Plutonium (Pu) is one of the key elements in high-level radioactive waste due to its long half-life. Understanding the sorption behavior of key radionuclides such as Pu and U is important to the safety assessment calculation for a deep geological repository for high-level radioactive waste. Europium (III) (Eu(III)), a chemical analogue of Pu, has shared similar sorption behaviors as Pu. The aim of this study is to investigate the sorption properties of europium onto MX-80 bentonite and crystalline rock (granite), a potential host rock for a deep geological repository for some countries, as a function of pH and ionic strength using batch experiment technique and surface complexation modeling. The experiments are conducted in Ca-Na-Cl solutions. For granite, the sorption coefficient Kd showed proportionate dependence on the pH. The sorption of Eu is dependent on ionic strength at near neutral to low pH region while not dependent on ionic strength at higher pH. For MX-80 bentonite, the sorption of Eu has little dependence on the ionic strength. A surface complexation modeling is also being carried out to examine the experimental results and identify the possible mechanism of the sorption. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization created to coordinate trading rules among nations. Made up of internationally negotiated trade agreements, the WTO has three main objectives: (1)to assist in the free operation of international trade; (2) to allow continued progress of liberalization of such trade through fair negotiations; and (3) to create a system for the impartial settlement of international trade disputes. A key component of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB). This body, as with the WTO itself, has only been in operation since January of 1995. The WTO, although relatively new, has made significant strides in improving the international trading system and resolving trade disputes. Unlike other international organizations, such as the international Monetary Fund (IMF) or World Bank, the WTO is not controlled by a board of directors, but instead is governed by its member nations. Given this type of arrangement, it is essential that the member nations abide by the signed agreements that govern the operation of the WTO and its Dispute Settlement Body. Otherwise the WTO cannot function as envisioned. This research argues that the European Union (EU) is presently abusing the system through its actions in the dispute settlement case EC- Hormones, Complaint by the United States. Using tactics designed to delay the resolution of this dispute, the EU has increased the costs ssociated with the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) and threatened the credibility of the WTO. / Master of Arts

No / Law Express Question and Answer: EU Law is designed to ensure you get the most marks for every answer you write by improving your understanding of what examiners are looking for, helping you to focus in on the question being asked and showing you how to make even a strong answer stand out.

This thesis describes issues of Agriculture of the European Union, with focus on its socioeconomic and economic aspects. It also describes issues of EU's international trade with agriculture products.

The first chapter describes the relationship of Great Britain and the European Union. It deals with the circumstances of joining into the EEC, discusses the exceptions of the membership and finally presents a detailed approach of the UK representatives of the ruling political parties. The second chapter focuses on the deeper issues of leaving the EU, while examining the possibility of this legislative step. The third chapter deals with the position of the Great Britain within the EU as compared to other member states. The fourth chapter assesses the economic impact of Brexit on UK and EU countries.

This study examines the explanatory power of the traditional explanations as to what determines public support for EU membership and European integration – the economic explanation and the political values‐based explanation – in the context of the post-communist member states of the EU. Further, an alternative explanation – the communist legacy explanation – is presented and tested. It is hypothesized that a high degree of Soviet influence and suppression during the communist period leads to a low degree of support for EU membership and European integration, because of a willingness to protect oneself from violation of national sovereignty once again. The explanatory power of the traditional explanations does not obtain convincing empirical support, even if many individual predictors are statistically significant as determinants. Communist legacy seems to be important as a determinant of public support for EU membership and European integration. However, the hypothesis can neither be accepted nor rejected, because of the methodological problems associated with the dummy variable approach used in order to test it. Further, the direction of the relationship between communist legacy and public support for EU membership and European integration seems to be two‐fold, rather than one-sided as hypothesized.

