The purpose of this study is to examine how hostile architecture affects the public space's purpose and function. The study aims to create an understanding of how the design of public space has an impact on how the rooms are used and of people's access to them. The study has a qualitative approach and is based on observations of three public and semi-public spaces in Umeå. The locations that have been observed are located in the centre of Umeå and they form an important part of the public spaces available in the city centre. The results have been analyzed according to theories concerning the creation and re-creation of public spaces as well as how and why hostile architecture occurs in cities. This report displays that there are factors that will affect the access people have to the public space. This does not only refer to intentionally created hostile architecture that specifically aims to exclude people from a certain space. The study's result shows that a lack of furnishing or furniture linked to a specific purpose can make it difficult to remain in a certain space. The result also shows that there is a municipal vision of creating open public rooms to create comfort and safety. Conclusively this report shows that this type of design also can generate a feeling of being watched, which for example may cause people in need of a place to sleep not to seek out these locations.

Report submitted to the Faculty of the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Architecture 2014 / Architecture is the appreciation for story-telling; fiction and literature, history, culture and conversation. It entails the unfolding of a plot, unfamiliar places and eccentric characters. These do not merely exist on dusty old pages in books but are an integral part of our imagination - our subconscious design. This report explores the role of the architect as the reader; and so, this thesis forms what I have ‘read’ this year. This thesis aims to interpret literature as a design methodology in order to understand site and develop a suitable architectural language. The process of oral traditions, written text and digitalised technology are used to deconstruct systems and principles that document change in architecture and the city. This project, The Doorn Paperback Project is located in a contested area set within the in-between yard spaces of New Doornfontein. The unsightly nature of the site gives rise to ephemeral slumming. The cracks that exist within the formal urban fabric are atypically inhabited by the marginalised. These hidden narratives of the people living on the site create new meaning to these abandoned and derelict spaces. The way in which people ‘hack’ the site and use it in ways opposed to what was originally intended forms the reality for which the architecture exists. The architecture needs to ‘tear down’ and ‘dismantle’ formal conditions on the site in order to mediate a space in which ‘life’ can be reinvigorated into the space. Thus the introduction of a literary program responds well to the educational and industrial conditions on the site.

