Yau, Sin Yee Christine. / "November 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 210-229). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledge --- p.iii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Background: --- p.6 / What is Demeanor? --- p.6 / What is Resistance? --- p.8 / Who are they? --- p.9 / Chapter - --- Heunggongyahn --- p.9 / Chapter - --- Daaihlohkyahn --- p.10 / Chapter - --- Gwailou --- p.11 / Research Significance --- p.12 / Literature Review: --- p.13 / Demeanor: Cultural Knowledge --- p.14 / Demeanor: Embodiment and Presentation of Cultural Identities --- p.16 / Politicizing Demeanor: Struggling for Power and Conveying Messages --- p.17 / Hong Kong Identity: Its Shaping Process --- p.19 / Methodology: --- p.21 / Entering the Field: Daily Observation --- p.21 / Pilot Test --- p.22 / "In-depth, Semi-structured, and Structured Interviews" --- p.23 / Participant Observation --- p.24 / Organization of the Thesis --- p.25 / Informants' Details --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- Heunggongyahn and Daaihlohkyahn --- p.30 / Introduction --- p.30 / "Pride: Certain Demeanor as ""Superior"" Prestige" --- p.31 / The Prestige in Not Disturbing Others --- p.32 / "The Prestige in Sitting ""Properly"": Preserving City's Image" --- p.34 / "The Prestige in Having Gungdaksam, Public Virtue" --- p.41 / The Prestige in Keeping some Distance from Strangers --- p.43 / The Prestige in Endurance and Keeping Quiet: Saving Face --- p.44 / "Prejudice: Certain Demeanor as ""Inferior"" Stigma" --- p.47 / The Stigma of Squatting --- p.48 / The Stigma of Public Excretion --- p.56 / The Stigma of Nose Picking --- p.62 / The Stigma of Spitting --- p.63 / Conclusion --- p.67 / Chapter 3. --- My Informants' Everyday Life --- p.69 / Introduction --- p.69 / "The Civilizing Process: Demeanor as a ""Linear Evolution""" --- p.70 / "Using Seat-Toilets ""Properly""" --- p.71 / Lining up --- p.76 / Demeanor as Capital --- p.81 / Cultural Capital --- p.81 / Symbolic Capital --- p.83 / Social Capital --- p.86 / "My Informants' Sense of ""Shame""" --- p.88 / """We are from Hong Kong""" --- p.89 / Cultural Identity is Presented: Conscious Performance --- p.92 / Cultural Identity is Embodied: the Practice of Eye Contacts --- p.98 / General Rule: Avoid Eye Contact --- p.98 / Complaints Conveyed: Be (睥)，Stare --- p.101 / Conclusion --- p.103 / Chapter 4. --- Hong Kong Cultural Identity --- p.105 / Introduction --- p.105 / Changing Relationships --- p.106 / Political Situation --- p.106 / Economic Situation --- p.113 / Social Situation --- p.118 / The Cultural Identity of Heunggongyahn --- p.123 / "Senses of ""Superiority"" and ""Inferiority"":" --- p.135 / Economic Differences --- p.136 / Levels of Corruption --- p.138 / Mass Media's Portrayals --- p.139 / Freedom and Rights --- p.140 / The Long Separation --- p.142 / "The ""Middle Class"" Mentality of Heunggongyahn" --- p.143 / The Return of Sovereignty: Double Colonization --- p.146 / "The Border in Our Heads: One Country, Two Castes" --- p.149 / Conclusion --- p.152 / Chapter 5. --- "Demeanor, Emotions and Resistance" --- p.154 / Introduction --- p.154 / Double/ Multiple Standards --- p.155 / Squatting Practiced by Non-Mainlanders --- p.155 / Nose Picking Practiced by Non-Mainlanders --- p.157 / Jumping the Queue Practiced by Non-Mainlanders --- p.159 / Complicated Emotions --- p.162 / Love --- p.163 / Anxiety --- p.165 / Hatred --- p.167 / Discontent --- p.168 / Demeanor as Social Marginalization: Mainlanders as Scapegoats --- p.170 / The Official Discrimination against Mainland Chinese --- p.170 / The Malignant Portrayal of Mainland Chinese --- p.172 / Vitriolic Criticisms towards Mainlanders --- p.174 / Consequence: Social Marginalization of Mainlanders --- p.177 / Fears and Concerns of Heunggongyahn: --- p.179 / 1949-1976 --- p.179 / After 1976 --- p.181 / "Identity, Emotions and Resistance" --- p.184 / "Demeanor as ""Weapons of the Weak""" --- p.187 / Demeanor as Symbolic Violence --- p.189 / Conclusion --- p.192 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.194 / The Case of Hong Kong --- p.197 / """Mainlander"" as an Adjective" --- p.199 / "The ""Residue"" of Political Wants?" --- p.200 / Would the Repugnance Be Alleviated? --- p.201 / Power Struggle --- p.202 / Forms of Resistance --- p.203 / The Politics of Cultural Identity --- p.204 / Afterthoughts: The Reproduction of Cultural Identity --- p.205 / Appendix I --- p.207 / Appendix II --- p.208 / Glossary --- p.209 / Bibliography --- p.210

