The subject of this diploma thesis is the use of Turkisms in Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian languages. First of all, the basic principles of lexical borrowing and the place of Turkisms in the current linguistic situation of the Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian languages are discussed. Attempts have been made to identify a specific number of Turkisms in each language, and some views have been presented on the term "Turkism", according to some scholars. Periodization of the onset of Turkisms are discussed, as well as a brief overview of previous studies on Turkisms as an introduction to the problem. After that, the subject of the work went on to the morphological and lexical-semantic analysis of Turkisms. From a morphological point of view, the basic Turkish suffixes borrowed in these three Balkan languages and their main meanings are considered. The analysis is performed with the selection of 70 Turkisms from the index of Prof. dr. Maxim Stamenov and having as source language for the comparison the Bulgarian language. The most famous and extensive dictionaries of each language from which the meanings of the lemmas came from were selected for comparison. In the same way, the analysis of Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian Turkisms in the language of the media is carried out. I have tried to find examples of...

Background: In certain masking paradigms, the masker can have two components, energetic and informational. Energetic masking is the traditional peripheral masking, whereas informational masking involves confusions (uncertainty) between the signal and masker that originate more centrally in the auditory system. Sperry et al (1997) used Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words in multitalker babble to study the differential effects of energetic and informational masking using babble played temporally forward (FB) and backward (BB). The FB and BB are the same except BB is void of the contextual and semantic content cues that are available in FB. It is these informational cues that are thought to fuel informational masking. Sperry et al found 15% better recognition performance (∼3 dB) on BB than on FB, which can be interpreted as the presence of informational masking in the FB condition and not in the BB condition (Dirks and Bower, 1969). The Words-in-Noise Test (WIN) (Wilson, 2003; Wilson and McArdle, 2007) uses NU-6 words as the signal and multitalker babble as the masker, which is a combination of stimuli that potentially could produce informational masking. The WIN presents 5 or 10 words at each of seven signal-to-noise ratios (S/N, SNR) from 24 to 0 dB in 4 dB decrements with the 50% correct point being the metric of interest. The same recordings of the NU-6 words and multitalker babble used by Sperry et al are used in the WIN. Purpose: To determine whether informational masking was involved with the WIN. Research Design: Descriptive, quasi-experimental designs were conducted in three experiments using FB and BB in various paradigms in which FB and BB varied from 4.3 sec concatenated segments to essentially continuous. Study Sample: Eighty young adults with normal hearing and 64 older adults with sensorineural hearing losses participated in a series of three experiments. Data Collection and Analysis: Experiment 1 compared performance on the normal WIN (FB) with performance on the WIN in which the babble segment with each word was reversed temporally (BB). Experiment 2 examined the effects of continuous FB and BB segments on WIN performance. Experiment 3 replicated the Sperry et al (1997) experiment at 4 and 0 dB S/N using NU-6 words in the FB and BB conditions. Results: Experiment 1-with the WIN paradigm, recognition performances on FB and BB were the same for listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss, except at the 0 dB S/N with the listeners with normal hearing at which performance was significantly better on BB than FB. Experiment 2-recognition performances on FB and BB were the same at all SNRs for listeners with normal hearing using a slightly modified WIN paradigm. Experiment 3-there was no difference in performances on the FB and BB conditions with either of the two SNRs. Conclusions: Informational masking was not involved in the WIN paradigm. The Sperry et al results were not replicated, which is thought to be related to the way in which the Sperry et al BB condition was produced.

