University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

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Orientador: Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T08:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MenezesdaSilva_Gilceliade_M.pdf: 1847278 bytes, checksum: 6b191641e44f5685bf5ada8d6aa15e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nos estágios atuais da língua, as gramáticas brasileiras e portuguesas descrevem o CHAMAR como o único verbo do Português a ter um Predicativo do Objeto Indireto. O problema inicial desta pesquisa surgiu a partir dessa singularidade atribuída ao verbo CHAMAR quando predicador de construções denominativas, e se constitui em compreender quais foram os fatores que levaram o CHAMAR a ter, ao longo do tempo, esse comportamento diferenciado de todos os outros verbos da língua. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever gramaticalmente o predicador CHAMAR quando este significa "qualificar"; "atribuir um nome, denominar"; "autodenominar-se" e "possuir um nome", tendo como base as narrativas portuguesas escritas nos séculos 14, 15 e 16. As construções com CHAMAR aqui descritas foram denominadas de construções de semântica denominativa e apresentam as seguintes estruturas básicas: [X V (a) Y (de) Z] em construções transitivo-ativas e [Y V-se Z]; [Y V Z] e [V Z] em construções não-transitivas (estativas/passivas), onde X= "Agente" (aquele que "executa a ação" expressa pelo verbo); Y= "Designando", (aquele que recebe a denominação dada); e Z= "Designação" (a denominação propriamente dita). A partir dos questionamentos iniciais levantados, partiu-se para um estudo sobre a valência do CHAMAR quando principal predicador de construções denominativas procurando identificar os padrões de ocorrência dessas construções nos textos. Nos séculos 14 e 15 o CHAMAR convivia com outros predicadores denominativos e estes foram substituídos na diacronia, transformando o CHAMAR no principal predicador de construções denominativas. O CHAMAR denominativo pode ser "qualificativo", i.e., quando atribui uma qualidade; ou "denominativo" propriamente dito, ou seja, quando atribui um nome. As estruturas com CHAMAR "qualificativo" apresentam a Designação (Z) como um adjetivo predicativo e, portanto selecionam como argumento uma Small Clause ("e porém lhe chama a estória filho de perdição" - CGE). Já as estruturas com CHAMAR "denominativo" apresentam a Designação (Z) como um nome próprio ("e por isso lhe chamaram Dom Sancho, o Desejado" - CGE) e, portanto não selecionam uma Small Clause como argumento. Neste tipo de construções o CHAMAR se caracteriza como um verbo de atribuição, tal como DAR, OFERECER, apresentando valência três [Agente] [V] [Designando] [Designação]. As construções transitivo-ativas apresentam como principal padrão de expressão argumental aquele em que o argumento que mais aparece nulo e o Agente (X), e o Designando Y (Objeto) ocupa a posição a esquerda de proeminência discursiva (Y V __ Z), acompanhando dessa forma as principais características da frase na Gramática do Português Médio, defendidas por Paixão de Sousa (2008). A partir desse padrão dos verbos no PM propõe-se que as construções estativas do tipo [Y V Z] ("Ela chama Maria") atestadas atualmente no PB são derivadas das construções ativas do tipo [Y V __ Z] do PM, com o sujeito Agente nulo e o "constituinte discursivamente importante" ocupando a posição imediata a esquerda do verbo, alterando assim a Valencia de CHAMAR de três para dois / Abstract: Current grammar books of both Brazilian and European varieties of Portuguese describe CHAMAR ('call') as the only Portuguese verb having a predicate nominative of an indirect object. The initial problem of this research is to understand which factors have driven CHAMAR to have a differentiated behavior with respect to other verbs of the language because of its singularity as a predicator of denominative constructions. Therefore, the present work aims at grammatically describing predicator CHAMAR when it means "to qualify", "to assign a name, to denominate", "to self-denominate" and "to have a name", based on Portuguese narratives written in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The constructions with CHAMAR described here were called 'constructions with denominative semantics' and display the following basic structures: [X V (a) Y (de) Z] in active-transitive constructions and [Y V-se Z]; [Y V Z] and [V Z] in non-transitive constructions (stative/passive). Where X= "Agent" (the participant that "executes the action" expressed by the verb), Y= "Designee" (the participant that receives the given denomination) and Z= "Designation" (the actual denomination). After presenting the initial research questions, the