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / The post-apartheid socio-cultural, economic and political dispensation in South Africa have prompted a high-level perceived potential inclusion in sport-participating in different aspect of self-development regardless of culture, economic and social difference across the nation. However, little is understood, from an empirical viewpoint, about the potential challenges and limits towards the successful participation in sport in South Africa. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-cultural factors and sport participation at Germiston High School in the Gauteng Province. A quantitative research was conducted using case study research design method. A Non-probability sampling method was done through purposive sampling method to select Grade 8 to Grade 12 students from. Data collection was done using self-administered questionnaires. There were one hundred and forty-seven students that participated in a survey of self-administered questionnaires at Germiston High School. The findings of the study reveal that sport-participation is highly linked to socio-cultural and economic aspects among students. For students, teachers are expected to be involved in sport-participation and be of the forefront of inclusiveness. It also was found that sport preference among students is linked to their important others. Thus, a full experience of sport-participation through resources available at school is compromised for many students. Schools, the Ministry of Education, Sports and Culture together with sponsors and parents are encouraged to intervene in promoting sport participation.

The present research proposes a general model of Transnational Teams (TNTs) to investigate how value placed on cultural diversity, cultural adaptation, communication quality, and trust affect the performance of TNTs and their interaction to each other. TNTs contribute to decisions about a firm's total portfolio of transnational interests, global brands and products, organizational configuration, and global sourcing strategy. Qualitative and quantitative methods are applied in this study of thirty members of TNTs from diverse teams. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis, relationships between theory and practice are examined. The analysis shows that there is a strong relationship between trust and performance of TNTs.

Determining the effects of military service on those who volunteer is of vital importance in an age when service may lead to the loss of bodily function or life. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of military service with consideration for the demographic statuses of race, gender, and educational attainment on economic outcomes. Data for this study came from the Current Population Survey July 2010 with Veterans Supplement (N=83,000). Results from this study suggest that some veterans, namely those of minority racial status and lower educational attainment benefit from their military serve by achieving increased levels of household income as compared to similar non-veterans. Conversely, non-Hispanic White veterans and those with higher levels of educational attainment suffer negative consequences to levels of household income. Furthermore, differences among veterans were assessed. These results provide further insight into the experiences of veterans in the United States.

This collection explores various aspects of Indonesian culture. From remote government settlements off the coast of Sumatra to the urbanized and commercial beaches of Bali, these stories take a look at the complexities, differences and adjustments felt by people of both the East and West. An attempt has been made to detail confusion, frustration, disorientation, struggles, prejudices, misunderstandings as well as epiphanies without Orientializing (to borrow Edward Said's term) various ways of life within the archipelago. To most fairly convey the intricacies and differences between the broad generalities of the two cultures, multiple voices and points of view are incorporated. Americans, a Scottish citizen, and of course, Indonesians are all given significant space here--displaying both intolerant and tolerant notions--in order to maintain the humanity and dignity of all cultures and worldviews involved.