脱稿後、筆者はWebサービス「Twitter」上でアカウントを取得し、車内放送に関する情報収集・発信を行っている（http://twitter.com/shanai_hoso）。興味のある読者はアクセスされたい。 / 鉄道の車内放送をメディア史の視点から分析することを通じて、人びとの聴覚性の変容を考察することが本研究の目的である。その意義は、（1）主にラジオなどのマスメディアを対象とした従来の研究とは異なり、公共空間における「雑多な放送」の問題を扱ったこと、（2）これまで視覚的な考察が中心であった車内空間の身体性について、聴覚（視覚以外の五感）の面から分析したこと、の二点である。哲学者の中島義道は『うるさい日本の私』（1996）で、日本の街頭で流される挨拶・注意・宣伝のためのスピーカー音（例：「足元にご注意ください」）を「文化騒音（日本的騒音）」と呼び、それらが「甘え」「優しさ」「お上意識（他律性）」などの日本的な美意識に支えられていると指摘した。しかし、文化騒音に対する苦痛に立脚した中島の主張が社会的にも学術的にも看過されつづけている一方で、彼のいう「音漬け社会」化の傾向に歯止めのかかる兆しは一向に見られない。筆者は、日本（人）論以外の手法によって文化騒音問題を論じることで、中島の問題意識を継承したいと考えた。そこで本研究では、われわれが日常的に耳にする「雑多な放送」の典型である鉄道の車内放送を観察用のサンプルとして設定し、メディア史研究の立場からこれを考察した。以下、論文の構成と各章の概要を記す。第一章は序論である。上述の背景をまとめ、先行研究の整理を行った。第二章では、本研究の理論的枠組みを提示した。まず、車内空間の公共性を社会学の視点から定義した。次に、車内空間を構成するアクターを①車掌、②乗客、③車内放送機器の三つに分類した。最後に、三者の役割や関係性について論じた。第三章では、車内放送の歴史を試験導入期（1920’s～）、普及期（1950’s～）、多角化の時代（1980’s末～）の三つの時期に分けて考察した。その後、国鉄分割民営化（1987年）前後の新聞投書欄に掲載された、車内放送に関連する投書の内容比較を通じて、民営化が“口”と“耳”にどのような変化をもたらしたのかを検討した。なお考察にあたっては、オーディエンス研究に代表されるメディア論の手法はもちろん、音・声・音楽など聴覚に関する理論を幅広く参照している。第四章は結論である。研究の成果や限界、今後の課題について総括した。 / This paper aims to analyze the history of announcement in trains in Japan and show the transformation of "how to speak/vocalize" and "how to hear/listen" by referring to resources such as newspapers, magazines and books that were written by "Ear-witness" all over the country.From 1920’s to 1950’s, radio broadcasting device for in-car announcement had been equipped with trains in Japan. Since then, it has been used for multiple purposes; letting passengers know its direction, name of the next station, side of the opening doors, encouraging them to have good manners inside a car, advertising the new products of railway companies etc... At the same time, it has caused disputes among people hearing it; some appreciating its convenience and courtesy as part of the new service, and others annoyed with repetitious, monotonous, wordy buzz of speech from overhead speakers. This paper, using the methods of media studies, reveals the history of in-car announcement and establishes the steps to examine the role of "miscellaneous broadcasting” in modern society.I first argue how publicity and communication in urban traffic are constructed in terms of sociology. Secondly, I illustrate changes of orality in both speakers (conductors) and listeners (passengers) through a comparison of broadcasting contents and reactions to them between before-and-after Privatization of Japan National Railways (1987). Finally, I clarify the relationship among three actors; train conductors, passengers and in-car announcement device in order to draw changes in body techniques (acquisition of the technique of “half-listening” in particular) affected by cost-efficiency-centered, laborsaving and service-oriented way of railway management after the Privatization.This is a study of “cultural noise,” or public sound by loud speakers, which has been paid minor attention to in modern Japanese soundscape. / Hokkaido University (北海道大学) / 修士 / 国際広報メディア学

Medina, as the second holy city for Muslims around the world and a place where the Prophet (peace be upon him) lived and is buried, has a distinctive identity. On the contrary, however, the central part of the city, the area where the old city was located, has lost its traditional identity in favour of globalization and modernization. One major factor that affects a location’s sense of place is the absence of public space and green space. In other words, the negligence of the public space’s role in reviving and restoring the identity of a place results in a sense of non-place. For many visitors to Medina, the current state (the contemporary urban setting) of the central city fails to match their expectations. Inserting an urban park (public space) within the area will enhance and help conserve the place’s identity, meet visitors’ visions, and allow more social interactions among visitors and locals. My design proposal is to create an urban park and a public space located at the periphery of the Prophet’s Mosque. The park will offer visitors a quiet place of refuge within the busy surrounding urban context and will demonstrate the location’s identity through shading structures. The program will consist of shading structures, mobile eateries, seating areas, public space, and vegetation.

Vancouver’s downtown peninsula symbolically describes the sense of place unique to the city as a whole. It is a livable city with a strong connection to its natural surroundings, witnessed in its very active population. This sense of place, however, has far more to do with its relationships to its natural setting, the mountains and ocean, than its urban spaces or architecture. Most of the central public spaces are quite ordinary. Although the temperate climate is ideal for inhabiting streets and squares, the majority of the city’s prominent public spaces exist along the water’s edge. Ultimately locals and visitors gravitate to the periphery and the nearby wilderness, conditioning them to look outward on the natural setting as opposed to reflecting inward on the city. Vancouver’s iconic identity exists primarily on the panoramic level. Great cities throughout the world exist without the splendour of mountains and ocean and Vancouver must stop relying on these to constitute its important public spaces. This thesis makes a proposal for a series of large scale urban interventions on the downtown peninsula that serve to augment Vancouver’s sense of place. The first intervention will replace unnecessary car space with public space, in order to incrementally create, over a number of years, an extensive pedestrian network that links its public spaces. This will incorporate characteristics of successful urban systems found in Barcelona, Bogota, Copenhagen, Curitiba and Portland, treating the street not just as a transportation corridor but also as a public space, and a democratic forum. The second intervention will remove many low to mid-density ‘underperforming’ residential buildings, creating a diagonal pedestrian and transit boulevard that bisects the downtown peninsula, linking major public spaces such as English Bay Beach, Robson Square, and Waterfront Station. Along this diagonal, new high density mixed-use development will offer an increased number of residential, commercial and cultural facilities. The new public spaces and developments created by the proposed diagonal boulevard will provide Vancouver with a civic realm better connected than it has ever been. Vancouver will become a city of great pedestrian public spaces, strongly linked to natural surroundings that serve an active and environmentally conscious population.