text displays the results of a study about the valency of CHAMAR as the main predicator in denominative constructions and tries to identify the distribution patterns of these constructions in the texts. In the 14th and 15th centuries CHAMAR existed along with other denominative predicators, but these ones were substituted in diachrony; as a result, CHAMAR has become the main predicator of denominative constructions. Denominative CHAMAR can be "qualificative", i.e. when it assigns a quality; or properly "denominative", it means, when it assigns a name. The structures with "qualificative" CHAMAR present the Designation (Z) as a predicate adjective and therefore they select a Small Clause as an argument: e porém lhe chama a estória filho de perdição (CGE) ('and however the story calls him the son of perdition'). On the other hand the structures with "denominative" CHAMAR display the designation (Z) as a given name: e por isso lhe chamaram Dom Sancho, o Desejado (CGE) ('and because of that they called him Dom Sancho, the Desired One') and, therefore, they do not select a Small Clause as an argument. In this type of constructions CHAMAR is characterized as a verb of giving, such as DAR ('give') and OFERECER ('offer'), showing valency = 3: [Agent] [V] [Designee] [Designation]. Active-transitive constructions present the following main pattern of argument expression: the Agent (X) is more frequently null, and the Designee Y (Object) occupies a position of discursive prominence to the left (Y V __ Z). In this sense, it follows the main characteristics of the sentence in Middle Portuguese (MP) Grammar, as argued by Paixao de Sousa (2008). From such a pattern in MP we propose that stative constructions of the type [Y V Z] instantiated in Ela chama Maria ('she is called Mary') in nowadays Brazilian Portuguese are derived from active constructions of the type [Y V __ Z] in MP, with the Agent subject null and the "discursively most important constituent" occupying the immediate position to the left of the verb. In this way the valency of CHAMAR was changed from 3 to 2 / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La thèse exploite, pour la première fois, d’exceptionnels manuscrits de l’office cistercien. Comprenant la liturgie cistercienne d’origine messine copiée vers 1136/1140, ces documents ont servi, quelques années plus tard, de brouillons à la réforme liturgique et musicale de Bernard de Clairvaux. Ils ont été partiellement biffés et grattés de façon à correspondre aux nouvelles normes cisterciennes.<p>La principale liasse d’épreuves bernardines, constituée des quelque 185 folios de l’antiphonaire 12A-B de Westmalle, constitue le socle de la thèse et la matière du tableau liturgique général présenté dans l’annexe 3. Cette table distingue les pièces de première main de celles écrites par les correcteurs bernardins. Les autres épreuves, l’antiphonaire 6 de Tamié (Savoie) et les fragments de la Fille-Dieu (Suisse), ont été reproduites dans l’annexe 2. Avec les folios de Westmalle 12A-B, elles sont les seules à conserver une part importante des mélodies originelles, à révéler les corrections et les procédures bernardines. Les analyses codicologique et paléographique des documents, mises en relation avec les données historiques, ont permis de dégager deux phases de corrections et de situer l’achèvement de la réforme bernardine, vraisemblablement à Hautcrêt vers 1143.<p>Le répertoire de l’hymnaire a été revu (chapitre IV) et celui de la messe, réexaminé à la lumière des reliquats du premier graduel cistercien, jusqu’ici inexploités. Ces bribes intactes ont été confrontées aux équivalents de la deuxième réforme et ouvrent (chapitre III) l’étude comparative des chants de l’office du premier et du deuxième Cîteaux (chapitres VII à X). <p>Au fil de l’analyse, des échantillons tirés du graduel ou de l’antiphonaire sont présentés dans les tableaux synoptiques rassemblés dans l’annexe 1. Chacun d’entre eux comprend, quand c’est possible, la première version cistercienne originelle reconstituée, la version bernardine et, selon les besoins, un panel plus ou moins important de référents grégoriens (décrits au chapitre VI), destinés à replacer chaque liturgie cistercienne dans son contexte culturel et à en établir les sources. <p>Ce travail tend à modifier l’image de la réforme bernardine, censée avoir appauvri la tradition grégorienne par l’application stricte des règles musicales. Elle montre que de nombreuses pièces introduites par les correcteurs sont issues de la tradition clunisienne et parfois spécifiquement de la tradition de l’abbaye de Molesme d’où sont issus les pères fondateurs de Cîteaux. Les reliquats de la liturgie molesmienne notée, reproduits en fac-similé (annexes 2) et inconnus