Chaque année, un nombre considérable d’élèves récemment immigrés intègrent les écoles du Québec. Pour ces jeunes, les risques de faire face à des difficultés socioscolaires sont potentiellement élevés, en particulier chez ceux pour qui des facteurs tels que l’allophonie et la défavorisation s’additionnent. De nombreuses recherches soulignent la réussite de l’adaptation socioscolaire de plusieurs de ces élèves, mais il demeure que d’autres jeunes éprouvent des difficultés et il est capital de chercher à mieux comprendre comment les accompagner à travers ce processus. L’objectif général de cette recherche est de décrire le phénomène de la résilience scolaire chez des jeunes allophones du primaire récemment immigrés dans le but de savoir comment mieux soutenir leur intégration sociale ainsi que leur réussite scolaire. Le concept de la résilience a été employé comme cadre théorique afin de capter le caractère systémique de l’intégration socioscolaire de ces élèves immigrants qui, à leur arrivée, ne maîtrisent pas le français. Les résultats de l’analyse de nos données révèlent que les caractéristiques qui ont soutenu l’adaptation socioscolaire des jeunes que nous avons rencontrés appartiennent à quatre catégories : l’élève (motivation scolaire et importance accordée aux études en général, volonté d’apprentissage du français), son environnement familial (intérêt porté par les parents à l’éducation de l’enfant, discours positif du parent quant à l’éducation), son environnement extra-familial (lieux de culte et espaces d’épanouissement socioculturel pour le jeune, organismes communautaires, adultes significatifs qui peuvent soutenir la résilience du jeune) et son vécu scolaire (enseignants engagés, disponibles, qui inspirent confiance et qui sont outillés, climat psychosocial positif en classe et à l’école). / Every year a considerable number of recently immigrated students attend the schools of Quebec. For these students, the risk of facing socio-educational difficulties is potentially high, particularly for those who are allophones and living in deprivation. Several studies highlight success of socio-educational adaptation of numerous students, but it still remains that others have difficulties and it is capital to look into better understanding how to best support them through this journey. The general objective of this research is to describe the phenomenon of educational resilience in young allophones in elementary schools who have recently immigrated in order to know how to better foster and support their social integration and educational success. The concept of resilience was used as the theoretical framework in order to capture the systemic character of socio-educational integration of these immigrant students, who at their arrival do not master the French language. The results of the data analysis show that the characteristics that have supported the socio-educational adaptation of the students we have met with, can be organized in four categories: the student (educational motivation and the importance placed on education in general, the will to learn French), his/her family environment (parents’ interest in the child’s education, parents’ positive discourse in regards to education), his/her environment outside the family (places of worship and spaces for socio-cultural development, community organisations, significant adults who can support the child’s resilience) and his/her school experience (involved and available teachers, who inspire trust and are appropriately equipped, positive psychosocial climate in class and in school).

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

A major thrust in assessment reform is the instructional use of assessment (Ministry, 2010). Assessment for learning (AFL) has, however, proven challenging for teachers to implement (Brookhart, 2004; Swaffield, 2011; Tierney, 2006). Researchers have called for studies of classrooms that show how AFL works in practice (Bennett, 2011; Shepard, 2000). This study gathers images of practice from classrooms where teachers have been implementing a structure-based approach called Question Structure. Although a key premise of AFL is that assessment can be used instructionally to support learning, Question Structure’s constructivist-information-processing approach is rooted in educational measurement traditions usually juxtaposed to AFL theory and practice (Broadfoot & Black, 2004). Images of practice were drawn from classroom observation, teaching artifacts, and interviews from teachers who had been implementing the system for three to six years in three Ontario school boards. Data were analyzed through sub-questions emerging from the literature and through grounded theory. The study found that Question Structure supported AFL principles and practices. It also supported a Tylerian, backwards-design approach to program design, but not to excess. Technical revisions tended to evolve into significant change in practice, including program reconceptualization and increased focus on students’ learning. The structure-based approach functioned in a variety of ways, for example to support task clarification, (re)reading and comprehension of text, writing process, open-ended collaborative work, and student-generated questions. Teachers were able to clarify the meaning of ‘structure,’ to distinguish structures from instructional and cognitive strategies, and to use universal structures and strategies as subject-specific pedagogy in Language Arts/English. The role of the technical interest and implications for professional learning are also discussed.