This study investigated cultural differences, U.S.A. and Japan, in the selection of compliance-gaining strategies by lower status people as differentiated from a group leader in a short-term, task-oriented relationship. The subjects for this study consisted of 114 (59 male and 55 female) U.S. college students and 165 (65 male and 100 female} Japanese college students. All subjects lived in Oregon. After the subjects read the hypothetical scenario which involved changing a task for a classroom project, a 21 item questionnaire was administered. The questions were taken from Kipnis, Schmidt, and Wilkinson's (1980} study, and a six-point scale was used. The 21 questions were categorized into four compliance-gaining strategies: rationalization, exchange of benefits, ingratiation, and assertion. Rationalization and exchange of benefits were used to test hypotheses regarding culture as a whole. Hypothesis one was "Japanese lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more rationalization compliance-gaining strategies than U.S. people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships," while hypothesis two was "U.S. lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more exchange of benefits compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status people who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships." Ingratiation and assertion were used to test the hypotheses regarding gender in different cultures. Hypothesis three was "U.S. lower status females who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships will use more ingratiation compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status females who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships," and hypothesis four was "U.S. lower status males who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships use more assertion compliance-gaining strategies than Japanese lower status males who are in short-term, task-oriented relationships."

In order to successfully implement service internationalisation, a detailed knowledge of the target foreign culture is required (e.g., beliefs, values, lifestyles, symbols, psycholinguistics, and attitudes). This information may be used to manage the alignment of service offerings with local tastes, and create perceptual stimuli to foster trust and encourage consumption (Fugate 1996). Credible tools are therefore required to provide the market intelligence required to understand the cultural context and inform adaptation to local preferences. Service quality modelling and measurement perform such a role in reporting customer perceptions of the effectiveness of service marketing effort. However consideration of culture�s influence upon service quality evaluation has hitherto received only periphery attention within the literature. While numerous researchers have examined the role that values play as an antecedent of the service quality construct (e.g., Donthu and Yoo 1998; Furrer et al. 2000; Mattila 1999; Winsted 1997) there are no published studies adopting a more comprehensive view of culture�s role. The widespread adoption of values as a proxy for understanding culture�s influence upon the service quality construct appears flawed as there is no theoretical justification to isolate values from the rest of the cultural field (Bourdieu 1990; Radcliffe-Brown 1949). Values alone, such as Hofstede (1984a) and Schwartz and Bilsky�s (1987) schemas, cannot fully explain how individual consumers reconcile their individual preferences with broader cultural influences (e.g., institutions, beliefs, regulations, and artefacts). In this study Bourdieu�s (1986) structuralist perspective of culture is utilised as a framework to explore how culture influences service quality. In this perspective the social world is viewed as being comprised of rules and systems that guide/inform an individual�s behaviour. Values are only one element of this social system. In this study a case approach is adopted to map the role of culture in constructing service quality preferences. While the breadth of the research agenda means there is a large population of possible cases, Taiwan is selected as the case boundary principally due its logistical accessibility. Case selection in this study can therefore be classified as a convenience sample. However, to facilitate intensive study (Stake 2005) complexity is added to the case design through purposeful sampling (Patton 1990). In addition to seeking the perspectives of local Taiwanese outside perspectives are sought from expatriate New Zealanders and Taiwanese who have lived in New Zealand. Through purposive triangulation (Patton 1990) of both the sample underpinning the case and an interpretive multi-discipline analysis the researcher constructs a model of culture�s influence upon service quality evaluation within this case boundary. No evidence is found within either the primary data or critical literature review that Taiwanese culture has any impact upon the evaluation of service quality at the primary dimensional level (i.e., �Process/Outcome Quality�, and the �Personal Interaction Quality�). Indeed apriori modelling of the construct has similarly modelled how consumers separately evaluate interpersonal aspects from other key evaluative criteria (e.g., Dabholkar et al. 1996; Gronroos 1984). This level of the dimensional hierarchy is therefore tentatively determined to be etic (Pike 1967), subject to further cross-cultural studies. A moderate level of cultural influence was however noted amongst the second-order dimensions. Finally, the third and subsequent level indicators were widely found to display extensive cultural influence and require significant adaptation efforts for local cultural preferences.

This thesis explores cultural specificity and universality in maternal metacognitive guidance of preschoolers’ puzzle-solving. Anglo-Australian and immigrant Indian mothers’ interactions with their 4-year-old children on a puzzle-solving task were videotaped, and the mothers were interviewed about their views on child development, adult guidance and interpretations of puzzle-solving. The nature of the metcognitive guidance was analysed with respect to task initiation, task regulation, metcognitive guidance, strategic assistance, speech styles, and forms of sustaining the child’s mindfulness. The results generally supported the notions of cultural universality and specificity in maternal metcognitive guidance. While similarities were noted in mothers’ collaboration, supportive intent and verbal strategic guidance, differences were revealed in task initiation, linguistic mediation, non-verbal strategic guidance and metacognitive modeling. The findings on metcognitive guidance as a function of gender of the child indicated similarities, suggesting that differential guidance of male and female children’s metacognitive learning may be less pronounced in the preschool years compared with later childhood years. Indian mothers guided and supported their male children’s metcognitive/strategic learning more frequently than did Australian mothers. The findings are discussed in the light of notions of socio-cultural and activity theories. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Education)

