffusion latérale et d’endo/exocytose, est essentiel à la régulation de l’intensité de la transmission synaptique. Les interactions existant entre les protéines de la densité post-synaptique et les protéines partenaires des récepteurs régulent la diffusion des récepteurs, contrôlant leur nombre et leur organisation à la post-synapse. Mon travail de thèse a consisté à étudier l’impact de l’activation des rAMPA sur leur mobilité et leur organisation à la post-synapse. En effet, la fixation de glutamate sur les récepteurs ainsi que leur désensibilisation entraînent des modifications structurales majeures affectant leurs interactions avec les protéines d’échafaudage et les protéines accessoires. L’impact de telles modifications sur les propriétés de diffusion et sur l’organisation sub-synaptique de ces rAMPA était jusqu’à présent inconnu. Mes travaux démontrent une mobilisation des rAMPA synaptiques consécutivement à leur activation par le glutamate. A l’échelle moléculaire, je propose que le passage de l’état activé à l’état désensibilisé des rAMPA entraîne un changement d’affinité de ces derniers pour une de leur protéine partenaire : la Stargazin. Cette régulation glutamate dépendante de la diffusion des rAMPA participe au maintien de la fidélité de la transmission synaptique rapide. / AMPA receptors (AMPAR) are ionotropic glutamate receptors which are responsible for the vast majority of fast excitatory synaptic currents in fast transmission. Upon release of glutamate, AMPAR undergo three main conformational states: pore closed/agonist unbound, pore open/agonist bound and pore closed/agonist bound. Controlling the number of AMPAR and their organization in the synapse, through a combination of lateral diffusion and endo/exocytosis, is essential to regulate the intensity of synaptic transmission. The interactions between proteins of the post-synaptic density and accessory receptor proteins regulate the distribution of receptors, controlling their number and organization in the post-synapse. During my PhD, I studied the impact of AMPAR activation on their mobility and organization in the post-synapse. Indeed, the binding of glutamate to AMPAR and their following desensitization lead to major structural changes on the receptor which impacts on their interactions with scaffolding proteins and accessory proteins. The impact of such modifications on the lateral diffusion and sub-synaptic organization of AMPAR was not known yet. My findings show a mobilization of synaptic AMPAR following their activation by glutamate. At the molecular level, I suggest that the transition from the activated state to the desensitized state of AMPAR leads to a change in affinity of the receptor for their partner protein: Stargazin. This glutamate dependent regulation of AMPAR diffusion participates in maintaining the fidelity of fast synaptic transmission.

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