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The post-Cold War era has seen a restructuring of the institutions of global governance and an intensification of international relations, to which one of the most important responses has been a reinvigoration of regionalism and regionalisation. The proliferation of regionalism has led to increased relations between regional groups in different world regions, and the EU has been central to the development of this new interregional phenomenon. This thesis sets out to test the theory of interregionalism by looking at how the EU has strategically pursued interregionalism, and at how this has subsequently worked in practice. To best achieve this objective the thesis develops a more sophisticated framework of analysis; complex interregionalism. This framework allows for a detailed investigation of how the EU has simultaneously engaged in bilateral and interregional relations in Latin America. The thesis explores the tensions between interregionalism as a strategy and interregionalism in action, principally by drawing lessons from the EU's relations with Latin America, and Mercosur in particular. The most general foundation for this analysis is the study of International Political Economy (IPE), particularly the extensive literature on regional integration and the emerging literature that deals specifically with interregionalism. The thesis starts by presenting a comprehensive framework for analysis of interregional relations using the theory of interregionalism. The theory of interregionalism, ascribes a series of motivations and impacts that interregionalism. should exhibit, all of which are replicated in EU complex interregional strategy. The EU is found to have a consistent and coherent complex interregional strategy that it employs across three world regions: Asia, Africa and Latin America. The EU, notably the Commission, is pursuing an ambitious complex interregional strategy in each region that encompasses different levels of relations with different actors, but a strategy that always centers on the pursuit of pure interregionalism. Whilst the thesis details the EU's pursuit of this consistent complex interregional strategy with all three of the aforementioned world regions, it is the presence of the Andean Community, Central American Common Market and Mercosur in Latin America that marks the region out for deeper analysis. Complex interregional strategy in Latin America is applied consistently to all three regional integration vehicles, confirming the EU desire to pursue pure interregionalism, most notably with Mercosur. Analysis of EU relations with Mercosur reveals a core tension between strategy and action, notably that Commission strategy is not translated into action, as witnessed by the change towards bilateral relations with Brazil in 2007. The thesis finds that more important than the EU inability to translate strategy into action, is its inability to foster regional integration in its partners and encourage more coherent counterparts for the future pursuit of pure interregionalism.

Résumé Association Agreement with Ukraine This thesis is devoted to the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. Being an innovative and comprehensive instrument of the EU external action this Association Agreement represents a relevant topic, which draws not only professional audience's attention. The thesis comprises of an introduction, three chapters and conclusion. The introduction of the thesis outlines its purpose and content, defines the main points of research the thesis is focused on, indicates the reasons of its relevance and explains the structure of the thesis. The first chapter of the thesis describes legal framework of the relevant changes in the area of the EU external action after the Treaty of Lisbon and examines possible legal basis of the Association Agreement with Ukraine in the scope of these changes. In this part there is a short description of the basic principles of the EU external action, the EU legal personality, new EU bodies for external action after the Treaty of Lisbon, EU power in external action. Later this thesis is devoted to Article 8 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) as a new possible legal basis in the EU external action, its relation to other legal bases and possible prospects of its application. After that Article 217 of the TEU is analyzed as a "classic" broad basis for...

Jang, Seong Jung EU has been engaged in North Korean affairs since it started humanitarian aid in 1990s. EU has developed institutional grounds for the diplomatic relation and it has implemented foreign policy towards North Korea in the context of Asia strategy. Its approach to North Korea is connected with Neo-liberal thinking. It stressed the international cooperation to resolve the nuclear problem, and utilized political dialogues and international institution to improve the poor human rights in North Korea. It also continued humanitarian aid irrespective of security problem, and offered economic cooperation programs for the economic development of North Korea. However, EU is not in the strong position to affect the security issue in the Korean peninsula due to various causes such as the geopolitical distance. Moreover, EU's economic cooperation programs are often frustrated by the political constraints. Rather, it puts the energy in keeping the position by playing a leading role in the improvement of human rights and continuing humanitarian aid. This policy trend will be continued in the near future. Though there are limited capacity, EU has strengths in part to contribute to the settlement of the North Korean issues with a few reasons. First, EU gains a favorable position to access to North...