Submitted by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-09T16:06:50Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lúcia Torres (bfmhuap@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T11:33:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T11:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Patricia Costa.pdf: 1100032 bytes, checksum: eb4ab925fc60980c9f75450c5ed034b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Instituto Estadual de Doenças do Tórax Ary Pareiras / Adesão ao tratamento e o consequente aumento das taxas de cura resultam da interação de fatores relacionados aos serviços de saúde, aos pacientes, à sociedade e à gestão pública. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em uma unidade ambulatorial de referência terciária (UART) para o tratamento da TBMDR no município de Niterói/RJ, utilizando a abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa com o objetivo de conhecer os fatores relacionados à adesão, na perspectiva dos usuários, profissionais e gestores. Foram utilizadas diferentes fontes de evidência na busca de pontos comuns e divergentes e a análise de conteúdo possibilitou a identificação de fatores favoráveis ou não à adesão a partir das categorias adesão, acesso, acolhimento, vínculo, responsabilização. A maioria dos pacientes em tratamento relatou dificuldade de acesso aos benefícios sociais. A ausência de alguns profissionais na equipe comprometeu a abordagem de importantes questões relativas ao perfil dos pacientes, principalmente a vulnerabilidade social, o consumo de álcool e de outras drogas, além do isolamento e preconceito. A oferta gratuita de mediação, a realização de exames na própria UART, a flexibilidade nos agendamentos, a busca de faltosos e o vínculo com a equipe de saúde foram descritos como fatores importantes para a adesão. O conhecimento sobre a doença atual e seu tratamento e seu tratamento associados à vontade do paciente de curar-se foram relatados como aspectos importantes para superar as barreiras encontradas para a realização do tratamento. Os resultados apresentados sugerem que, apesar da existência de fatores desfavoráveis à adesão, as ações de acolhimento, vínculo e responsabilização desenvolvidas pelo serviço foram suficientes para promover a adesão no grupo estudado. Entretanto, recomenda-se a melhoria do acesso aos benefícios assistenciais, a implementação de novas formas de comunicação sobre as formas graves de tuberculose e a articulação com outros segmentos públicos e da sociedade para o enfrentamento da TBMDR

published_or_final_version / abstract / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

A role of Latinisms in contemporary German language is the subject of this thesis. The thesis has been elaborated on the basis of findings acquired in the course of drafting dictionary entries within a project focused on development of the German-Czech Academic Dictionary. The role of the Latinisms within the German language vocabulary is analysed on the background of a confrontation of entries included in the monolingual dictionary Duden-Deutsches Universalwörterbuch with a structuralist theory of centre and periphery of language. The analyses, elaborated on the data obtained from the Mannheim German Reference Corpus (DeReKo) and the collocation database (CCDB) developed on the basis of the Corpus, are used for the purpose of the confrontation with the above- mentioned premise of the central or peripheral position of Latin loan words.

Cette thèse fait partie du projet RAPSODIE dont l’objectif est de proposer une reconnaissance vocale spécialisée sur les besoins des personnes sourdes et malentendantes. Deux axes sont étudiées : la modélisation lexicale et l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales. Concernant la modélisation lexicale, nous avons étudié les modèles de langage hybrides combinant mots et syllabes, et nous avons proposé une nouvelle approche basée sur une notion de similarité entre mots pour l’ajout de nouveaux mots dans le modèle de langage. Concernant l’extraction d’informations para-lexicales, nous avons étudié l'utilisation des paramètres prosodiques, des paramètres linguistiques ou de leur combinaison pour la détection des questions et des affirmations. Cette détection a comme but de signaler aux personnes sourdes ou malentendantes quand une question leur est adressée / This thesis is part of the RAPSODIE project which aims at proposing a speech recognition device specialized on the needs of deaf and hearing impaired people. Two aspects are studied: optimizing the lexical models and extracting para-lexical information. Regarding the lexical modeling, we studied hybrid language models combining words and syllables, and we proposed a new approach based on a similarity measure between words to add new words in the language model. Regarding the extraction of para-lexical information, we investigated the use of prosodic features, of linguistic features and of their combination for the detection of questions and statements. This detection aims to inform the deaf and hearing impaired people when a question is addressed to them