My thesis explores the social construction of identity of 50 second generation migrant-Australian women aged 17 to 28 years using a qualitative methodology. I conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 25 women from Latin American backgrounds and 25 women from Turkish backgrounds. My study investigated the intersections of ethnicity, gender, sexuality and nationality. I found that the Latin women constructed their ethnic culture in reference to their country-of-origin traditions, and that they also identified with a pan-ethnic Latin culture that included migrants from other South and Central America countries. I found that the Turkish women constructed Turkish culture in reference to their religious practices, and they saw themselves as �Muslim-Turks� who identified with an Islamic pan-ethnic culture that included Muslim migrants from different national backgrounds. The women in both groups drew upon Anglo-Australian culture when it came to their gender and sexuality constructions. The Latin and Turkish women did not see themselves as �typical� women from their migrant communities. Instead, their sense of femininity was informed by what they saw as Australian egalitarianism. The women in both groups saw Anglo-Australians� gender relationships as an ideal, and as one woman said of Anglo-Australians, �how much more equal can you can get?� The women�s social construction of the nation was equally influenced by multiculturalism and an Anglo-Australian identity. They highly valued their Australian citizenship and felt positive about their lives in Australia. At the same time, they had faced ongoing racism and they reported that other people judged their Australian identities through racial characteristics. One woman said that in order for people to be accepted as Australian, �you have to be Anglo and not look like me�. Despite this sense of social exclusion, the majority of my sample held hybrid migrant-Australian identities. I develop a threefold typology of the women�s identities, and I found that 13 women did not see themselves as Australian, 36 women saw themselves as partly-Australian, and one woman held an exclusively Australian identity. I argue that narratives of multiculturalism and Anglo-Australian identity influenced the women�s social construction of identity. Their belief that Australian identity was multicultural was at odds with their experiences of racism and their own self identities, and so I examine the women�s beliefs in reference to an �ideology of multiculturalism�. This ideology supported the women�s contribution to the nation as second generation migrants, and ultimately, they expressed an unwavering support for Australian multiculturalism.

The thesis is a culmination of my research which drew on tyangi wedi tjan Rak Mak Mak Marranunggu and Marrithiel knowledge systems. These awa mirr spiritual knowledge systems have guided our Pilu for millennium and have powerful spiritual affiliation to the land and our continued presences. The understandings of the spiritual connectedness and our practices of relatedness have drawn on Pulitj, our deep awa mirr spiritual philosophy that nourishes us on our country. This philosophy gave us our voice and our presence to act in our own ways of knowing and being on the landscapes created by the Western bureaucratic systems of higher education in Australia to bring forth our Tyikim knowledge systems to serve our own educational interests. From this spiritual ‘Puliyana kunun’ philosophical position the thesis examines colonising constructions of Tyikim peoples, Tyikim knowledge systems in education, Tyikim research and access to higher education for Tyikim students. From the research, it is argued that the paradigm, within which the enclave-derived approach to Indigenous higher education is located, is compatible with the normalising imperialistic ideology of higher education. The analysis of the Mirrwana/Wurrkama participatory action research project, central to the research, supported an argument for the Mirrwana/Wurrkama model of Indigenous higher education. Further analysis identified five key pedagogical principles embedded within this new model as metaphorically equivalent to wilan~bu of the pelangu. The thesis identifies the elements of the spirituality of the narrative exposed in the research-in-action through the “Marri kubin mi thit wa!”. This is a new paradigm for Tyikim participation in higher education within which the Mirrwana/Wurrkama model is located. Finally, the thesis identifies the scope for Tyikim knowledge use in the construction of contemporary ‘bureaucratic and institutionalised’ higher education ngun nimbil thit thit teaching and learning experiences of Tyikim for the advancement of Tyikim interests. Here the tyangi yigin tjan spiritual concepts of narrative and landscape are drawn upon both awa mirr metaphorically and in marri kubin mi thit wa Tyikim pedagogical practice.