jusqu’ici, ont permis d’établir l’existence d’une chaîne de tradition musicale reliant Molesme aux monastères de sa tradition (Montier-la-Celle et Marmoutier) ;et de faire ressortir les liens qui unissent la tradition des premiers moines blancs à de nombreuses corrections bernardines. L’examen du bréviaire Paris 3241, sorti de l’anonymat en 2007 et exploité ici pour la première fois, a en particulier permis de conclure au transfert de pièces et formulaires entiers de la tradition molesmienne vers le deuxième Cîteaux. <p>Bien plus que la théorie musicale, réputée si importante, mais en réalité modérément appliquée, ce sont la raison pratique, le souci de l’authenticité et de la bonne articulation du texte latin, l’esthétique et la culture mélodique du terroir bourguignon qui ont guidé les choix des réformateurs bernardins. La liturgie messine, adoptée à Cîteaux entre 1108 et 1143, était porteuse de variantes dialectales que les Bernardins ont abandonnées pour se réapproprier leur patrimoine ancestral, marqué par des segments musicaux expressifs et des idiomes caractéristiques du domaine latin. <p>L’interprétation musicale de spécimens du premier et du deuxième Cîteaux, mis en regard, illustre ce basculement culturel de l’ensemble liturgique « est » vers celui de l’« ouest ». La pochette musicale comprend aussi quelques unica et emprunts traditionnels ciblés qui illustrent la richesse de l’esthétique du deuxième Cîteaux.<p> / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In this dissertation, I examine the various ways in which medieval authors used the term "lollard" to mean something other than "Wycliffite." In the case of William Langland's Piers Plowman, I trace the usage of the lollard-trope through the C-text and link it to Langland's dependence on the Parable of the Wheat and the Tares. Regarding Chaucer's Parson's Tale, I establish the orthodoxy of the tale's speaker by comparing his tale to contemporaneous texts of varying orthodoxy, and I link the Parson's being referred to as a "lollard" to the eschatological message of his tale. In the chapter on The Book of Margery Kempe, I examine that the overemphasis on Margery's potential Wycliffism causes everyone in The Book to overlook her heretical views on universal salvation. Finally, in comparing some of John Lydgate's minor poems with the macaronic sermons of Oxford, MS Bodley 649, I establish the orthodox character of late-medieval English anti-Wycliffism that these disparate works share. In all, this dissertation points up the eschatological character of the lollard-trope and looks at the various ends to which medieval authors deployed it.

This thesis is a study of the norms and values of political culture during the 15th century.  The political culture gives the struggle for power in the Kalmar Union in the 15th century its characteristics.  The aim of this study is to identify the political culture and how it contributed to the political polarisation and disagreement within the Kalmar Union during the reign of King Karl Knutsson (Bonde) 1448-1470 and Regent Sten Sture 1470-1503. The theoretic approach is based partly on Eva Österberg’s definition of political culture, but mainly the theory is based on Harald Gustafsson’s thoughts and identified eight arguments for legitimising power used in political correspondence during the 16th century. These arguments are examples of how someone could express themselves to legitimise their power. The method used in this study identifies what non-vocal structures and values that are expressed in the official material of legal documents including treaties and open letters to or from the common people. Firstly, the context of the document is identified and information like who wrote it, when and why, secondly the study analyses how the operators’ addresses and use titles to one another. Thirdly the study identifies words and phrases that express positive values for legitimation. The values that has been found have been analysed in comparison to the law in order to identify if the values could be found in the laws as well. To conclude the study found that there are differences in how the operators expresses themselves and the emotional connection to the situation, although non-vocal structures like norms enforce the operators to apply a certain amount of respect. The political culture and the diplomatic mission creates the standards used in addressing their opponent. Therefore the choices of words are important and the study identifies five larger values that comes to light, they are law and justice, unity, assurances, commitments and duties and good characteristics. All of these can be identified during the entire research period and supported by the values expressed in the law.

