Μπορεί να συνεισφέρει η θεωρία της διυποκειμενικότητας του Husserl στις σύγχρονες θεωρίες της αντίληψης; Με αφορμή αυτό το ερώτημα εξετάζουμε, αφενός δύο σύγχρονες θεωρίες της αντίληψης - αυτή του Alva Noë και του John McDowell -, αφετέρου τη θεωρία της διυποκειμενικότητας του Edmund Husserl. Προτείνουμε μια γραμμή σκέψης - η οποία περνά μέσα από τις αναλύσεις της χουσσερλιανής φαινομενολογίας για τη διυποκειμενική συγκρότηση του ορίζοντα της αντιληπτικής εμπειρίας και την υπερβατολογική λειτουργία της διυποκειμενικότητας - η οποία θα μπορούσε σε ορισμένα σημεία να ισχυροποιήσει, ή, σε κάποια άλλα, να θέσει εν αμφιβόλω τις θέσεις των Noë και McDowell. Στόχος μας δεν είναι η οριστική απάντηση στα ζητήματα αυτά αλλά η γόνιμη ερωτηματοθεσία μέσα από τη σύζευξη της αναλυτικής και της φαινομενολογικής παράδοσης. / Can Husserl’s theory of intersubjectivity contribute to the contemporary theories of perception? Launching from this question we examine, on the one hand two contemporary theories of perception – Alva Noë’s and John McDowell’s – and, on the other, Husserl’s theory of intersubjectivity. We propose a line of thought - which passes through Husserl’s analysis of the intersubjective constitution of the horizon of perceptual experience and the transcendental function of intersubjectivity – which could, at some parts strengthen, or object at some others, the contemporary theories of Noë and McDowell. Our aim is not the final answers on these issues, but the productive questioning through the conjugation of the analytical and the phenomenological tradition.

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This thesis explores the discursive environment in which the ‘interdisciplinary self’ is constructed. Interdisciplinarity is part of research policy agendas across the globe; however, there are competing and contrasting discourses about its value. On the one hand, interdisciplinarity is meant to foster innovation and to address contemporary world problems; on the other hand, it represents an intellectual and a professional risk for those who engage in it. Interdisciplinarity has become a research topic in itself, but scholars have not engaged with contemporary literature on ‘the self’ and on expertise. This limits our understanding of the individuals who engage in interdisciplinary research and how they deal with their intellectual and professional challenges. This thesis aims to fill this gap by reviewing literature on expertise and analysing 27 semi-structured interviews with researchers and administrators from a large research-oriented British university. The analysis draws on an approach that focuses on how ‘the self’ is constructed in discourse and biographical narrative, taking up but also resisting widely established meanings (e.g. what is an expert, what is worthwhile professionally, etc.). The analysis identifies in particular four ‘ideological dilemmas’ that the interviewees struggle with in their arguments about their background, their skills, and the value of their careers; namely the dilemmas of ‘openness and rigour’, ‘individualism and collectivism’, ‘disciplinary tolerance and expert prejudice’, and ‘effort and reward’. These dilemmas suggest that the ‘interdisciplinary self’ is performatively and discursively constructed in a rhetorical context in which no position can remain untroubled. Therefore associating interdisciplinary individuals with idealised traits, personalities and ‘virtues’ is not so adequate. It is suggested that ‘interdisciplinary expertise’ consists of the skills of managing these dilemmas, which may be partially but not permanently solved.