L'objet de notre travail porte sur les mots-valises. En effet, les résultats des études de la sémantique et de la lexicologie structurales ont démontré qu'il n'y a de signe qui ne soit dérivé d'un autre signe et donc de création lexicale qui ne soit le rappel de structures déjà existantes. Au cœur de la réflexion sur la motivation du signe, le mot-valise représente le mot saisi dans sa totalité et dans sa segmentalité. Pour comprendre la technique d'agencement qui aboutit à la formation des mots, Alain Finkielkraut explique qu'il faut transgresser la linéarisation du signe en récitant à l'envers sa leçon de parole. Le mot-valise prend au sérieux cette hypothèse car en réalité les mots contenus dans le dictionnaire ne sont que des morceaux errants d'un lexique inconnu. Désormais, le mot n'est plus un groupe de son correspondant à un sens, un véhicule passif porteur d'un signifié comme l'enseignent les dictionnaires et la vieille grammaire. C'est pourquoi, Freud et Saussure on bien chacun démontré par une voie qui lui est propre, qu'à travers le mécanisme du lapsus, le sens peut aussi s'appréhender par métanalyse pour l'un, et par dérivation anagrammatique pour l'autre. Ainsi, quelque soit le procédé, le mécanisme analogique reste toujours le même qui assure la fusion du son et du sens. Pour terminer, l'objet de cette thèse sera d'explorer dans le cadre d'une étude sémiologique, les mécanismes à l'œuvre dans la formation des mots-valises ainsi que les effets de sens et de style suscités par ce type de création. / The focus of our work is on “portmanteau words”. Indeed, results of studies of semantics and structural lexicology have shown that there is no sign that is not derived from another sign and therefore of lexical creation which is not a reminder of already existing structures. At the heart of reflection on the motivation of the sign, a portmanteau word represents the sign grasped in its totality and its segmentality. To understand the technique of the arrangement that leads to the formation of words, Alain Finkielkraut, argues that it is paramount to transgress the linearity of the sign by reciting one’s speech lesson backwards. The portmanteau word considers this assumption seriously considering that in reality words contained in the dictionary constitute stray pieces of an unknown lexicon. Henceforth, a word is no longer a group of different sounds corresponding to a meaning, a passive vehicle carrying a signification as taught by the old grammar dictionary. This is why Freud and Saussure have clearly demonstrated in a peculiar way, that through the mechanism of the slip, the meaning of a word can also be understood by metanalysis for one, and by anagrammatic derivation for the other. Thus, whatever the process, the analog mechanism remains the same, ensuring the fusion of sound and meaning. Finally, the purpose of this thesis will be to explore, in the context of a semiological study, the mechanisms at work in the formation of portmanteau words as well as the effects of meaning and generated style by this type of creation.

<p>Danas, servisi e-Uprave u različitim oblastima koriste question answer sisteme koncepta u poku&scaron;aju da se razume tekst i da pomognu građanima u dobijanju odgovora na svoje upite u bilo koje vreme i veoma brzo. Automatsko mapiranje relevantnih dokumenata se ističe kao važna aplikacija za automatsku strategiju klasifikacije: upit-dokumenta. Ova doktorska disertacija ima za cilj doprinos u identifikaciji nestruktuiranih dokumenata i predstavlja važan korak ka razja&scaron;njavanju uloge eksplicitnih koncepata u pronalaženju podataka uop&scaron;te ajče&scaron; a reprezenta vna &scaron;ema u tekstualnoj kategorizaciji je BoW pristup, kada je u pozadini veliki skup znanja. Ova disertacija uvodi novi pristup ka stvaranju koncepta zasnovanog na tekstualnoj prezantaciji i primeni kategorizacije teksta, kako bi se stvorile definisane klase u slučaju sažetih tekstualnih dokumenata Takođe, ovde je prikazan algoritam zasnovan na klasifikaciji, modelovan za upite koji odgovaraju temi. Otežavaju a okolnost u slučaju ovog koncepta, koji prezentuje termine sa visokom frekvencijom pojavljivanja u upitma, zasniva se na sličnostima u prethodno definisanim klasama dokumenata Rezultati eksperimenta iz oblasti Krivičnog zakonika Republike Srbije, u ovom slučaju i studija, pokazuju da prezentacija teksta zasnovana na konceptu ima zadovoljavaju e rezultate i u slučaju kada ne postoji rečnik za datu oblast.</p> / <p>Nowadays, the concept of Question Answering Systems (QAS) has been used by e-government services in various fields as an attempt to understand the text and help citizens in getting answers to their questions promptly and at any time. Automatic mapping of relevant documents stands out as an important application for automatic classification strategy: query-document. This doctoral thesis aims to contribute to identification of unstructured documents and represents an important step towards clarifying the role of explicit concepts within Information Retrieval in general. The most common scheme in text categorization is BoW approach, especially when, as a basis, we have a large set of knowledge. This thesis introduces a new approach to the creation of text presentation based concept and applying text categorization, with the aim to create a defined class in case of compressed text documents.Also, this paper discusses the classification based algorithm modeled for queries that suit the theme. What makes the situation more complicated is the fact that this concept is based on the similarities in previously defined classes of documents and terms with a high frequency of appearance presented in queries. The results of the experiment in the field of the Criminal Code, and this paper as well, show that the text presentation based concept has satisfactory results even in case where there is no vocabulary for certain field.</p>