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Master of Science / Physics / Nobel S. Rebello / With the progressive development of the educational technology, online learning systems are becoming a prominent feature in education today. We conducted a study to explore the effects of visual cues and outcome feedback on learning experience of students in an online environment. Our study was a follow up study to a previous research, which demonstrated the effectiveness of visual cues and feedback to improve physics problem solving. The participants (N=164) were enrolled in an algebra-based introductory level physics course at a U.S. Midwestern University. Participants completed a sequence of conceptual physics problems in an online environment. The study used a between subjects 2×2 quasi experimental design. Two groups of participants received visual cues and two did not receive cues. Two of the groups of participants received outcome feedback and two did not receive feedback. The effect of visual cues, feedback and their combination on the correctness of students’ responses to the online questions was analyzed. Implications of the study for online learning systems are discussed.

Cette thèse de doctorat s’intéresse à ce que les enseignants du Québec connaissent de leurs élèves. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail se situe dans le champ de recherche sur les savoirs professionnels des enseignants et, plus largement, celui de la professionnalisation de l’enseignement. L’étude de la connaissance de l’élève, jusqu’ici peu explorée ou peu détaillée, nous permet d’aborder la façon dont les enseignants d’aujourd’hui adaptent et modifient leurs pratiques en fonction des élèves dans leurs classes. Pour ce faire, nous étudions la question de la connaissance de l’élève par les enseignants sous trois dimensions. D’abord, nous tentons de mieux comprendre la nature de ce type de connaissance. Selon Anderson et al. (2001), trois principales connaissances sont à l’œuvre dans le travail professionnel : des connaissances factuelles, des connaissances conceptuelles et des connaissances procédurales. Ainsi, en premier lieu, nous décrivons ces trois types de connaissances. Ensuite, nous interrogeons l’origine de la connaissance de l’élève. Plusieurs auteurs, notamment Shulman (1987 : 2004) dont les travaux sur le Teachers Knowledge Base for Teaching (base de connaissances) furent fondateurs, supportent l’idée que c’est l’expérience pratique qui en est la principale source, dans la mesure où c’est elle qui contribue le plus à l’apprentissage des enseignants. Or, considérant que la formation initiale à l’enseignement transmet également de nombreux savoirs lors de la formation initiale de quatre ans, nous tentons dans un deuxième temps de mieux comprendre d’où provient la connaissance de l’élève. Par la suite, nous nous intéressons à la manière dont est mobilisée la connaissance de l’élève dans les pratiques enseignantes. En effet, nous pensons que notre projet doctoral ne serait pas complet sans essayer de mieux cerner la mobilisation de cette connaissance dans les activités quotidiennes de l’enseignant avec ses élèves. En troisième lieu, nous décrivons les différentes actions de l’enseignant qui sont influencées ou modulées en fonction des connaissances qu’il possède à propos de ses élèves. À l’aide d’entrevues semi-dirigées (n=25) et de quatre groupes de discussion, ainsi que de l’analyse thématique de leurs transcriptions, nous proposons une vision d’ensemble de la connaissance de l’élève qu’ont les enseignants. Les personnes interrogées ont toutes entre 3 et 8 ans d’expérience en enseignement et travaillent principalement dans la grande région de Montréal. Ils sont enseignants au préscolaire-primaire, au secondaire, en éducation physique et à la santé, en adaptation scolaire et à la formation générale des adultes. Nos résultats montrent que les enseignants possèdent différentes connaissances sur leurs élèves, qu’elles varient selon la matière enseignée et le cycle d’enseignement, qu’ils apprennent sur eux principalement sur le terrain et qu’ils utilisent la connaissance de l’élève dans de nombreuses actions et décisions quotidiennement. Au fil de cette recherche doctorale, il est apparu qu’il n’est pas aisé de circonscrire ce type de connaissance et de bien saisir comment l’enseignant la prend en compte dans son enseignement. Cependant, nous pensons que notre étude mène à des éclaircissements importants dans la manière de concevoir les savoirs professionnels des enseignants, a de fortes implications pour la formation initiale à l’enseignement, tout en proposant une compréhension plus juste du travail enseignant avec les élèves. / This doctoral thesis focuses on what teachers in Quebec know about their students. More specifically, we insert this work in the field of research on teachers' professional knowledge and, more broadly, within the concept of the professionalization of teaching. The study of teachers' knowledge about students, which until now has been little studied or not very detailed, allows us to address the way in which today's teachers adapt and modify their practices in relation to the students in their classrooms. To do so, we study teachers' knowledge about students in three dimensions. First, we try to better understand the nature of this type of knowledge. According to Anderson and al. (2001), there are three main types of knowledge: factual knowledge, conceptual knowledge and procedural knowledge. In our theoretical framework, we detail these three types of knowledge. Next, we question the source of knowledge about students. According to several authors, notably Shulman (1987), whose work on the knowledge base for teaching was seminal, supports the idea that it is practical experience that most trains teachers. However, considering that pre-service teacher education also transmits a great deal of knowledge through the four years of the program, we try to gain a better understanding of where the student's knowledge comes from. Then, we look at how knowledge about students is mobilized in teachers » practices. Indeed, we believe that our doctoral project would not be complete without trying to better define the mobilization of this knowledge in the daily activities of the teacher with these students. Therefore, we describe the different actions of the teacher that are influenced or modulated according to the knowledge he has about his students. Based on the thematic analysis of semi-structured interview (n=25) and four focus group, we believe that we can draw a portrait of the knowledge about students. The interviewed teacher’s all have between 3 and 8 years of teaching experience and work mainly in the Greater Montreal area. They are teachers in preschool and elementary school, secondary school, physical and health education (PHE), special education and general adult education. 8 Our results show that teachers have different type of knowledge about their students, that their knowledge varies according to the subject matter and cycle of teaching, that they learn on them through experience and that they use their knowledge about students in many actions and decision every day. At the end, we will see that it is not easy to define this type of knowledge and to understand how teachers take it into account in their teaching. However, we believe that our study leads to important clarifications in the way teachers' professional knowledge is conceived, has strong implications for teacher education, and leads to a more accurate understanding of teachers work with students.