A bifenila policlorada n° 126 (3,3\',4,4\',5-Penta-cloro-bifenil, PCB126) é um poluente orgânico persistente (POP), tóxico para os seres vivos. Recentemente, a associação entre a exposição aos POPs e doenças metabólicas têm sido descrita. No entanto, os mecanismos desta toxicidade não estão esclarecidos. Desta forma, este trabalho visou elucidar os efeitos da exposição ao PCB126 sobre pré-adipócitos da linhagem 3T3-L1, diferenciados ou não, focando nos mecanismos de morte celular, proliferação, diferenciação e metabolismo. O PCB 126 foi diluído em DMSO (0,13%). Células 3T3-L1 foram mantidas em meio Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle\'s (DMEM, 5% de CO2 a 37ºC) e sua diferenciação foi realizada pela incubação com solução contendo coquetel adipogênico durante 10 dias. As células foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações de PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) ou DMEM. Células não diferenciadas foram empregadas em ensaios de viabilidade, morte, proliferação, ciclo celular, fragmentação do DNA (citometria de fluxo) e ensaios de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS, espectrofotometria de fluorescência). Células diferenciadas foram empregadas para quantificação dos mediadores inflamatórios (ELISA), acúmulo de triglicérides intracelulares (Oil red, microscopia de luz), produção de óxido nítrico (NO, reação de Greiss), expressão do receptor de aril hidrocarboneto (AhR, WB) e do proliferador de peroxissoma (PPAR-γ, WB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição ao PCB126 (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24, 48 ou 72 h) não alterou a viabilidade e proliferação celular; reduziu a porcentagem de células em apoptose (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); não alterou o ciclo celular (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a fragmentação do DNA (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24h); não induziu a geração de ROS (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a produção de NO (300µM; 24 ou 72h); não alterou a secreção do fator quimiotáxico para monócito (MCP-1); aumentou a secreção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α; 100 ou 300µM, 72 h) e da interleucina 12 (IL-12; 300µM, 72 h); reduziu a secreção de interleucina 1β (IL-1β, 300 µM, 72 h) e de interleucina 10 (IL-10; 300µM; 24h, 100 ou 300µM; 48 h; 100µM, 72 h); aumentou a expressão de PPARγ (100 ou 300µM, 24h; 300µM, 72h) e de AhR (300µM, 72h); aumentou a concentração de triglicérides intracelulares (100 ou 300µM; 24, 48 ou 72h). Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram as ações diretas do PCB126 em células 3T3-L1 envolvidas na adipogênese, o que reforça, embora que em ensaios in vitro, o papel desta classe de poluentes na obesidade. / The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 is a persistent organic pollutant and toxic to human being. The association between exposition to POPs and metabolic diseases has been described. Nevertheless this toxicity mechanism is not yet elucidated. This way this work aim to elucidate the exposure over pre adipocytes 3T3-L1 line to PCB 126, differentiated or not, focused on cellular death mechanisms, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. The PCB126 was diluted in DMSO (0,13%). 3T3-L1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco´s modified Eagle´s medium (DMEM, 5% CO2 at 37º) and the differentiation process was performed by incubation with adpogenic cocktail solution by 10 days. The cells were incubated with different concentration of PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) or DMEM. Cells not differentiated were used on viability assays, death, proliferation, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry) and reactive oxygen species production assay (ROS, fluorescence spectrophotometry). Differentiated cells were used to quantify inflammatory mediators (ELISA), Intracellular triglycerides accumulation (Oil red staining, light microscopy), nitric oxide production (NO, Greiss reaction), aril hydrocarbon receptor expression (AhR, Western Blot) and Peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-y, Western Blot). The obtained results showed that exposure to PCB126 (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24, 48 or 72 hours) did not interfere on cellular viability and proliferation; reduced the cells percentage in apoptosis (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); did not interfere on cellular cycle (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced DNA fragmentation (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24h); did not induced ROS generation (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced the production of NO (300 µM; 24 or 72h); did not alter the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1); enhanced the secretion of tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; 100 or 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 12 (IL12; 300 µM; 72h); reduced secretion of interleukin 1β (IL1β 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 10 (IL10; 300 µM; 24h; 100 or 300 µM; 48h; 100 µM; 72h); increased PPAR-y expression (100 or 300 µM; 24h; 300 µM; 72h) and AhR (300 µM, 24h); increased intracellular triglycerides concentration (100 or 300 µM, 24, 48 or 72h). In summary the results show direct actions of PCB126 in 3T3-L1 cells evolved on adipogenesis, reinforcing, although in vitro, the role of this pollutant class on obesity.