In this work we deal with the position of obsolescent words, obsolete words and historicisms in the teaching of the Czech language and literature at the lower level of a one-year grammar school. We focus on layers of vocabulary, especially on the layer of time-tagged words, we explain the terms obsolescent word, obsolete word, archaism and historicisms in the theoretical part. We also focus on the reading comprehension process. We describe the ways in which readers deduce the meaning of unknown words. We analyse the system of curricular documents, textbooks and readers used at the lower grades of eight-year grammar school by the method of detailed reading in the practical part. Based on the results of the questionnaire survey, we also analyse the knowledge of pupils, their attitude to these words and the influence of the occurrence of these words on their reading and understanding.

Computer Vision researchers are constantly challenged with questions that are motivated by real applications. One of these questions is whether a computer program could distinguish groups of people based on their geographical ancestry, using only frontal images of their faces. The advances in this research area in the last ten years show that the answer to that question is affirmative. Several papers address this problem by applying methods such as Local Binary Patterns (LBP), raw pixel values, Principal or Independent Component Analysis (PCA/ICA), Gabor filters, Biologically Inspired Features (BIF), and more recently, Convolution Neural Networks (CNN). In this work we propose to combine the Bag-of-Visual-Words model with new dictionary learning techniques and a new spatial structure approach for image features. An extensive set of experiments has been performed using two of the largest face image databases available (MORPH-II and FERET), reaching very competitive results for gender and ethnicity recognition, while using a considerable small set of images for training. / Pesquisadores de visão computacional são constantemente desafiados com perguntas motivadas por aplicações reais. Uma dessas questões é se um programa de computador poderia distinguir grupos de pessoas com base em sua ascendência geográfica, usando apenas imagens frontais de seus rostos. Os avanços nesta área de pesquisa nos últimos dez anos mostram que a resposta a essa pergunta é afirmativa. Vários artigos abordam esse problema aplicando métodos como Padrões Binários Locais (LBP), valores de pixels brutos, Análise de Componentes Principais ou Independentes (PCA/ICA), filtros de Gabor, Características Biologicamente Inspiradas (BIF) e, mais recentemente, Redes Neurais Convolucionais (CNN). Neste trabalho propomos combinar o modelo \"bag-of-words\" visual com novas técnicas de aprendizagem por dicionário e uma nova abordagem de estrutura espacial para características da imagem. Um extenso conjunto de experimentos foi realizado usando dois dos maiores bancos de dados de imagens faciais disponíveis (MORPH-II e FERET), alcançando resultados muito competitivos para reconhecimento de gênero e etnia, ao passo que utiliza um conjunto consideravelmente pequeno de imagens para treinamento.