Vancouver’s downtown peninsula symbolically describes the sense of place unique to the city as a whole. It is a livable city with a strong connection to its natural surroundings, witnessed in its very active population. This sense of place, however, has far more to do with its relationships to its natural setting, the mountains and ocean, than its urban spaces or architecture. Most of the central public spaces are quite ordinary. Although the temperate climate is ideal for inhabiting streets and squares, the majority of the city’s prominent public spaces exist along the water’s edge. Ultimately locals and visitors gravitate to the periphery and the nearby wilderness, conditioning them to look outward on the natural setting as opposed to reflecting inward on the city. Vancouver’s iconic identity exists primarily on the panoramic level. Great cities throughout the world exist without the splendour of mountains and ocean and Vancouver must stop relying on these to constitute its important public spaces. This thesis makes a proposal for a series of large scale urban interventions on the downtown peninsula that serve to augment Vancouver’s sense of place. The first intervention will replace unnecessary car space with public space, in order to incrementally create, over a number of years, an extensive pedestrian network that links its public spaces. This will incorporate characteristics of successful urban systems found in Barcelona, Bogota, Copenhagen, Curitiba and Portland, treating the street not just as a transportation corridor but also as a public space, and a democratic forum. The second intervention will remove many low to mid-density ‘underperforming’ residential buildings, creating a diagonal pedestrian and transit boulevard that bisects the downtown peninsula, linking major public spaces such as English Bay Beach, Robson Square, and Waterfront Station. Along this diagonal, new high density mixed-use development will offer an increased number of residential, commercial and cultural facilities. The new public spaces and developments created by the proposed diagonal boulevard will provide Vancouver with a civic realm better connected than it has ever been. Vancouver will become a city of great pedestrian public spaces, strongly linked to natural surroundings that serve an active and environmentally conscious population.

The roles of urban public spaces in urban cores are being re-assessed across many North American cities. Public spaces within downtown cores are essential in ensuring the long- term viability of such urban centers economically and socially. Public spaces have been researched by utilizing a number of theories and frameworks in the past few decades, most notably through a socio-cultural lens. Another possible method of assessing what makes a great public space in a downtown core is by looking at how diverse a range of activities and uses it provides. The City of Vancouver’s downtown core has undergone massive redevelopment schemes in the past two decades. The downtown area has been transformed into a hub that not only retains major commercial and retail functions in the City but also boasting an active and increasing residential population living in mixed-use high density condominiums. Downtown Vancouver’s public spaces have also been increasing in number during the past two decades, on par with promoting a more active outdoor lifestyle for both residents and visitors. Assessing the degree to which the range of uses and activities meet the diverse range of users’ expectations and requirements is a possible method of analyzing these spaces’ viability in the public realm. Data for this research was collected by reviewing previous literature, unobtrusive observation and mapping of activities, compiling contextual maps of surrounding areas and usage maps for each selected public space, administering on-site user surveys, and conducting semi-structured interviews with professional and academic actors involved with planning, maintaining, and designing public spaces. Through conducting this research, it was found out that while some public spaces in Downtown Vancouver are more successful in terms of being used in a variety of ways, others are less so. Downtown Vancouver was also found to be lacking central public spaces such as plazas and squares, as these spaces would provide for a wider range of activities in the public realm. A number of strategies need to be taken by planners, officials in the City, and other actors in order to ensure more diverse range of activities in Downtown Vancouver’s public spaces in the future.