La présente étude vise à mieux comprendre comment les pratiques parentales se conjuguent au tempérament de l’enfant pour rendre compte des symptômes traumatiques susceptibles d’être manifestés par les enfants dont le signalement à la protection de la jeunesse a été jugé fondé pour maltraitance. Dans cette optique, nous nous sommes intéressés au lien corrélationnel existant entre ces variables d’intérêt et avons également exploré deux modèles pour vérifier dans quelle mesure les pratiques parentales peuvent agir comme médiateur ou modérateur dans la relation entre le tempérament et les symptômes traumatiques. Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un plus vaste projet de recherche intitulé : Parcours d’enfants en contexte d’adversité : étude sur les facteurs d’influence des trajectoires d’adaptation à l’âge scolaire. Pour la présente étude, l’échantillon se compose de 20 duos parents-enfants habitant dans les régions de Montréal et de Québec. Le parent a été invité à compléter trois questionnaires (Children Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Version, Parenting Scale et Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children) visant à mesurer leur perception sur les trois variables, alors que l’enfant a seulement complété le Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children. L’analyse des régressions linéaires a permis de détecter certaines relations significatives entre les sous-échelles composant le tempérament et les différentes dimensions évaluées par le questionnaire des symptômes traumatiques. Par ailleurs, les analyses de médiation et de modération effectuées afin d’explorer le rôle transactionnel ou interactionniste des pratiques parentales dans la relation entre le tempérament et les symptômes traumatiques n’ont pas permis de statuer le mécanisme par lequel les pratiques parentales peuvent intervenir dans la relation entre tempérament et manifestations de symptômes traumatiques chez les enfants signalés pour maltraitance. La petitesse de l’échantillon pourrait certainement être en cause dans les résultats non significatifs obtenus. Ces résultats sont discutés à la lumière des écrits scientifiques sur le sujet. Finalement, les limites et les apports pour les futures recherches sont également soulevés. / The purpose of this study is to better understand how parenting practices combined with the child’s temperament can account for traumatic symptoms that may be manifested by children who have been found to be maltreated for youth protection. With this is mind, we investigated the correlational relationship between these variables of interest and also explored two models to test the extent to which parenting practices can mediate or moderate the relationship between temperament and traumatic symptoms. This study is part of a broader research project entitled : Parcours d’enfants en contexte d’adversité : étude sur les facteurs d’influence des trajectoires d’adaptation à l’âge scolaire. For this study, the sample consists of 20 parent-child pairs living in the Montreal and Quebec City areas. The parents were asked to complete three questionnaires (Children Behavior Questionnaire-Very Short Version, Parenting Scale and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children) to measure their perception of the three variables, while the children only completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children. The analysis of linear regressions made it possible to detect certain significant relationships between the sub-scales composing the temperament and the different dimensions evaluated by the questionnaire of traumatic symptoms. In addition, the analyses of mediation and moderation carried out in order to explore the transactional or interactional role of parenting practices in the relationship between temperament and traumatic symptoms have not allowed us to determine the mechanism by which parenting practices can intervene in the relationship between temperament and manifestations of traumatic symptoms in children reported for maltreatment. The small size of the sample could certainly be involved in the non-significant results obtained. These results are discussed in light of the scientific literature on the subject. Finally, the limitations and contributions for future research are also raised.