Les hydrogels sont des matériaux aux propriétés modulables dont la dégradation peut être contrôlée. Du fait de leur biocompatibilité, ils peuvent être utilisés afin de protéger les médicaments labiles et ainsi favoriser l’administration de traitements médicaux, d’où l’intérêt croissant de développer ces matériaux. Depuis quelques années, ils font l’objet de nombreuses recherches, que ce soit en ingénierie tissulaire, détection de mouvement, régénération de tissus ou pour le relargage de médicaments. Ce projet de thèse porte sur la formation d’hydrogels à base d’α-cyclodextrine et de polyéthylène glycol 20K ainsi que sur l’étude de leur capacité de relargage de principes actifs. Ces composés ont la capacité de former des complexes d’inclusion, créant ainsi un collier de perle, appelés pseudopolyrotaxane. Ensuite, ils seront modifiés pour créer des hydrogels de polyrotaxanes grâce à l’ajout de groupement bloquants. Finalement, nous formerons des hydrogels à point de réticulations glissant après avoir relié deux polyrotaxanes par leur macrocycle. À l’aide d’études rhéologiques, nous avons montré une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques des hydrogels proportionnelle à l’apport de liaisons chimique. Les groupements bloquants permettent d’éviter la désinclusion tandis que les réticulations apportent un effet poulie, les rendant exceptionnellement élastique. Ces hypothèses sont validées par les études structurales. Et nos hydrogels se sont révélés non toxiques pour les cellules humaines et ces résultats confirment leur biocompatibilité. Les hydrogels de pseudopolyrotaxanes sont les plus écologiques et les plus appropriés pour une application locale cutanée. Les hydrogels de polyrotaxanes, plus stables, peuvent être utilisés pour des applications locales prolongées ou par injection. Cependant, nos hydrogels de polyrotaxanes réticulés devront être modifiés afin de permettre un relargage contrôlé, car leur extrême stabilité pourrait entraver leur dégradation lors d'une injection sous-cutanée malgré leurs propriétés mécaniques exceptionnelles. / Hydrogels are materials with tunable properties whose degradation can be controlled. Because of their biocompatibility, they can be used to protect labile drugs and thus facilitate the administration of medical treatments, hence the growing interest in developing these materials. In recent years, they have been the subject of numerous studies, whether in tissue engineering, motion sensing, tissue regeneration or drug delivery. This project focuses on the formation of hydrogels based on α-cyclodextrin and polyethylene glycol 20K and the study of their drug release capacity. These compounds can form inclusion complexes, forming a pearl necklace called pseudopolyrotaxane. They will then be modified to form polyrotaxane hydrogels by adding blocking groups. Finally, we will form hydrogels with sliding cross-linking points after linking two polyrotaxanes through their macrocycle. Through rheological studies, we have demonstrated an improvement in the mechanical properties of the hydrogels proportional to the introduction of chemical bonds. Blocking groups prevent desorption, while cross-linking provides a pulley effect, making them exceptionally elastic. These hypotheses are supported by structural studies. Our hydrogels have been shown to be non-toxic to human cells, confirming their biocompatibility. Pseudopolyrotaxane hydrogels are the most environmentally friendly and suitable for local cutaneous application. Polyrotaxane hydrogels are more stable and can be used for prolonged local applications or by injection. However, our cross-linked polyrotaxane hydrogels will need to be modified to allow controlled release, as their extreme stability could hinder their degradation during subcutaneous injection, despite their exceptional mechanical properties.