This dissertation investigates the problematic locality ¡§home¡¨ and its relationship with the female protagonists in Doris Lessing¡¦s novels by studying the interrelationship between gender and space. By applying the concepts of feminist geographers Linda McDowell and Doreen Masssey, this dissertation interprets how Lessing develops her childhood home, the source of nostalgia, to a fluid and dynamic domain in her imaginary world. I will argue that Lessing¡¦s women break through the arbitrary distinctions between the domestic and public, feminine and masculine, within and without the boundaries by infusing into contemporary elements such as mobility and globalization of women. The first chapter introduces the motivation of my dissertation, the intertextuality between these texts, then literature reviews on Lessing scholars, and on the speculative aspect of feminist geography, and finally the methodology and organization of the whole dissertation. In Chapter Two, the impact of domestic space on female subjectivity is the focus in The Grass Is Singing. Gender, race, and class barriers are violated by the female protagonist Mary Turner when she transgress the boundaries between domestic and public, white and black, master and servant. Chapter Three deals with the self-development of the female protagonist in Summer before the Dark. The female subjectivity must be reconstructed through the process of negotiation between the private and the public spaces. The heroine Kate Brown undertakes an ordeal physically and spiritually to achieve her self-awakening in sexuality and autonomy. Chapter Four focuses on women¡¦s anxiety about their identities in urban city in The Golden Notebook. The sense of insecurity in both private and public spaces is manifested in Anna Wulf, her writing, and her reflection of sexual relationship. In the fifth chapter, three essential factors that affect the concepts of home in this novel: time-space compression, globalization, and the changing relationship between biological mothers and their daughters are discussed in Lessing¡¦s latest full-length novel The Sweetest Dream. The final chapter is a conclusion of the whole dissertation.

In addition to labor market factors, the informal economy in Latin America is explained as a product of a weak state capacity to enforce regulation and a networked and resourceful community that enables self-sustained economic activities. Theoretically,informal self-employment flourishes where these conditions prevail. However, as urban renewal advances and business chains expand thorough the city, street trade, one of the most typical informal occupations is persecuted more aggressively, questioning its legitimacy as a spatial practice and source of employment for the urban poor. This dissertation examines the changes in the conception of street trade as a subject of policy, by analyzing closely how current transformations in the urban structure, ideologies of urban development and planning have impacted in the way policy makers intervene in public space and have redefined practices of street trade. It compares the cities of Bogotá and Lima, contributing respectively, to the understanding of progressive and neoliberal styles of urban planning. Using a mixed methods research design, it articulates citywide trends with local conditions and individual experiences, following three stages of analysis: (1) A comparative policy analysis based on a descriptive analysis of its evolution across scales and a spatial analysis of the local variability of enforcement patterns, identifying not only vendors’ agglomeration factors but also where enforcement matches the expansion of large retailers; (2) a comparative analysis based on public officials interviews of current rationales behind placemaking strategies at the city and local level; and (3) a comparative analysis of street vendors spatial practices as well as economic and political choices given the different city policy frameworks and their exposure to distinctive enforcement patterns as identified in the spatial analysis. The findings of this study provide a baseline for further theorization of the role of spatial dimension as it relates to the informal sector. The systematic comprehension of the relationship between city regulation of space and its actual use aims to contribute to a more integrative approach to policy making seeking to ensure that regulation and commercial growth complement and do not burden opportunities for self-employment among the urban poor. / text

Early Ottoman dance practices that took place in gender segregated spaces andallowed for a certain degree of sexual explicitness and expressions of homoerotic desirewere disavowed among Turkish elites in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. "Bellydance" became associated with non-Turkish performers, while the Tanzimat and YoungTurk state employed the theater to perform emerging ideas about 'Turkishness' and the'New Woman.' In the early Turkish Republic, the new cadre of Kemalist militaryofficers and bureaucrats altogether rejected its Ottoman heritage and danced the waltz ina close embrace to the music of Western orchestras.This thesis charts significant changes in dance practices between the late OttomanEmpire and early Turkish Republic in order to examine the articulation of modern viewsof gender and sexuality. Dance played a formative role in shaping Turkish modernityand framed moral issues about gender, sexuality, and public space, reflecting andreshaping social life at the same time.