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma nova metodologia de produção de iodo-125, que resultou na primeira produção deste radionuclídeo no Brasil. Cápsulas de alumínio foram projetadas, fabricadas e avaliadas para que suportassem condições de pressão, temperatura e fluxo de nêutrons no reator nuclear IEA-R1 do IPEN sem a ocorrência de liberação de material radioativo. Foram projetados, desenvolvidos e fabricados sistemas de carregamento, descarregamento e recuperação dos gases para a manipulação do gás xenônio e do iodo. Foi desenvolvido um novo método de lavagem da cápsula, para dissolução do iodo-125 adsorvido nas paredes, por meio de imersão em banho ultrassônico. Foram irradiadas três cápsulas no reator nuclear IEA-R1, por um período de aproximadamente 60 h contínuas, a um fluxo de nêutrons de 5,5 x 1013 n cm-2 s-1. Foi produzido um total de 13,53 GBq (365,73 mCi) de iodo-125, e o único contaminante encontrado foi o radionuclídeo iodo-126. Na análise radioquímica, pelo método de cromatografia em papel ascendente, o iodo-125 em solução de NaOH apresentou percentual de iodeto acima de 98%, superior à exigência da farmacopeia americana para soluções de iodo radioativo que é de 95%. Para a análise radionuclídica foi desenvolvida uma fonte planar, a base de resina epoxídica, para a contagem do iodo-125 em detector de germânio de alta pureza. A correlação entre o iodo-125 e o iodo-126 produzido apresentou valores entre 0,5 e 0,7% após um período de decaimento de 10 d, grau de pureza suficiente para a utilização em técnicas de radioimunoensaio. / A new methodology of iodine-125 production was developed in this work, performing the first production of iodine-125 in Brazil. Aluminium capsules were designed, manufactured and evaluated to support condition as pressure, temperature and neutron flux in IEA-R1 Nuclear Reactor without releasing radioactive material into reactor pool. It was designed, developed and manufactured systems to load, unload and recover gases to manipulate the xenon gas and the iodine. A new method of capsule rinsing was developed, to dissolve the iodine-125 adsorbed in the walls, using immersion in ultrasonic bath. Three capsules were irradiated in IEA-R1 Nuclear Reactor for approximately 60 h continuous, at a neutron flux of 5.5 x 1013 n cm-2 s-1. It was produced a total of 13.53 GBq (365.73 mCi) of iodine-125 and the radionuclide iodine-126 was the only contaminant found. In radiochemical analysis, by ascending paper chromatography method, the iodine-125 in NaOH solution presented a percentage over 98%, higher than American pharmacopeia requirements for iodine radioactive solutions which is 95%. A planar source was developed, based on epoxy resin, to iodine-125 radionuclidic analysis in high purity germanium detector. The correlation between iodine-125 and iodine-126 produced showed values between 0.5 and 0.7% after a 10 d decay period, a purity grade enough to apply in radioimmunoassay techniques.

A bifenila policlorada n° 126 (3,3\',4,4\',5-Penta-cloro-bifenil, PCB126) é um poluente orgânico persistente (POP), tóxico para os seres vivos. Recentemente, a associação entre a exposição aos POPs e doenças metabólicas têm sido descrita. No entanto, os mecanismos desta toxicidade não estão esclarecidos. Desta forma, este trabalho visou elucidar os efeitos da exposição ao PCB126 sobre pré-adipócitos da linhagem 3T3-L1, diferenciados ou não, focando nos mecanismos de morte celular, proliferação, diferenciação e metabolismo. O PCB 126 foi diluído em DMSO (0,13%). Células 3T3-L1 foram mantidas em meio Dulbecco\'s modified Eagle\'s (DMEM, 5% de CO2 a 37ºC) e sua diferenciação foi realizada pela incubação com solução contendo coquetel adipogênico durante 10 dias. As células foram incubadas com diferentes concentrações de PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) ou DMEM. Células não diferenciadas foram empregadas em ensaios de viabilidade, morte, proliferação, ciclo celular, fragmentação do DNA (citometria de fluxo) e ensaios de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS, espectrofotometria de fluorescência). Células diferenciadas foram empregadas para quantificação dos mediadores inflamatórios (ELISA), acúmulo de triglicérides intracelulares (Oil red, microscopia de luz), produção de óxido nítrico (NO, reação de Greiss), expressão do receptor de aril hidrocarboneto (AhR, WB) e do proliferador de peroxissoma (PPAR-γ, WB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a exposição ao PCB126 (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24, 48 ou 72 h) não alterou a viabilidade e proliferação celular; reduziu a porcentagem de células em apoptose (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); não alterou o ciclo celular (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a fragmentação do DNA (10, 30 ou 100µM; 24h); não induziu a geração de ROS (30, 100µM; 24 ou 72 h); induziu a produção de NO (300µM; 24 ou 72h); não alterou a secreção do fator quimiotáxico para monócito (MCP-1); aumentou a secreção do fator de necrose tumoral (TNF-α; 100 ou 300µM, 72 h) e da interleucina 12 (IL-12; 300µM, 72 h); reduziu a secreção de interleucina 1β (IL-1β, 300 µM, 72 h) e de interleucina 10 (IL-10; 300µM; 24h, 100 ou 300µM; 48 h; 100µM, 72 h); aumentou a expressão de PPARγ (100 ou 300µM, 24h; 300µM, 72h) e de AhR (300µM, 72h); aumentou a concentração de triglicérides intracelulares (100 ou 300µM; 24, 48 ou 72h). Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram as ações diretas do PCB126 em células 3T3-L1 envolvidas na adipogênese, o que reforça, embora que em ensaios in vitro, o papel desta classe de poluentes na obesidade. / The polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) 126 is a persistent organic pollutant and toxic to human being. The association between exposition to POPs and metabolic diseases has been described. Nevertheless this toxicity mechanism is not yet elucidated. This way this work aim to elucidate the exposure over pre adipocytes 3T3-L1 line to PCB 126, differentiated or not, focused on cellular death mechanisms, proliferation, differentiation and metabolism. The PCB126 was diluted in DMSO (0,13%). 3T3-L1 cells were maintained in Dulbecco´s modified Eagle´s medium (DMEM, 5% CO2 at 37º) and the differentiation process was performed by incubation with adpogenic cocktail solution by 10 days. The cells were incubated with different concentration of PCB126, DMSO (0,13%) or DMEM. Cells not differentiated were used on viability assays, death, proliferation, cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (flow cytometry) and reactive oxygen species production assay (ROS, fluorescence spectrophotometry). Differentiated cells were used to quantify inflammatory mediators (ELISA), Intracellular triglycerides accumulation (Oil red staining, light microscopy), nitric oxide production (NO, Greiss reaction), aril hydrocarbon receptor expression (AhR, Western Blot) and Peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma (PPAR-y, Western Blot). The obtained results showed that exposure to PCB126 (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24, 48 or 72 hours) did not interfere on cellular viability and proliferation; reduced the cells percentage in apoptosis (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); did not interfere on cellular cycle (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced DNA fragmentation (10, 30 or 100 µM; 24h); did not induced ROS generation (30, 100 µM; 24 or 72h); induced the production of NO (300 µM; 24 or 72h); did not alter the secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1); enhanced the secretion of tumoral necrosis factor (TNF-α; 100 or 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 12 (IL12; 300 µM; 72h); reduced secretion of interleukin 1β (IL1β 300 µM; 72h) and interleukin 10 (IL10; 300 µM; 24h; 100 or 300 µM; 48h; 100 µM; 72h); increased PPAR-y expression (100 or 300 µM; 24h; 300 µM; 72h) and AhR (300 µM, 24h); increased intracellular triglycerides concentration (100 or 300 µM, 24, 48 or 72h). In summary the results show direct actions of PCB126 in 3T3-L1 cells evolved on adipogenesis, reinforcing, although in vitro, the role of this pollutant class on obesity.

I. S?mon. / 3697726 RSC / "June 15, 1949." / Bibliography: p. 27. / Army Signals Corps Contract No. W36-039-sc-32037 Project No. 102B. Dept. of the Army Project No. 3-99-10-022.

This work considers Karl Rahner’s theology of the person as hearer through a critical engagement with Julia Kristeva’s post-structuralist notion of the speaking subject. This offers an experimental exploration of contemporary theological understanding of subjectivity, with specific reference to ideas of relationality, and with a particular interest in the possibility of dialogue with post-structuralist ideas. From separate disciplines, with different tools and to different effects, Rahner and Kristeva reject the modernist cast of the human self. They demonstrate a common desire to explore subjectivity as a notion that has been problematised. In examining the person as hearer and the speaking subject together we discover a surprising number of areas of coherence as well as those of fundamental divergence. To this end we consider our theorisits’ pre-supposed arenas for human subjectivity, their epistemologies, and the importance each gives to language and otherness. We also examine how they relate intra- and inter-relationality. For Kristeva this involves a consideration of notions of the M/Other, the semiotic and the stranger in society. With Rahner we consider the social Trinity, the self-alienation of symbolism and the concept of neighbour-love. We suggest here that Rahner both pre-empts aspects of current theological interest in subjectivity and provides important resources that are especially useful in relating theology to post-structuralist notions.

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