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No / The kinetics of the dissociation is fundamental to the formation and the in vivo performance of cyclodextrin supramolecules. The individual determination of the apparent dissociation rate constant (kd,app) using high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) is a tedious process requiring numerous separate studies and massive data fitting. In this study, the multianalyte approach was employed to simultaneously measure the kd,app values of three drugs through one injection based on the investigation of the dependence of drug-cyclodextrin interaction kinetics on the mobile phase composition. As a result, the kd,app values increased when decreasing the ion strength, increasing the ionization of drugs and adding extra organic solvents. The values of kd,app for acetaminophen, phenacetin and S-flurbiprofen estimated by the multianalyte approach were 8.54+/-1.81, 5.36+/-0.94 and 0.17+/-0.02s(-1), respectively, which were in good agreement with those determined separately (8.31+/-0.58, 5.01+/-0.42 and 0.15+/-0.01s(-1)). For both of the single and multiple flow rate peak profiling methods, the results of the multianalyte approach were statistically equivalent with that of the single compound analysis for all of the three drugs (p>0.05). The multianalyte approach can be employed for the efficient evaluation of the drug-cyclodextrin kinetics with less variance caused by cyclodextrin column bleeding.

Cannabinoids (CBs) and particularly CB2 agonists have been shown to reduce pain andinflammation without eliciting any apparent psychotropic effect conversely to CB1agonist compounds. CBs candidates are usually lipophilic non drug-like compoundswith poor bioavailability. To serve the purpose of evaluating new synthetic CB2 agonistsdeveloped by our group, on in vivo neuropathic pain models, an enabling formulationstrategy has been set up and four Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) developed. Forparenteral administration, cyclodextrin (CD)-based inclusion complexes, liposomes andsurfactants/co-solvents micellar solution have been investigated whereas Self-Emulsifying DDS (SEDDS) was selected for oral administration. A pharmacologicalstudy conducted with lead compound MDA7, formulated in CD-based DDS resulted inthe higher antinociceptive activity. A comprehensive study of the inclusion mechanismof MDA7 in the CD supramolecular complexes prepared was carried out. MDA7pharmacokinetic profile was also generated formulated in micellar solution and SEDDS.Besides, cationic polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) have been designed to serve as aprotective DDS for oral administration of a dietary phytocannabinoid CB2 agonist.Studies were undertaken to characterize and evaluate the influence of differentparameters on NCs formation prepared by nanoprecipitation. The cationic NCsdeveloped have been explored for their property to yield proportion of counterioniccondensation in the presence of macrocycles bearing anionic groups such assulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin or to form electrostatic interactions/host-guestcomplexion with cucurbit[n]uril.

4, 4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone-2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (A-007) has recently completed a phase-I clinical trial, and objective responses were seen in advanced breast cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, melanoma, skin cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Despite the promising results in the clinical trials, the major disadvantage to using A-007 as a broad-scale therapeutic is its poor water solubility. To make use of this promising anticancer drug either orally or intravenously, the short-term obstacle must be to overcome the limited solubility of A-007 in water. There are several approaches to overcome this obstacle. The first approach is to make hydrolysable prodrugs of A-007. The second approach is to make an A-007 complex with a water soluble host, such as cyclodextrin. We used a combination of these two previously described methods, i.e. transforming A-007 into a more water soluble prodrugs and then further increasing the prodrug water solubility by making their cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. Our syntheses and spectroscopic explorations of A-007 prodrugs are presented in this dissertation. Tetramic acid (2, 4 pyrrolidine-2, 4-dione ring system) containing compounds have been found to display a remarkable diversity of biological activities and have attracted the interest of medicinal and synthetic chemists. Magnesidin (1-acetyl-3-octanoyl-5-ethylidene tetramic acid) has strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria that cause gingivitis and dental plaque. Current efforts toward the synthesis of Magnesidin are discussed along with the plans for the completion of synthesis.