Since Benoit de Sainte-Maure's creation of the Briseida story, Criseida has evolved as one of the most infamous heroines in European literature, an inconstant femme fatale. This study analyzes four different receptions of the Criseida story with a special emphasis on the antifeminist tradition. An interesting pattern arises from the ways in which four British writers render Criseida: Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Crisevde is a response to the antifeminist tradition of the story (particularly to Giovanni Boccaccio's II Filostrato); Robert Henryson's Testament of Cresseid is a direct response to Chaucer's poem; William Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida aligns itself with the antifeminist tradition, but in a different way; and John Dryden's Troilus and Cressida or Truth Found Too Late is a straight rewriting of Shakespeare's play. These works themselves form an interesting canon within the whole tradition. All four writers are not only readers of the continually evolving story of Criseida but also critics, writers, and literary historians in the Jaussian sense. They critique their predecessors' works, write what they have conceived from the tradition of the story, and reinterpret the old works in that historical context.

Wie sich in den letzten Jahren gezeigt hat, ist Fettgewebe nicht nur ein inerter Fettspeicher, sondern produziert auch eine Vielzahl endokrin wirksamer Substanzen, die unter anderem auch an der Blutdruckregulation beteiligt sind. Da Adipositas ein wichtiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung der Hypertonie ist, sollte im Rahmen dieser Dissertation ein System zur quantitativen Untersuchung der Genexpression in Primärkulturen humaner Adipocyten entwickelt werden und dessen Funktionalität am Beispiel der hormonellen Regulation der Gene des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems demonstriert werden. Dies beinhaltete die Etablierung der Adipocytenisolierung und -kultivierung, eines Stimulationsassays, die Entwicklung einer der besonderen Größe und dem hohen Fettgehalt der Zellen angepaßten Zellzahl- und Vitalitätsbestimmungsmethode, die Untersuchung vier verschiedener RNA-Extraktionsmethoden auf ihre Eignung für Adipocyten und die Etablierung eines besonders sensitiven RT-PCR Systems zur Untersuchung der Genexpression mittels einer fluoreszenzmarkierten Sonde. Exemplarisch konnte anhand der Renin-Angiotensin-System-Gene die Funktionalität der Methoden demonstriert werden, indem nicht nur die Genexpression aller Komponenten des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems in humanen Adipocyten nachgewiesen wurden, sondern auch gezeigt werden konnte, dass Hydrocortison sowohl die Genexpression als auch die Dichte des Angiotensin II Typ 1-Rezeptors in der Adipocytenmembran stimuliert. Dieser Aspekt könnte möglicherweise nicht nur bei der besonderen Adipositasform des Cushing-Syndroms, sondern auch für die Entstehung der zentralen Adipositas von Bedeutung sein. / Adipose tissue has functions above-and-beyond storing fat. It also produces a variety of different endocrine substances, some of which influence blood pressure regulation. Obesity is a well known risk factor for the development of hypertension Thus, the genes regulating expression of vasoactive molecules in adipose tissue, possibly contributing to an increase in blood pressure are of great interest. The aim of this work was to develope a system for quantitative gene expression analysis in primary cultured human adipocytes and to demonstrate its utility for studying the hormonal regulation of genes encoding the renin-angiotensin-system. We established procedures for the isolation and culture of human adipocytes, as well as a stimulatory assay. We also developed methods for the determination of cell number and vitality. Above this, four RNA extraction protocols were evaluated regarding their suitability for adipocytes, and a very sensitive RT-PCR system for gene expression analysis using fluorescent labeled probes was established. As an example for the functionality of these methods we showed that all genes of the renin-angiotensin-system are expressed in human adipocytes. We also demonstrated that hydrocortisone stimulates the gene expression as well as the density of the angiotensin II receptor type 1 on cultured human adipocytes. This finding may be of interest for the development of the obesity phenotype found in cushing syndrome, but could also contribute to the development of central obesity.

Die Entwicklung und der Verlauf einer Myokardhypertrophie (MH) und Herzinsuffizienz (HF) unterscheiden sich deutlich zwischen Frauen und Männern. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede können zumindest partiell auf Sexualhormone, insbesondere Östrogen, zurückgeführt werden. Östrogene wirken biologisch über zwei verschiedene Östrogenrezeptoren (ER): ERalpha und ERbeta. Viele Befunde weisen auf eine positiv modulierende Wirkung der Östrogene und speziell auf eine besondere Rolle des ERbeta bei der Entwicklung der druckinduzierten MH und HF hin. Diese Studie befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Geschlechterunterschiede in der Ausprägung einer pathologischen MH und den myokardialen Veränderungen unter dem Einfluss des ERbeta. Grundlage der Arbeit bildete ein Mausmodell mit ERbeta-/-- und Wildtyp- Mäusen, denen durch eine transversale Aortenkonstruktion (TAC) eine artifizielle MH induziert wurde. Zur Dokumentation der Progression und den damit verbundenen Veränderungen wurden zwei Zeitpunkte gewählt, welche die adaptive und maladaptive kardiale Antwort darstellen. Die Entwicklung der Myokardhypertrophie wurde sowohl durch Echokardiographie als auch hämodynamischen Messungen charakterisiert und durch biochemische und molekulare Techniken sowie den Einsatz von Mikroarrays untersucht. Es konnte der Einfluss des Geschlechts auf die Entwicklung der MH bei andauernder Druckbelastung nachgewiesen werden. ERbeta modulierte dabei die kardiale Funktion sowie die molekulare Antwort in hypertrophie- assoziierten Prozessen, wie dem kardialen Metabolismus, der kardialen Fibrose und der Apoptose in weiblichen und männlichen Tieren. ERbeta trug in den weiblichen Tieren zum Erhalt des kardialen Energiehaushaltes bei und limitierte dadurch die Entwicklung einer kardialen Fibrose und Apoptose. Ein positiver Einfluss des ERbeta konnte in auch in den männlichen Tieren beobachtet werden: Ein starker Funktionsverlust des Herzens und apoptotische Prozesse wurden durch ERbeta verlangsamt oder inhibiert. / Development and progress of myocardial hypertrophy (MH) and the transition to heart failure (HF) differ between the sexes in humans. There is evidence that sex- related differences are mediated through sex hormones, especially the sex hormone estrogen. Effects of estrogen are mediated by two different estrogen receptors (ER): ERalpha und ERbeta. Many studies indicate a beneficial role of estrogen and particularly for ERbeta in the development of pressure overload induced MH and HF. This study investigates sex differences in the development of pathological MH and accompanying myocardial changes under the influence of ERbeta. For this purpose wildtype and estrogen receptor beta lacking (ERbeta-/-) mice were investigated. Myocardial hypertrophy was induced by using the method of transversal aortic constriction (TAC). To determine the progression of MH to HF two time points were studied, which describe the adaptive and the maladaptive response to cardiac pressure overload. The development of MH was characterized by echocardiography and hemodynamic measurements in vivo. Additionally microarrays, molecular and biochemical analyses were performed in left ventricles. We identified sex differences in the development of MH induced by chronic pressure overload. ERbeta modulated the cardiac function and the molecular response in hypertrophy associated processes like cardiac metabolism, fibrosis and apoptosis in female and male animals. ERbeta contribute to the maintenance of energy homeostasis in female mice and limits the development of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and apoptosis in female and in male mice and slows the progression to heart failure consequently down.