L’objectif général de cette thèse a été d’étudier le potentiel de billes à base de molécules d’α-cyclodextrine et d’huile de soja, pour l’administration orale de principes actifs peu solubles dans l’eau.Nous avons tout d’abord vérifié qu’il était possible d’encapsuler dans les billes des molécules actives (la progestérone et l’indométacine) autres que les rétinoïdes et le diazépam, avec une teneur élevée et un rendement de fabrication satisfaisant. L’étude du comportement des billes nues lyophilisées, en termes de stabilité et de libération dans des milieux digestifs simulés, nous a permis de proposer un mécanisme de libération de la molécule encapsulée qui se déroule en plusieurs étapes: i) hydratation des billes, ii) dissolution de la matrice hydrophile d’α-cyclodextrine, iii) libération de gouttelettes d’huile contenant le principe actif puis de la fraction dissoute dans l’huile par un phénomène de partage, iiii) fragmentation des billes fragilisées et libération totale de l’huile. La présence de sels biliaires dans le milieu, accélère à la fois la libération et la quantité dissoute, en fragilisant les billes et en réduisant la valeur du coefficient de partage du principe actif entre l’huile et le milieu digestif. Nous avons montré in vitro et in vivo qu’il est possible de moduler la libération d’un principe actif à partir d’une même formulation de départ, en jouant sur l’organisation du système (émulsion sèche, billes nues, billes coquées par un nouvel ajout d’α-cyclodextrine sur les billes nues). Les études in vivo chez le rat ont révélé que l’émulsion sèche se comporte comme une forme à libération immédiate, les billes coquées comme une forme à libération prolongée et les billes nues comme une forme à libération intermédiaire. Enfin, la libération du principe actif encapsulé peut également être modulée en modifiant le mode de séchage des billes. Comparativement à la lyophilisation, le séchage à l’étuve modifie les propriétés des billes en augmentant leur résistance dans les milieux digestifs simulés et prolonge la libération de la molécule encapsulée. / The general aim of this thesis was the study of the potential of beads, made of α-cyclodextrin and soybean oil, for the oral delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. We have first verified that it was possible to encapsulate in beads, active molecules (progesterone and indomethacin), other than retinoid and diazepam, with a high drug loading and a satisfying yied. The study of the behaviour of freeze-dried naked beads, in terms of stability and drug release in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids, allowed to propose a mechanism for the release of the encapsulated drug, involving several steps: i) hydration of the freeze-dried beads, ii) dissolution of α-CD hydrophilic matrix, iii) release of oily droplets containing the active drug and then of the fraction of drug dissolved in oil, following a partition phenomenon, iiii) fragmentation of the weakened beads and at last the total release of oil. The presence of bile salts in the medium accelerates both the release and the dissolved amount, by weakening the beads and reducing the partition coefficient value of the active molecule between oil and digestive medium.We have shown in vitro as well as in vivo that it is possible to modulate the release of a model drug from the same initial formulation, according to the degree of organization of the system (dry emulsion, naked beads, coated beads obtained by an additional amount of α-cyclodextrine to the preformed naked beads). In vivo studies in rats have highlighted that dry emulsion behaves as a fast release formulation, the coated beads as a sustained release formulation and the naked beads as an intermediate one. Finally, the release of the encapsulated drug can also be modulated by modifying the drying method of the beads. Compared to freeze-drying, oven-drying modifies the properties of the beads by increasing their resistance in simulated gastro-intestinal fluids and sustaining the release of the encapsulated drug.

A preparação de formulações contendo o princípio ativo 17-valerato de betametasona (VB) é amplamente difundida entre as indústrias farmacêuticas, por se tratar de fármaco antiinflamatório de escolha, no tratamento de condições em que a terapia com corticoesteróides é indicada. Muito empregado no tratamento tópico de condições alérgicas e inflamatórias dos olhos, orelhas e nariz, inalação para a profilaxia da asma e também em veterinária. Isto devido ao seu alto poder antiinflamatório, quando comparado a outros corticoesteróides, e sua falta virtual de propriedades mineralocorticóides, causando baixa retenção de sódio e, subsequentemente, de água. Conforme descrita na Farmacopéia Americana USP 32 NF 27, o princípio ativo 17-valerato de betametasona hidrolisa-se em seu isômero 21-valerato de betametasona, seu principal produto de degradação, que possui baixo poder antiinflamatório. Adicionalmente, a norma brasileira em vigência para estudos de estabilidade de medicamentos, RE n°1, de 29 de Julho de 2005, propõe condições estressantes para estudo de estabilidade de longa duração (30°C/75%UR), o que acelera a reação de hidrólise (degradação) do princípio ativo. Conhecidamente, estudos prévios mostram que formulações tópicas contendo o VB (loção, creme, solução e pomada) apresentam uma estabilidade curta. Assim, uma forma de estabilizar o VB é a complexação (inclusão), com compostos de ciclodextrina (CD). O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer procedimentos para a obtenção, caracterização físico-química e avaliação de estabilidade térmica do complexo sólido supracitado. Para atender este objetivo técnicas de análise térmica (calorimetria exploratória diferencial e termogravimetria), infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier, ressonância magnética nuclear e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, fizeram-se necessárias. / Preparation of formulations containing the active ingredient betamethasone 17-valerate (VB) is widely defunded within pharmaceutical industry, once it concerns an anti-inflammatory drug and an option, in the treatment of conditions in which corticosteroids therapy is indicated. Often employed in topical treatment of eye, ear and nose allergic and inflammatory conditions, inhalation for asthma prophylaxes, and also in veterinary. This because its high anti-inflammatory activity, when compared to others corticosteroids, and its virtual lack of mineralocorticoids properties, causing a low sodium retention and, subsequently, of water. As described in the United States pharmacopeia USP 32 NF 27, the active ingredient betamethasone 17-valerate hydrolyses into its isomer betamethasone 21- valerate, its main degradation product, that has a low anti-inflammatory activity . Additionally, the Brazilian legislation for drug products stability study, RE n°1, July 29th 2005, introduce long therm stability study stressing conditions (30°C/75%RH), accelerating the reactive hydrolysis (degradation) for the active ingredient. Well known, previous studies show that topical formulations containing VB (lotion, cream, solution and ointment) presents a short stability. Complexation (inclusion) with cyclodextrin (CD) compounds shows a reasonable way to improve the VB stability. The project objective is to establish procedures for the obtainment, physicochemical characterization and solid complex (cited above) thermal stability evaluation. In order to achieve this objective thermal analysis techniques (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry), Fourier transformation middle infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance and high performance liquid chromatography, were needed.

Neste trabalho foram investigadas a atividade antialérgica de extratos, ou substâncias isoladas, obtidos de fontes naturais. Para isso foi utilizado o sistema biossensor baseado em mastócitos os quais liberam a enzima beta-hexosaminidase usada como marcador da degranulação. Para algumas substâncias naturais da classe dos flavonóides (quercetina-Qc e rutina-Rt) e ácidos polifenólicos (ácido dimetoxicinâmico-Dm e ácido cafeico-Cf), os ensaios biológicos foram conduzidos na presença de beta-ciclodextrina (beta-CD) a fim de estudar a eficiência do ensaio biológico e o efeito de complexação na atividade antialérgica. Inicialmente, foram investigadas, as propriedades espectroscópicas destes flavonóides e ácidos polifenólicos, na ausência, e presença de beta-CD. As mudanças nos espectros de absorção e fluorescência, em presença de beta-CD, mostraram que ocorre a associação dos fármacos com a beta-CD. Assim, as constantes de incorporação (Kc) foram determinadas pelo método de Higuchi e Connors e os resultados mostraram maior incorporação da Qc (Kc = 172 /M) na cavidade da beta-CD quando comparada a Rt (Kc = 139 /M). No caso dos polifenóis, Dm mostrou incorporação maior em relação ao Cf, com valores de Kc iguais a 718 e 278 /M, respectivamente. Os valores de Kc foram considerados apropriados para a aplicação de compostos de inclusão como agentes terapêuticos. Assim, os complexos de inclusão sólidos, foram preparados por uma adaptação do método da co-evaporação e caracterizados por Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA), Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (DSC), espectroscopia na região do Infravermelho (FTIR) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Prótons (1H-RMN). O parâmetro físico-químico para interação hidrofóbica (log P) foi determinado para os flavonóides e acidos polifenólicos e os resultados indicaram que a hidrofobicidade seguiu a seguinte ordem: Dm > Cf > Qc > Rt. Os complexos de inclusão foram mais eficazes para inibir a liberação da beta-hexosaminidase do que os fármacos na forma livre. A atividade anti-alérgica da Qc livre (IC50= 5,1 µM) mostrou um aumento de oito vêzes quando complexada com a beta-CD (IC50= 0,62 µM). Um aumento da atividade foi observado, também, para os complexos Rt/CD, Cf/CD e Dm/CD. Este efeito foi mais forte para os compostos com maior hidrofobicidade. A atividade antialérgica das substâncais naturais livres provenientes de várias classes de plantas tais como flavonóides, ácidos polifenólicos, terpenos, alcalóides e iridóides foi, também, investigada. Os flavonóides tais como quercetina (IC50= 5,1 µM), 7-metil quercetina (IC50= 6,2 µM), caempferol-3-glicosideo (IC50= 6,7 µM) and 4-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroil)--D-glicopyranosil okanina (IC50= 5,8 µM) mostraram a maior atividade antialérgica comparados ao fumarato de cetotifeno (IC50= 15,1 µM). Os extratos provenientes de diversas espécies de plantas tais como Bidens sulphurea, Bidens gardneri, Bidens graveolens, Mikania parodii Cabrera e Mikania pilosa Baker foram, também, investigados. Os resultados mostraram maior atividade para o extrato de Bidens obtido de acetato de etila. Este extrato é rico em derivados metilados de quercetina os quais exibiram forte atividade antialérgica quando utilizados no ensaio biológico como substância isolada. / Anti-allergic activity of extracts and isolated compounds obtained from natural sources was investigated using the mast-cell based biosensor system. Mast cells release beta-hexosaminidase enzyme which is used as a marker of degranulation. Flavonoids (quercetin-Qc and rutin-Rt) and polyphenolic acids (caffeic acid-Cf and dimethoxy cinnamic acid-Dm) were used as inclusion compounds with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in order to compare the efficiency of the biological assay and the anti-allergic activity of the drugs free or associated with beta-CD. Spectroscopic properties of the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids were monitored in the absence or presence of beta-CD. The absorbance and fluorescence spectra showed drug association with beta-CD; subsequently the stability constants (kc) of the drugs were obtained in accordance with the method of the Higuchi-Connors. The results showed higher association of Qc with beta-CD (Kc= 172 /M) compared to Rt (Kc= 139 /M). For the polyphenolic acids, Dm exhibited the higher association with beta-CD compared to Cf (718 and 278 /M respectively). The Kc values felt within the range considered adequate for the formation of inclusion complex, and they can be used to improve the bioavailability of the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids. The solid inclusion compounds were obtained by an adaptation of the co-evaporation method and characterized by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TG), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR). Physico-chemical parameter for hydrophobic interaction (log P) was determined for the flavonoids and polyphenolic acids and the results indicated that the hydrophobicity followed the order: Dm > Cf > Qc > Rt. The inclusion complexes were more effective at inhibiting beta-hexosaminidase release than plain drugs. The anti-allergic activity of plain Qc (IC50= 5.05 M) showed eightfold improvement when included inside the beta-CD cavity (IC50= 0.62 M). Higher biological activity on the part of the complex was also observed for the complexes Rt/CD, Cf/CD and Dm/CD. This effect was stronger for the compounds with higher hydrophobicity. The anti-allergic activity of plain natural compounds from several classes of plants such as flavonoids, polyphenolic acids, terpenes, alkaloids and iridoids was investigated. Flavonoids such as quercetin (IC50= 5.1 µM), 7-methyl quercetin (IC50= 6.2 µM), kaempferol-3-glycoside (IC50= 6.7 µM) and 4-O-(6-trans-p-coumaroil)--D-glucopyranosyl okanin (IC50= 5.8 µM) showed the stronger anti-allergic activity compared with ketotifen fumarate, a reference drug (IC50= 15.1 µM). Extracts proceeding from different species of plants such as Bidens sulphurea, Bidens gardneri, Bidens graveolens, Mikania parodii Cabrera and Mikania pilosa Baker were also investigated. The results showed stronger anti-allergic activity for ethyl acetate extracts obtained from Bidens specie. This extracts are rich in methylated quercetin derivatives which showed strong anti-allergic activity when assayed as isolated substances